坡耕地嵌入覆盖作物条件下不同秸秆还田方式对玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

2016年,在吉林省东部坡耕地玉米生产上设计秸秆覆盖还田+覆盖作物(T1)、秸秆深翻还田+覆盖作物(T2)、秸秆粉耙还田+覆盖作物(T3)、秸秆离田(CK)4种种植方式的定位试验,通过玉米秸秆还田结合种植覆盖作物解决冬季土壤裸露、培肥地力、改善玉米生产等问题。2019～2020年,分析不同处理方式对玉米农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理对株高、叶数、SPAD值、干物质积累均有提高。在拔节期和开花期,T3处理的叶面积指数对比CK显著提高。在成熟期,T1、T2和T3处理比CK显著增加千粒重,增幅均在5%以上(P<0.05)。各秸秆处理的产量对比CK均有显著增加,其中,T3处理为最佳处理。利用秸秆还田结合覆盖作物的种植方式有利于地上部生物量和养分的积累,进而提高产量。     

覆盖作物和氮素用量对玉米产量及光合特性的影响

通过2种覆盖作物和5个氮素用量大田试验，探讨氮素和覆盖作物对玉米产量和光合特性的影响。随氮素用量增加，玉米产量先升高后趋于稳定，75 kg/hm²氮处理有效穗数最大，225 kg/hm²氮处理穗粒数和百粒重最大；低氮水平下，黑麦覆盖玉米产量最大。覆盖作物增加玉米花后20 d前的叶绿素含量，且提高了高氮处理开花后20～40 d的叶片光合速率；黑麦覆盖显著增加玉米中、上部叶面积。光能利用差异主要在花后40 d，氮素用量225～300 kg/hm²时黑麦覆盖最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭(qP)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)均高于玉米单作。综上，玉米-覆盖作物系统的玉米低氮量处理增产幅度大，高氮量处理产量高；以黑麦覆盖处理较好。     

基于Meta分析评价覆盖作物与玉米轮作或间/套作对玉米产量的影响——以北美和中国北方地区为例

利用Meta分析方法,分析北美和中国北方地区覆盖作物与玉米轮作和间/套作两种种植模式下覆盖作物对玉米产量的效应。结果表明,覆盖作物与玉米轮作使玉米平均增产5.9%,覆盖作物与玉米间/套作使玉米平均减产2.5%。不同种类覆盖作物与玉米轮作对玉米产量的效应不同,豆科、十字花科和覆盖作物混播分别使后茬玉米平均增产13.0%、1.6%和18.1%,禾本科覆盖作物使后茬玉米平均减产2.7%。中国北方地区豆科覆盖作物与玉米间/套作使玉米平均增产8.1%,北美地区覆盖作物与玉米间/套作使玉米平均减产9.6%。研究结果表明,覆盖作物与玉米轮作在北美和我国北方玉米种植区均对玉米产量具有积极影响,以禾本科、豆科、十字花科为主的混播增产的效益最大。     

氮素追施对玉米花后光合特性和子粒灌浆特征的影响

为进一步挖掘东北黑土雨养农业区春玉米增产潜力,为合理施氮提供理论依据,以玉米品种富民985为试验材料进行田间试验。设置5种施氮方式,氮肥1次性施入(CK)、底肥40%+拔节期追施60%(T1)、底肥40%+拔节期追施20%+大喇叭口追施40%(T2)、底肥40%+拔节期追施15%+大喇叭口追施30%+灌浆期追施15%(T3)、底肥40%+拔节期追施10%+大喇叭口追施30%+灌浆期追施20%(T4),研究不同处理玉米花后穗位叶SPAD值、净光合速率(P_n)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性(PEPc)及子粒容重和产量差异,利用Logistic方程拟合玉米灌浆过程。结果表明,T4处理子粒产量显著高于其他处理和对照。与氮肥1次性施入(CK)相比,T4处理玉米灌浆期穗位叶P_n和PEPc显著提高了42.8%和20.6%,玉米有效灌浆期延长13.7 d,到达最大灌浆速率时间延后2.4 d,子粒容重提高1.2%。在东北半湿润雨养农业区,按照底肥40%+拔节期追施10%+大喇叭口追施30%+灌浆期追施20%方式施用氮素(T4)可以获得更多光合产物,延长灌浆时间,增加子粒重量,提高玉米产量。     

播期对吉林省中部春玉米生长发育、产量及品质的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,研究不同播期对春玉米生长发育、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,播期对拔节期至大喇叭口期单株叶面积、株高影响较大,4月27日和5月6日播期处理株高、单株叶面积大于其他处理;4月19日播期处理开花前干物质积累量(DMA)高于其他处理,开花后导致早衰;5月25日播期处理开花前和开花后DMA均小于其他处理;5月7日播种的玉米产量最高;早播(4月19日)处理百粒重比5月7日播种低9.91%;晚播(5月25日)处理百粒重和穗粒数分别比5月7日播种降低11.27%和13.53%。相关分析表明,不同播期处理玉米产量、脂肪含量分别与日照时数、积温(≥10℃)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),蛋白质含量与日照时数、积温(≥10℃)、降雨量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.798、r=-0.750、r=-0.724)。5月7日播期处理玉米子粒中淀粉和营养成分总含量最高,分别达72.10%和84.60%,为最佳播种日期。     

播期对吉林省不同品种玉米生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨不同播期对吉林省春玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响,本试验以吉林省主栽品种通单258、华科425、农华106为材料,进行5个播期处理试验,播期设置分别为:4月28日(T1)、5月4日(T2)、5月11日(T3)、5月18日(T4)、5月25日(T5)。结果表明,随着播期推迟,各品种玉米生育期均不同程度缩短,并且播期越晚,干物质积累量越低。玉米开花期前,不同处理叶面积指数差异不显著,花后晚播处理叶面积指数下降快于早播处理。推迟播期,不同品种百粒重降低,产量下降,T1处理产量与T4、T5处理差异达显著水平。适时早播,有利于玉米产量的进一步提高。     

播期对秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦干物质积累、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为明确半干旱雨养区玉米秸秆带状覆盖条件下播种时间对小麦产量和水分利用效率可能带来的影响,在甘肃省通渭县常河镇甘肃农业大学旱作小麦试验基地设7个播期处理,分别为9月14日(T1)、9月19日(T2)、9月24日(T3)、9月29日(T4)、10月4日(T5)、10月9日(T6),以9月24日露地种植为对照(CK),研究了播期对冬小麦生育期、干物质积累及产量等性状的影响。结果表明,T2处理的产量和WUE最高,穗粒数和千粒重也显著高于其他处理。推迟播期缩短了冬小麦全生育其天数,各生育阶段天数抽穗前大于抽穗后;播期对植株干物质积累的影响表现为营养生长期大于生殖生长期,花前干物质向籽粒的转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率随播期推迟呈增加的趋势。综合来看,在半干旱雨养区玉米秸秆带状覆盖条件下9月19日是冬小麦最佳播期。     

不同覆盖方式对盐碱地花生生长发育和土壤水盐变化的影响

利用前茬小麦秸秆设置半覆盖(播种行覆盖,T1)、全覆盖(T2)及无覆盖(对照,T0)平播花生3个处理,研究不同覆盖方式对盐碱地花生生长发育及土壤水盐变化的影响。结果表明,T1和T2花生出苗率较T0分别提高22.8%和29.3%;播种54 d后,T1和T2使盐碱地花生叶面积指数较T0显著增加20.9%～43.1%;T1和T2土壤温度随花生生育期呈先升后降趋势,土壤相对含水量和电导率则呈"W"型下降趋势,且花生生育后期T2土壤返盐程度较T0和T1分别降低33.8%和63.7%。可见,盐碱地花生播种后覆盖前茬小麦秸秆有利于提高花生出苗率,提高叶面积指数,达到控碱抑盐、保苗增效的目的,且全覆盖优于播种行覆盖。     

播期对油后直播杂交稻生育进程和产量的影响

为探究四川丘陵稻区油后水稻分期直播对杂交水稻生育进程和产量构成因素的影响，以杨籼优919、9优27占、荃优737等3个杂交水稻品种为试验材料，设置5月16日(T1)、5月23日(T2)、5月30日(T3)等3个播期处理，研究不同播期处理对水稻生育期、有效积温和产量的影响。随着播期推迟，播种—抽穗历期和全生育期缩短，播种—抽穗历期、抽穗—成熟历期、全生育期的有效积温均呈递减趋势；3个参试品种均以5月16日播种(T1)的产量最高，T2、T3处理较T1处理分别下降0.21%～16.98%和10.30%～26.11%。因茬口矛盾，季节性用水紧张，油后直播杂交稻可推迟至5月23日播种，其产量为8.90～10.06 t/hm²，产量均较高。     

放线菌剂使用方法对晚播冬小麦生长及光合性状的影响

为探究放线菌剂使用方法对晚播冬小麦生长及光合性状的影响，以长6990为供试小麦品种、娄彻氏链霉菌（D74）为供试菌剂，在大田设置T1（种子包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施D74菌剂）、T2（种子包衣+拔节期喷施D74菌剂，灌浆期喷施清水）、T3（种子包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施清水）、T4（种子不包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施D74菌剂）和CK（种子不包衣+拔节期、灌浆期喷施清水）5个处理（包衣中含有菌剂D74），比较分析了不同处理间小麦产量及其构成要素、表型性状、光合特性及干物质积累的差异。结果表明，放线菌剂处理下晚播小麦的产量较CK均不同程度提高，增产幅度为7.35%~25.00%，且不同处理的产量表现为T4>T1>T2>T3>CK，其中T1、T4处理与CK差异显著(P＜0.05)；不同处理间株高无显著差异(P>0.05)， T1和T4处理的穗长、穗粒数和千粒重显著高于CK，T2处理穗粒数和千粒重也较高。在光合性状中，放线菌剂处理主要影响晚播小麦灌浆后期的光合效率。花后28~35 d，T1、T4处理的旗叶净光合速率，T1~T4处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）和氮含量，T1、T2和T4处理的叶面积指数均显著高于CK。放线菌剂使用后晚播小麦的花前干物质转运量及其对籽粒产量贡献率有所降低，但不同处理间差异不显著。T1、T2和T4处理的花后干物质的积累量较CK增加了37.93%、29.42%和50.92%；花后干物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率也有所提高，但不同处理间差异不显著。综合来看，放线菌剂能够有效增加晚播小麦的光合持续能力，延缓叶片衰老，促进花后干物质积累、穗部发育和籽粒灌浆，增加穗粒数和千粒重，进而提高产量，其中放线菌剂种子包衣效果不明显，叶面喷施放线菌剂效果较突出，拔节期和灌浆期叶面喷施放线菌剂的效果最佳。     

Clover cover crops under-sown in winter wheat increase yield of subsequent spring barley—Effect of N dose and companion grass

Four two-year field trials, arranged in randomised split-plots, were carried out in southern Sweden with the aim of determining whether reduced N fertiliser dose in winter wheat production with spring under-sown clover cover crops, with or without perennial ryegrass in the seed mixture, would increase the clover biomass and hence the benefits of the cover crops in terms of the effect on the wheat crop, on a subsequent barley crop and on the risk of N leaching. Four doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 or 180 kg N ha⁻¹) constituted the main plots and six cover crop treatments the sub-plots. The cover crop treatments were red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in pure stands and in mixtures. The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was harvested in August and the cover crops were ploughed under in November. The risk of N leaching was assessed in November by measuring the content of mineral N in the soil profile (0–30, 30–90 cm). In the following year, the residual effects of the cover crops were investigated in spring barley (Hordeum distichon L.) without additional N. Under-sowing of cover crops did not influence wheat yield, while reduced N fertiliser dose decreased yield and increased the clover content of the cover crops. When N was applied, the mixed cover crops were as effective in depleting soil mineral nitrogen as a pure ryegrass cover crop, while pure clover was less efficient. The clover content at wheat harvest as well as the amount of N incorporated with the cover crops had a positive correlation with barley yield. Spring barley in the unfertilised treatments yielded, on average, 1.9–2.4 Mg DM ha⁻¹ more in treatments with clover cover crops than in the treatment without cover crops. However, this positive effect decreased as the N dose to the preceding wheat crop increased, particularly when the clover was mixed with grass.     

EFFECTS OF METHOD OF ESTABLISHMENT ON TALL FESCUE AND ITALIAN RYEGRASS MIXTURES IN THE FOLLOWING YEAR

Tall fescue and Italian ryegrass mixtures react differently to management in the year of sowing. The decrease in yield of tall fescue and the increase in growth of red clover, caused by the use of a cover crop, was still evident in the following year. In both the spring grazing and total yield of the first harvest year, the Italian ryegrass/ white clover mixture was better than the tall fescue/white clover mixture when a cover crop was used. The reverse trend was recorded when the grass plus clover was sown without the cereal. In general, the addition of red clover to the tall fescue/ white clover, or Italian ryegrass/white clover mixture, increased the yield, but the magnitude of the increase was modified by management during establishment. The increase in total herbage yield and the reduction of white clover growth due to nitrogen application were both related to management in the year of sowing. Consideration should thus be given to method of establishment in the assessment of herbage seeds mixtures.     

A COMPARISON OF THE HERBAGE YIELD OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS AND TALL FESCUE MIXTURES IN THE SECOND AND THIRD YEAR AFTER SOWING

The annual yield of tall fescue was higher than that of Italian ryegrass in the third year after sowing, but the total yield of herbage from grass plus clover swards was similar.
In both the second and third year after sowing, the yield of herbage in the spring grazing was higher when fescue was used as the sown grass. The method of establishment of both tall fescue and Italian ryegrass affected the total and seasonal yield in the second and third year after sowing, but the magnitude of these effects was not nearly as marked as it was earlier in the life of the leys. In the second year after sowing, swards of both Italian ryegrass and tall fescue had a higher yield of total herbage and of white clover, and a lower ingress of unsown species, when established without a cover crop and grazed frequently in the year of sowing.
The inclusion of red clover did not increase total yield of DM in the second and third year after sowing, and it slightly decreased the yield of the tall fescue mixture in the third year following sowing when N was applied. S170 tall fescue was readily grazed by sheep in spring and autumn.
The apparent recovery of applied N varied with the mixture sown, and the management given during establishment.     

玉米大垄行间覆膜栽培技术的研究初报

研究比较了垄上覆膜、行间覆膜、大垄直播、小垄直播4种栽培方式。结果表明:大垄行间覆膜比直播能显著提高玉米子粒重,提高产量,提高土壤温度,保持土壤湿度,生育期提前,减少土壤容重,增大土壤孔隙度,提高产量构成因素,使产量提高13.58%。     

Yield losses of soybean and maize by competition with interseeded cover crops and weeds in organic-based cropping systems

Weed management is a major issue in organic farming systems. Although interseeding cover crops is one alternative to herbicides, cover crops often suppress not only weeds but also main crops. Therefore, using cover crops for weed control without adverse effects on main crop growth is important. To verify the effect of cover crops on competition between main crops, cover crops and weeds in a snowy-cold region, main crops soybean (Glycine max Merr.) in 2005 and maize (Zea mays L.) in 2006 were grown with cover crops winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), respectively. The cover crops were sown on three sowing dates: before main crop planting (Pre-MC), on the same date of main crop planting (Syn-MC) and after main crop planting (Post-MC). A plot without cover crops (Sole-MC) was used as a control. The dry weight (DW), vegetation cover ratio (VCR), vertical community structure and chlorophyll content were measured to estimate the competition between main crops, cover crops and weeds. Weed DW was suppressed significantly by sowing cover crops in both soybean and maize. This weed suppression was associated with the increase of VCR of main crops plus cover crops at the early growth stage of main crops. Soil seed banks of dominant weed also became lower by sowing cover crops, implying the importance of proper weed management for suppressing weeds successively. In addition, the sowing dates of cover crops had large effects on main crops DW especially in maize, i.e., it was significantly lower in Pre-MC and Syn-MC than in Post-MC. Although the cover crop height was markedly shorter than the main crop height, the chlorophyll content of the main crops was significantly lower when cover crops were sown earlier. These results suggest that the growth inhibition of main crops by cover crops was partly caused by competition for nutrients between main crops and cover crops, and this growth inhibition was alleviated when cover crops were sown after the establishment of main crops. Consequently, soybean yield was the highest in Post-MC and decreased by 29%, 18% and 7% in Sole-MC, Pre-MC and Syn-MC, respectively, and maize yield was also the highest in Post-MC and decreased by 68%, 100% and 24% in Sole-MC, Pre-MC and Syn-MC, respectively. It was concluded that weeds could be controlled effectively by sowing cover crops after planting main crops in organic farming systems in a snowy-cold region.     

Effect of agrochemical applied at sowing on seedling emergence and herbage yield of perennial ryegrass and white clover

Plots of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) and perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) white clover were sown with and without fungicide seed treatment, seed treatment with Cytozyme (a proprietary growth-promoting agent) and pesticide granules (carbofuran or carbosulfan) mixed with the seed. Sowings were made in April/May at Hurley (1986 and 1987), Dorchester (1987) and Bronydd Mawr (1987). Only treatments containing pesticide significantly improved seedling emergence or herbage yield in the 1986 sowing. In 1987, pesticide greatly increased seedling emergence of ryegrass and clover at Hurley and Dorchester, but had no effect at Bronydd Mawr. At Hurley, herbage yield and the proportion of clover were more than doubled for up to a year, by chemical treatment after sowing in 1986.
Populations of plant parasitic nematodes were recorded at all sites and it is suggested that at Hurley and Dorchester seedlings with nematode damage were unable to survive the dry soil conditions that prevailed. In a subsequent pot experiment, pesticide granules controlled root endoparasitic nematodes and significantly increased seedling emergence of white clover in dry soil but had no effect in moist soil.     

苗带重镇压对土壤环境、玉米生长及产量的影响

采用自主研制的1ZY-6六行可折叠式苗带重镇压器，单体幅宽20cm，滚动压力650g/cm²，对秸秆深翻还田平播和秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种两种耕作方式播后苗带进行重镇压处理，分析玉米播种后苗带重镇压对土壤温湿环境、土壤紧实度、出苗率和产量等影响。结果表明，秸秆深翻还田平播后苗带重镇压与未重镇压作业相比较，土壤含水率、土壤紧实度和玉米产量显著提高(P<0.05)，土壤含水率增加11.42%，土壤紧实度提高127.90%，玉米产量提高4.31%。秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种后苗带重镇压与未重镇压作业相比较，土壤含水率、土壤紧实度和玉米产量显著提高(P<0.05)，土壤含水率增加23.59%，土壤紧实度提高58.88%，玉米产量提高3.39%。苗带重镇压明显提高土壤紧实度、土壤含水率，为玉米生长创造有利的土壤环境，保墒增产作用显著。     

Agronomic performance of no-tillage relay intercropping with maize under smallholder conditions in Central Brazil

In the context of conservation agriculture on small scale farms of the Brazilian Cerrado, we hypothesized that planting a cover crop in relay with a commercial crop improves the efficiency of use of available natural resources, increasing biomass for use as fodder without reducing the grain yield of the main crop. The objective of this study was to measure the performance of two intercropped systems in terms of total above-ground biomass production and maize (Zea mays) grain yield: pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and Brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis) sown as cover crops in established maize under a no-tillage management. The cover crops were sown at two different dates and a comparison was made with the three crops sown as a sole crop at the early sowing date. The experiment was conducted during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. Maize grain yield was not reduced by the presence of the relay cover crops in comparison with maize as the sole crop, even when the cover crop was sown soon after maize emergence. In contrast, the production of above-ground biomass by the cover crop was significantly lower when grown with maize than it was when grown as a sole crop. In the intercropped systems, when sown early, the cover crop produced higher total biomass than when sown late. Total above-ground biomass production of maize intercropped with a cover crop was much higher than that of any of the crops sown alone: the total biomass (average of the two growing seasons) produced by maize and pigeon pea was more than double that of maize grown alone. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of maize grain yield and biomass production was higher than one whatever the intercropped system used. It was particularly high when maize was intercropped with early sown pigeon pea; grain yield LER and biomass LER reaching, respectively, 1.72 and 1.73 in 2007-2008 and 2.02 and 2.03 in 2008-2009. These high LER values provide evidence for the complementary and the high efficiency of use of available resources by the intercropped plants and thus the advantage of such systems to produce both maize grain and cover crop forage under the conditions of our study.