酸性土壤上伴矿景天铝毒的缓解技术研究

酸性土壤上易产生铝（Al）毒害作用，缓解Al毒对于污染土壤上超积累植物的生长及重金属有效削减具有重要意义。本研究比较了不同措施对镉（Cd）超积累植物伴矿景天的Al胁迫缓解作用，结果发现：① 在水培条件下，锌添加可促进了Al胁迫下伴矿景天根表Cd2+吸收速率，而添加氯化钙或柠檬酸没有显著的缓解作用；② 在盆栽试验条件下，添加石灰处理显著提高了土壤pH，促进了伴矿景天生长和地上部对Cd的吸收，但添加生物质炭或柠檬酸没有显著缓解Al毒对伴矿景天生长和Cd吸收的抑制，添加柠檬酸反而加剧了土壤酸化，提高了土壤Al的活性；③在伴矿景天与荞麦间作条件下，其一定程度上降低了土壤的Al活性，在合适的种植密度下并未显著影响伴矿景天单株地上部Cd吸收量。综上，酸性土壤上耐Al作物与修复植物间作、结合添加改良剂调控Al毒，能够不显著降低土壤Cd的有效性和修复植物的Cd吸收，进而实现污染土壤的边生产边修复。     

Soil aluminum toxicity and plant growth

Abstract

Soluble aluminum (Al) exists in a variety of forms in the soil system and is responsible for limiting plant growth in many areas of the world. Some phytotoxic forms of soluble Al have been identified in solution culture experiments, but current soil test methods do not effectively discriminate between toxic and nontoxic forms of Al. Large differences in Al tolerance exist within and among plant species. Efforts to select or breed plants for Al toxic soils have been somewhat successful, but accelerated progress will occur when plant Al tolerance mechanisms are more fully understood.     

The influence of acid soil factors on the growth of snapbeans in major appalachian soils

Abstract

Acid soil limitations to plant growth were assessed In 55 horizons of 14 major Appalachian hill land soils. Aluminum sensitive “Romano” and Al‐tolerant “Dade” snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown for 5 weeks in limed and unlimed treatments of the 55 horizons. Shoot and root growth was depressed >20% in unlimed relative to limed treatments in approximately 2/3 of the horizons. Dade snapbeans were generally more tolerant of the acid soil conditions and had higher Ca concentrations in the shoots than Romano snapbeans. However, the sensitive‐tolerant snapbean pair could not consistently be used to identify horizons with soil Al problems. Growth of both snapbeans was generally best in A horizons and worst in E horizons. The E horizons in this study were characterized by low Ca saturation (exchangeable Ca x 100/cation exchange capacity) and high Al saturation (exchangeable Al x 100/cation exchange capacity). Exchangeable Ca, soil Ca saturation and total soil solution Ca were positively correlated (p<0.01) with snapbean root and shoot growth. Soil Al saturation, total soil solution Al and soil solution Al reacting in 15 seconds with 8‐hydroxyquinoline were negatively correlated (p<0.01) with growth. The ratio of Ca/Al in soil solution was more closely related to snapbean growth than the soil solution concentration of any individual element. Soil and soil solution Mn were, in general, not significantly correlated with snapbean growth. Many of the horizons in this study had both Al toxicity and Ca deficiency problems and interaction between Ca and Al affected both snapbean growth and Ca uptake. These findings confirm the importance of considering Ca as well as Al when investigating Al phytotoxicity.     

Quick screening of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes for aluminium tolerance in an aluminium-treated acid soil

In greenhouse experiments with small pots, seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were planted into an acid soil (Oxic Paleudult from Onne, South-East Nigeria) which had been treated with Al₂(SO₄)₃-Cowpea genotypes showed varying seedling growth inhibition within 7 days when grown in soil containing 2.2 meq Al/100 g soil. Soil and plant analysis confirmed, that Al toxicity, and consequently differences in Al tolerance, were responsible for the genotypically different seedling growth responses. 783 genotypes showed a wide range of Al tolerance when screened using this technique. In a long-term pot experiment the effect of Al application to the soil on seed yields of 9 genotypes was studied. Although no significant correlation could be found between depression by Al of seedling growth and grain yield of the genotypes, the same genotypes were classified as most tolerant and most sensitive in both cases. The results show that the simple and quick screening method using Al-treated soil allows the identification of genotypes adapted to soils with high Al supply.     

铝胁迫对大豆根际土壤微生物区系的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度外源铝对大豆根际土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明:在低浓度下,铝对土壤细菌、放线菌具有刺激作用,在高浓度下,表现为抑制作用。铝对真菌的生长具有明显的刺激作用。在高浓度下,铝对土壤硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、自生固氮菌均产生强烈的抑制作用,最大抑制率分别为96%、98%和89%。土壤硝化细菌、反硝化细菌可以作为铝污染土壤生态环境的指示菌。铝对两个大豆品种根际土壤微生物区系组成的影响不一致,揭示铝胁迫的生物效应还与植物生长、植物根际效应有关。     

荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤铝形态变化及对其生长的影响

不同形态的铝对不同植物的毒害不同。以荞麦和金荞麦为实验材料,设置4个不同的土壤铝处理浓度（0,0.1,0.2,0.4 g Al^3＋/kg）,研究荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤中铝形态变化及对其生长的影响。结果表明,当土壤铝处理浓度〈0.2 g/kg时,尽管根际土壤液中铝溶出量较对照组有明显上升,毒性大的交换态铝和单聚体羟基铝（称为活性铝）占可提取铝总量的比例增加,但荞麦和金荞麦茎伸长和水分利用增强,地上部分生物积累量增多,表明荞麦和金荞麦对低铝胁迫有一定的适应;当土壤铝处理浓度达到0.4 g/kg时,荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤pH降至最低,根际土壤液中铝的溶出量增至最高,严重抑制了荞麦和金荞麦叶片光合作用的正常进行,各项指标和对照差异达到显著水平,荞麦和金荞麦的生长表现出明显的铝毒害症状。因此,我们推断在根际土壤活性铝溶出量为0.106-0.143 m g/g和0.046-0.057 m g/g间可能分别存在着荞麦和金荞麦耐受铝毒害的某个阈值。     

Organic acid exudation by mycorrhizal Andropogon virginicus L. (broomsedge) roots in response to aluminum

Elevated aluminum (Al) availability limits plant growth on acidic soils. Although this element is found naturally in soils, acidic conditions create an environment where Al solubility increases and toxic forms of Al impact plant function. Plant resistance to Al is often attributed to organic acid exudation from plant roots and the chelation of cationic Al in the rhizosphere. The association of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with the roots of plants may alleviate Al toxicity by altering soil Al availability or plant exposure through the binding of Al to fungal structures or through the influence of fungi on exudation from roots. Diverse communities of AM fungi are found in soil ecosystems and research suggests that AM fungi exhibit functional diversity that may influence plant performance under varying edaphic environments. In the present study, we evaluated acidic isolates of six AM species in their responses to Al. Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), a warm-season grass that commonly grows in a range of stressful environments including acidic soils, was used as a plant host for Acaulospora morrowiae, Glomus claroideum, Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum, Paraglomus brasilianum, and Scutellospora heterogama. Fungal spores were germinated and exposed to 0 or 100 μM Al on filter paper in sand culture or were grown and exposed to Al in sand culture in association with A. virginicus. Short- and long-term responses to Al were evaluated using direct measurements of fungal spore germination, hyphal elongation, and measurements of A. virginicus colonization and plant growth as a phytometer of AM function in symbio. Spore germination and hyphal elongation varied among AM species in response to Al, but patterns were not consistent with the influences of these AM species on A. virginicus under Al exposure. Exposure to Al did not influence colonization of roots, although large differences existed in colonization among fungal species. Plants colonized by G. clarum and S. heterogama exhibited the least reduction in growth when exposed to Al, produced the highest concentrations of Al-chelating organic acids, and had the lowest concentrations of free Al in their root zones. This pattern provides evidence that variation among AM fungi in Al resistance conferred to their plant hosts is associated with the exudation of Al-binding organic acids from roots and highlights the role that AM fungal diversity may play in plant performance in acidic soil environments.     

Liming Potential of Composts Applied To an Acid Oxisol in Burundi

The adverse effect of soil acidity on plant growth and yield, and the scarcity of commercial agricultural lime (CaCO₃) in Burundi necessitated a search for alternative liming materials. Thus, the liming potential of locally made composts was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment, using an acid Oxisol with sorghum (Sorghum vulgaris) as a test plant. Application rates were 10 g/kg (approximately 20 ton/ha) for the composts and 0, 0.85 and 1.70 g/kg for Verrundi lime. Results showed that the application of lime increased plant growth by reducing exchangeable Al, and by increasing soil pH and available P. So did the composts, which were more effective in correcting soil acidity when they were fresh and enriched with some nutrients during the composting process. Apparently, organic molecules produced by the composts helped to chelate and/or precipitate Al, making the soil more suitable for plant growth. Specifically, an application of 20 ton/ha of composts was equivalent to 0.6 - 1.7 ton CaCO₃/ha, depending on the compost quality.     

猪粪对红壤铝毒的缓解效应

利用盆栽实验研究了施用猪粪和石灰对红壤铝毒的缓解效应。结果表明 ,在对照土壤 (pH 4.2)上生长的小麦遭受铝毒害明显 ,出苗后 36d全部枯死 ,施用石灰和猪粪能不同程度地缓解铝毒害。施用猪粪和石灰都可以提高土壤pH ,降低交换性铝含量。与单施石灰相比 ,石灰猪粪混施可以提高土壤 pH ,降低交换性铝含量 ,增加小麦叶绿素含量、光合速率和地上部干物重。与单施猪粪相比 ,石灰猪粪混施使小麦地上部K、Mg和P含量减少。     

Soil aluminium extraction methods in relation to plant aluminium and yield on Austrian and Brazilian soils

Abstract

A pot experiment with soils from Austria (Mollisol and Alfisol) and Brazil (two Oxisols), quite different in pH values and organic carbon contents, was carried out. Several soil tests for aluminum (Al) were evaluated and compared for their ability in predicting plant growth reductions and plant Al concentrations. Concerning the efficacy of the extradants in solubilizing soil Al, the amount of Al extracted decreased in the following order: 0.03M LaCl₃> 1M KCl > 1M NH₄Cl > 0.01 M CaCl₂. Only AlCaCl₂ and Al saturation correlated significantly with shoot yield of Poa pratensis (r = 0.76*** for CaCl₂; r = 0.84 *** for Al saturation) and Phaseolus vulgaris (r = 0.65** for CaCl₂; r = 0.83** for Al saturation). The results indicated that soil organic matter and the nutrient status of the soil had an important effect as diminishing Al uptake and improving growth of both Poa pratensis and Phaseolus vulgaris. Interactions between Al and magnesium (Mg) were also observed.     

Aluminum,Ca, and Mn Concentrations in Macadamia Seedlings as Affected by Soil Acidity and Liming

Abstract

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) is increasingly becoming an important tree crop in many parts of the world. However, knowledge about the plant's nutritional behavior, especially under adverse soil conditions, has been deficient. To address this deficiency, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Al, Mn and Ca (soil acidity and liming) on macadamia seedlings. Three soils having different mineralogy and fertility were used; soil pH was adjusted based on lime requirement curves so that several pH levels ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 were obtained for each soil. Chemical composition of the soil solution and of recently fully mature leaves was monitored periodically to assess the growth response.

Results suggested that Al was detrimental to physiological processes of macadamia seedlings when leaf Al was greater than 275 mg kg and soil‐solution Al exceeded 1.2 mg L^‐1. Furthermore, Al seemed to have reduced Mn uptake by the plant, although macadamia could accumulate as much as 1200 mg Mn kg^‐1 in leaves without apparent toxic symptoms. The internal Ca requirement of the plant was not clearly defined; however, maximum growth could be expected when soil solutions contained 160 mg Ca L^‐1 , which corresponded to 0.9 cmol(+)kg^‐1 of exchangeable Ca (or 10% of CEC) in a highly weathered Oxisol.     

Testing the Aluminium Toxicity Hypothesis: A Field Manipulation Experiment in Mature Spruce Forest in Norway

Aluminium (Al) has been considered to be a central element for risk evaluation of forest damage due to acidification. It has been hypothesized that Al reduces root growth, nutrient uptake and forest vitality. However, forest monitoring studies fail to show correlations between soil acidification and forest health. In general, no direct relation between Al concentration and forest health has been established. Here, Al concentrations in soil solution were manipulated by weekly additions of dilute AlCl₃ to levels that are believed to be unfavorable for plant growth. Four treatments (in triplicate), including a reference and three Al addition levels, were established. Effects of enhanced Al concentrations on fine root growth, nutrient uptake and crown condition in a mature Norway spruce forest in Norway were tested (1996–1999). After three years of manipulation, crown condition, tree growth and fine root growth were not affected by potentially toxic Al concentrations. However, the Mg content in current year's needles decreased at the highest Al addition treatment. The Mg/Al ratio of fine roots of the same treatment had declined too, which suggests that Al blocked Mg uptake at the root surface. The manipulation will be continued for two more years.     

Metal-induced oxidative stress impacting plant growth in contaminated soil is alleviated by microbial siderophores

High levels of metals impede plant growth by affecting physiological processes. Siderophores are microbial Fe-chelators that, however, bind other metals. This study evaluated plant growth in a soil containing elevated levels of metals, including Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and U, using Streptomyces-derived cell-free supernatant containing siderophores and auxins. Cowpea plants in the soil were treated with the culture filtrate. Growth was measured and biochemical analyses such as chlorophyll contents, RNA and protein quantification, lipid membrane peroxidation, and anti-oxidative responses were conducted to evaluate oxidative stress in the plants. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to simulate competition for siderophore binding, and metal content of plants was determined spectroscopically. Whereas the metals inhibited plant growth, addition of siderophores improved growth. There was evidence of lipid peroxidation, an enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, and lowered chlorophyll, RNA, protein, carotenoid and residual indole acetic acid contents, especially in control plants. Siderophore competition assays between Al and Fe, and Fe and Cu suggested that trivalent metals are more competitive for siderophore binding than divalent ones. Compared to control plants, higher amounts of metals were obtained in siderophore-treated plants. Siderophores were able to supply plants with Fe in the presence of levels of metals, mainly Al, Cu, Mn, Ni and U that otherwise inhibit Fe acquisition. This led to enhanced chlorophyll content, circumventing lipid peroxidation effects on leaves. Siderophores lowered the formation of free radicals, thereby protecting microbial auxins from degradation and enabling them to enhance plant growth which in turn resulted in augmented metal uptake.     

DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND LEAF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF RAMBUTAN GROWN ON AN ACID ULTISOL

Little is known about the adaptability of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) to highly acidic soils rich in aluminum (Al). A 2-yr field study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of soil Al on dry matter production, plant growth, and nutrient concentration in the leaves of four cultivars of rambutan. Cultivars and the cultivar x year interaction were not statistically significant for most variables measured in the study. Total, leaf, petiole, stem and root dry weights significantly increased at soil Al concentrations ranging from 0.67 cmol kg^?1 to 11.0 cmol kg^?1. At this range of soil Al, the concentrations of Al and manganese (Mn) in leaf tissue declined sharply. The results of this study demonstrate that rambutan is highly tolerant to acid soils and that tolerance may involve an Al- and Mn- exclusion mechanism.     

ALUMINIUM TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE IN THREE HEATHLAND SPECIES

Arnica montana and Cirsium dissectum are characteristic species of species-rich heathlands and adjacent grasslands, which declined during the last decades in the Netherlands. It has been shown in a recent field survey that the decline of A. montana and C. dissectum might be caused by soil acidification. Calluna vulgaris is not susceptible to soil acidification. It was hypothesized that increased aluminium concentrations in the soil as a result of acidifying atmospheric inputs caused the decline of A. montana and C. dissectum whereas C. vulgaris would not be sensitive to enhanced aluminium concentrations. We studied the effects of different Al:Ca-ratios and of Al concentrations on the development of A. montana, C. dissectum and C. vulgaris in nutrient solution experiments. All three species showed aluminium accumulation in the shoots related with increased aluminium concentrations in the nutrient solutions. This accumulation was correlated with a reduction in growth when plants were cultured at high Al concentrations (200–500 µmol l^-1), in both A. montana and C. dissectum. In addition, indications of Al toxicity were observed in these plant species, e.g. poor root development, yellowish leaves and reduced contents of Mg and P in the plants. C. vulgaris did not show reduced growth or poor plant development due to high Al concentrations. The negative effects of aluminium in A. montana and C. dissectum were partly counterbalanced when plants were grown on the same Al concentrations but with increased Ca concentrations, resulting in lower Al:Ca-ratios. No effects of enhanced calcium concentrations on C. vulgaris have been observed.     

VA菌根对土壤酸度的耐性

A 45－day greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine effect of vesicular-arbuscular（VA）my-corrhizal fungi on colonization rate,plant height,plant growth,hyphae lenth,total Al in the plants,ex-changeable Al in the soil and soil pH by comparison at soil pH 3.5,4.5 and 6.0 Plant mung bean(Phaseolus radiatus L.)and crotalaria(Crotalaria muronata Desv.) were grown with and without VA mycorrhizal fungi in pots with red soil,Ten VA mycorrhizal fungi strains were tested,including Glomus epigaeum(No.90001),Glomus caledonium(No.90036),Glomus mosseae(No.90107),Acaulospora soo.(No.34),Scutellopora het-erogama(No.36),Scutellospora calopsora(No.37),Glomus manihotis(No.38).Gigaspora spp.(No.47),Glomus manihotis(No.49),and Acaulospora spp.(No.53).Being the most tolerant to acidity,strain 34 and strain 38 showed quicker and higher-rated colnization without lagging,three to four times more in number of nodules,two to four times more in plant dry weighy,30% to 60% more in hyphae length,lower soil exchaneable Al,and higher soil pH than without VA mycorrhizal fungi(CK).Other strains also could improve plant growth and enhance plant tolerance to acidity,but their effects were not marked.This indicated that VA mycorrhizal fungi differed in the tolerance to soil acidity and so did their inoculation effects.In the experiment,acidic soil could be remedied by inoculation of promising VA mycorrhizal fungi tolerant of acidity.     

Molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to acid soils: A review

Acid soils are widespread and limit global plant production. Aluminum(Al)/manganese(Mn) toxicity and phosphorus(P) deficiency are the major limiting factors affecting plant growth and productivity on acid soils. Plants, however, have evolved various strategies to adapt to these stresses. These strategies include using both external and internal mechanisms to adapt to Al toxicity, regulating Mn uptake, translocation, and distribution to avoid Mn toxicity, and orchestrating a set of P transport me...     

Effects of Alum-treated Waste Water Sludge on Barley Growth

Alum sludge derived from a municipal wastewater plant was used as a soil amendment in a greenhouse study with barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the test crop. Treatment variables included the soil pH (4.5, 5.1 and 6.5), the amount of Al in the sludge (control = 30 mg Al_T/g; alum sludges = 38 and 52 mg Al_T/g), and the sludge application rate (100 and 270 kg N_T/ha). Soil amendment with the two alum sludges reduced soil pH, increased Al³⁺ activity in the soil solution, and reduced barley growth over the 6-week experiment. Barley growth decreased as the Al³⁺ activity in the sludged soil solution increased, but for a given Al³⁺ the phytotoxicity of Al was markedly pH dependent. For example, at a pH of 5.0 ± 0.1 an Al³⁺ activity of 0.5 μM was sufficient to inhibit plant growth by about 50% this IC₅₀ value increased five-fold to about 2.5 μM when the soil pH was 4.5 ± 0.1. This decrease in the toxicity of Al50 with acidification was explained in terms of a competitive interaction between the H⁺-ion and Al³⁺ at the root surface. Stepwise multiple regression allowed the prediction of aerial leaf biomass from soil pH and sludge application rate.     

Acid soil tolerances of two wheat cultivars related to soil Ph,KCl‐extractable aluminum and degree of aluminum saturation

Aluminum toxicity, associated with soil acidity, is a major growth‐limiting factor for plants in many parts of the world. More precise criteria are needed for the identification of potential Al toxicity in acid soils. The objective of the current study was to relate the acid soil tolerances of two wheat cultivars to three characteristics of an acid Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, typic Hapludult): pH in a 1:1 soil to water suspension; KCl‐extractable Al; and degree of Al saturation. Aluminum‐tolerant ‘BH 1146’ (Brazil) and Al‐sensitive ‘Sonora 63’ (Mexico) wheat cultivars were grown in greenhouse pots of soil treated with CaCO₃ to establish final soil pH levels of 4.1, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9, 5.2 and 7.3. Soil Al, Ca and Mg were extracted with 1 N KCl, and Al saturation was calculated as KCl‐Al/KCl Al + Ca + Mg%.

Within the soil pH range of 4.1 to 4.9, BH 1146 tops and roots produced significantly more dry matter than did those of Sonora 63; however, at pH 5.2 and 7.3, the top and root yields of the two cultivars were not significantly different. Significant cultivar differences in yield occurred over a range of 36 to 82% saturation of the Tatum soil. Graphs of relative top or root yields against soil pH, KCl‐extractable Al and Al saturation indicated that the two cultivars could be separated for tolerance to Tatum soil under the following conditions: pH less than 5.2 (1:1 soil‐water); KCl‐Al levels greater than 2 c mole kg^‐1 and Al saturations greater than 20%. Results demonstrated that any soil test used to predict Al toxicity in acid soils must take into account the Al tolerances of the plant cultivars involved.     

Factors associated with annual ryegrass yield response to limestone

Abstract

Quantifying the effects of soil acidity on plant growth remains a challenging research topic as numerous soil and plant growth factors are influenced by pH and lime. In the field, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ‘Marshall') responded positively to the application of 3.8 Mg lime/ha on a strongly acid (pH 4.7) Lilbert loamy fine sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, arenic Plinthic Paleudult) over three growing seasons. Dry matter yield in some cuttings, however, was better correlated with soil Al, P, Ca, Mg, and K than with pH. A greenhouse study was undertaken to quantitatively determine the effects of these five minerals plus Mo on ryegrass yield in limed and unlimed Lilbert soil material. Three ryegrass cuttings were obtained from unlimed (pH 4.8) or limed (1000 mg CaCO₃/kg) Lilbert soil which was also amended with five rates of Ca, K, Mg, Al, P, and Mo in combinations stipulated by central composite design methodology. Response surface models that fit yield to the applied treatments and soil test data were complex because all factors and many interactions were significant. Furthermore, the models were transformed as the plants matured and element availability changed due to mineral uptake. Most yield improvement derived from liming occurred as a result of the elimination of exchangeable Al with a concomitant increase in P efficiency. Applied Ca did not alleviate Al toxicity in unlimed soil. Chlorotic plants developed in all pots where Mg was excluded. Yield was increased by applied Mg and Mo in unlimed soil, but not in limed soil. Applied K improved yield only in limed soil. Although regression accounted for a large portion of the yield variability (R² values ranged from 0.75 to 0.95), these models were unable to accurately predict yield in control treatments.