康定市子耳沟泥石流的物源特征与危险区划

泥石流的物源特征是重要的影响因子,对单沟的危险区划至关重要。通过对康定市子耳沟流域内的泥石流物源成因、分布及稳定性的详细测绘,计算了泥石流沟的松散物源总量;通过调查访问确定了历史泥石流的淤埋范围,泥深及运移路径。以上述资料为基础,通过对不同降雨概率下清水流量的计算,分析了在不同频率下,可能发生泥石流的规模及危害范围。结果表明:20年一遇的泥石流峰值流量为65.31m~3/s,沟口泥深2m;100年一遇的泥石流峰值流量为207.47m~3/s,沟口泥深4m;后者的淤埋范围约为前者的20倍。通过对此类山区城镇泥石流的规模频率分析,为类似区域内的城市建设和防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

贡嘎山东坡湾东河泥石流的特征及危险度评价

湾东河是大渡河上游的一条支流,流域面积170.6 km2,河床比降137.5‰.通过对湾东河主河与支沟泥石流形成条件、特征进行分析得知,主河暴发低频率泥石流,一般50～100 a才活动一次,流体性质以过渡性为主;支沟银厂沟和板板棚沟为中-低频率泥石流沟,中等规模的泥石流分别10～20 a和20～30 a发生一次,大规模和特大规模的泥石流50～100 a活动一次,流体性质均为黏性泥石流.3条河(沟)均为高度危险的泥石流沟,危险度值分别为0.68,0.70和0.61.     

北京双紧梢沟泥石流堆积物的特征及演变

北京山区具备泥石流形成与发生条件,泥石流灾害的发生较为频繁。在收集当地泥石流发生历史资料的基础上,详细调查了西白莲峪双紧梢沟的自然地理状况和泥石流堆积物的特点。采用野外量测和填图的方法调查双紧梢沟泥石流的地貌特征;现场选取一定数量的砾石进行abc长度和倾向调查,测定双紧梢沟泥石流堆积物的结构特征;选定泥石流典型区域,进行挖圆探坑,取出全部颗粒并带回实验室,进行粒度分析;同时,对双紧梢梢沟泥石流堆积扇的发育和演变过程进行分析。粒度分析结果表明双紧梢沟泥石流堆积物砾石平均粒径为0.256m,磨圆度为2～6。90%以上砾石直径为0.220～0.410m,最大砾石直径为0.409m,堆积物主要有砾石和一些粗骨性碎屑物质组成,砾石排列无明显特征,分选差。由粒度分析可知,该区泥石流堆积扇的形成受到水石流形成过程的影响,水石流形成堆积扇,之后可能发生粘性泥石流。由其频率曲线为一多峰曲线。该曲线说明泥石流发生时,其砾石的搬运方式由推移、跳跃、悬浮三大部分组成。双紧梢沟泥石流堆积扇的演变过程和特征明显受到双紧梢沟和西白莲峪主沟水流的影响。该研究结果对今后进一步探讨北京山区泥石流形成机理和运动过程以及为泥石流防治制定有效措施提供参考。     

镜铁山矿区泥石流沟谷的发展趋势及防治对策

镜铁山矿区具有泥石流形成发育的基本条件,根据矿区内黑沟北沟、小桦树沟、大桦树沟及火药库沟等4条主要沟道泥石流沟谷的形成条件和发育特征,分析了泥石流的发展趋势及危害性,以黑沟南沟泥石流工程治理为例,探讨了矿区泥石流综合防治对策。     

四川峨边县蒋沟矿渣侵蚀泥石流成因与特征

四川峨边县蒋沟是一条典型的矿渣型泥石流沟,在侵蚀作用下时常发生泥石流并造成严重危害。该文采用调查、测绘和综合研究相结合的方法,论述了蒋沟矿渣侵蚀泥石流的成因和特征。形成条件方面,矿渣侵蚀类泥石流具有物源集中和机械组成固定性特征;发生过程呈现出降雨-侵蚀-崩滑-搬运复合型和循环性,侵蚀成为泥石流形成和发生的关键环节;泥石流特征则主要表现为堆积物成分单一,堆积比降小,暴发频率高和地貌塑造作用强等方面。最后,针对成因和特征,提出了以水土分离、固床和护坡等工程措施为主,以矿山植被恢复措施为辅的防治建议。     

碱坪沟地震次生泥石流形成特征与发展趋势

＂5.12＂汶川地震后,龙溪河碱坪沟流域内堆积了大量的松散固体物质,成为参与泥石流形成的主要物源。碱坪沟于2009—2010年先后3次暴发大规模泥石流灾害。通过对碱坪沟的地形、水源和物源条件的分析发现,该流域地形和水源条件满足泥石流形成的条件,且在地震前后未发生显著变化,而物源条件已经成为影响该区域泥石流形成与发展的主要因素。基于流域物源量与物源固结效应的研究结果表明,在5a内碱坪沟泥石流灾害较活跃,可能暴发大规模泥石流灾害。5～10a后,在降雨条件不发生较大变化以及不暴发大地震的情况下,流域内泥石流规模和频率会逐渐减小,只有在低频率暴雨作用下才可能暴发大规模泥石流灾害。     

杂谷脑河流域暴雨型泥石流沟地貌特征分析

沟谷的地貌特征是泥石流灾变过程中的一个重要的缓变因子。它决定泥石流形成的动力条件,制约水源条件中的地表径流汇流过程,影响固体物质补给的方式。因此,可以通过研究流域地貌特征来分析泥石流灾害发育特征。以杂谷脑河中游的暴雨型泥石流沟为研究对象,分析了定量描述沟谷发育阶段的流域地貌信息熵,流域面积以及沟床纵比降与泥石流灾害特征之间的关系。结果发现,泥石流沟流域地貌信息熵值处于为0.12～0.20之间时,沟谷属于中高频的泥石流沟,熵值位于区间之外的沟谷则属于低频泥石流沟;沟谷流域面积大于15km2,沟床纵比降小于300‰时,发育稀性泥石流,反之则发育黏性泥石流。     

利子依达沟泥石流演化历史及发展趋势预测

大渡河右岸一级支流利子依达沟是一条多期次,中高频率的泥石流沟。根据该沟泥石流的灾害历史和发育特征,对整个沟域进行了详细的地质工程调查,典型剖面保留泥痕的地质工程测绘,现场的颗分实验及容重实验,分析了利子依达沟泥石流的形成条件和泥石流的演化历史。结合大渡河阶地发育特征和冰川消融期次,分析了利子依达沟各期老泥石流的发育时期,并对该沟泥石流进行了预测。通过研究发现,利子依达沟古泥石流的形成和冰川的演化有着密切的联系,通过历史分析法可以预测其发展趋势。利子依达沟是一条衰亡期泥石流沟,其泥石流暴发规模会逐次减小。     

四川省都江堰市八一沟泥石流动力学特征及危险性评估

2010年8月13日和18日,四川省都江堰市八一沟暴发特大规模泥石流,严重影响了当地人民的正常生产生活。通过实地调查八一沟泥石流灾害现场,详细地分析了其成因、动力学特征及危险性。研究表明,八一沟的物源、降雨和地形均满足泥石流的形成条件。该泥石流的规模为特大型,危险程度为高,有进一步发展趋势。该研究结果可为八一沟泥石流的工程治理及防灾减灾提供可靠依据。     

汶川地震后肖家沟泥石流活动特征与灾害防治

肖家沟是汶川地震震中映秀镇近邻的一条典型泥石流沟,位于渔子溪河左侧,沟域面积7.19 km²,沟床平均纵比降为485‰。"5·12"地震后该沟多次暴发泥石流。2010年8月14日,肖家沟暴发特大规模泥石流,一次冲出物方量约6.50×10⁵ m,堵塞渔子溪,堰塞湖溃决后造成洪水灾害。肖家沟泥石流物源条件非常丰富,地区降水充沛,危险性巨大,一旦发生泥石流,直接威胁S₃₀₃映秀段公路,造成交通中断;若发生大规模泥石流堵塞渔子溪形成堰塞体,堰塞体溃决之后,大量泥沙被洪水带至下游,抬高河床,将对下游映秀镇产生严重的洪水灾害。目前肖家沟沟域内共有松散固体物源量5.22×10⁶ m³,可参与泥石流活动的动储量为2.01×10⁶ m³。以肖家沟泥石流形成条件为基础,分析震后连续发生的泥石流类型与活动特征,并以此为依据探讨了肖家沟泥石流治理的简要思路。     

Mechanisms of persistence of low numbers of bacteria preyed upon by protozoa

Tetrahymena pyriformis cultures were maintained when transferred serially in solutions containing 10⁵ to 10⁷Klebsiella pneumoniae cells.ml^?1, bacterial numbers that were observed to persist in the presence of protozoa. The number of cells of one strain of K. pneumoniae surviving predation in solution was essentially the same in the absence of an alternative prey as in the presence of a second K. pneumoniae strain. Toxins deleterious to protozoa did not appear as the animal consumed the bacteria. T. pyriformis reduced the abundance of Escherichia coli from about 10⁸ to 10⁶.ml^?1. but the latter number persisted for 15 days; however, in solutions containing chloramphenicol, the abundance of E. coli fell to 590 cells. ml^?1 in 15 days. In solutions containing the antibiotic, T. pyriformis reduced the Rhizobium sp. population from more than 10⁶ to less than 10³ cells in 10 days and K. pneumoniae from more than 10⁸.ml^?1 to zero in 18 days. An appreciable decline in abundance of these bacteria did not occur in the antibiotic-amended liquid free of protozoa. T. pyriformis did not greatly reduce Rhizobium sp. numbers when both were added to irradiated soil, but the predator caused the bacterial population to decline from 4 × 10⁸ to fewer than 10⁵.g^?1 in 16 days in chloramphenicol-treated soil. Colpoda sp. inoculated with Rhizobium sp. into soil sterilized by autoclaving only reduced the prey abundance from 10⁹ to 10⁸.g^?1, but the protozoan caused the bacterial population to fall to about 100.g^?1 in 15 days in the presence of the antibiotic. The population of Rhizobium sp. added to nonsterile soil dropped from in excess of 10⁸ to 6 × 10⁶.g^?1 in 29 days. but it declined to 550. g^?1 in the same period when chloramphenicol was also introduced. It is concluded that the ability of these bacteria to maintain themselves in solution and in soil is governed by their capacity to reproduce and replace the cells consumed by predation.     

Evidence of Long-Range Transport of Pollutants from the Size-Fractionated Ionic Composition of Aerosols in the Jeju Island of Korea

The ionic composition of total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine (PM_2.5) fractions was investigated from an 1,100 site in the middle of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island, Korea from March to November 2006. The sum concentrations of cation and anion species in TSP fraction were 205 ± 170 and 183 ± 164 neq m^?3, respectively, while those for PM_2.5 as 118 ± 129 and 88.5 ± 89.3 neq m^?3, respectively. In TSP, the concentration of the major ions changed in the order of SO₄ ^2? > NH₄ ⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?, while its PM_2.5 counterpart as NH₄ ⁺ > SO₄ ^2? > Ca²⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?. Inspection of the temporal variabilities of ionic components indicated that most ions peaked in spring or fall months. The back trajectory analysis showed that the atmospheric composition of the major ionic species was affected fairly sensitively by long-range transport from China under the favorable meteorological conditions. In contrast, the lowest ionic concentration levels were seen most abundantly, when air masses passed from South Sea. Hence, the analysis of ionic concentration data suggests that their distributions are controlled by the combined effects of various source processes including the most prominent Chinese origin and the meteorological condition favorable for such transport.     

Simulation of the Mathematical Model of Composting Process of Sewage Sludge

An integrated model was developed to simulate the temporal change and spatial variation of temperature and spatial distribution of TM (total mass) and MC (moisture content) of the final compost for composting process of sewage sludge. The model included biodegradation kinetics of organic matter and balance equations of energy and mass. First-order assumption was applied to describe the biodegradation process with correction functions of temperature, oxygen, MC, and FAS (free air space). The transfer process was considered in balance equations of energy and mass. A finite difference method was used to solve the model. Two trials of 0.21 m³ were run to estimate parameters and evaluate the simulation. The model could predict TM and VS (volatile solid) of the final compost well, temporal trend of oxygen concentration and water removal, and also a good fitting of the temporal and spatial change of temperature. H_rx (reaction enthalpy of biodegradable volatile solid) and η_BVS (mass fraction of biodegradable volatile solid) were considered the most sensitive parameters based on the sensitivity analysis. Future research was suggested to focus on reasonable humidity assumption, measuring accurate value of thermodynamics and kinetics parameters of sewage sludge, and simulating the composting process with different aeration modes and turning of the pile.     

pH对磷钾铝石形成的影响

Effects of column temperature and flow rate on separation of organic acids were studied by determining nine low-molecular-weight organic acids on reversed-phase C18 column using high performace liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a wavelength of UV(ultraviolet)214 nm and a mobile phase of 18 mmol L^-1 KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH2.1).The thermal stabiltiy of organic acids was determined by comparing the recoveries of organic acids in different temperature treatments.The relationships between column temperature,flow rate or solvent pH and retention time were analyzed.At low solvent pH,separatioin efficiency of organic acids was increased by raising the flow rate of the solvent because of lowering the retention time or organic acids.High column temperature was unfavorable for the separation of organic acids.The separating effect can be enhanced through reducing column temperature in organic acid determination due to increasing retention time.High thermal stability of organic acids with low concentrations was observed at temperature of 40℃-45℃,Sensitivity and separation effect of organic acid determination by HPLC were clearly improved by a combination of raising flow rate and lowering column temperature at low solvent pH.     

Change of hydrophysical properties of clayed minerals due to the influence of soluble salts

It was revealed that the influence of soluble salts on the hydrophysical properties of clayed minerals depends on the nature of minerals, the properties and state of salt (in solution or sorbing), and the region of fundamental hydrophysical characteristics (FHCH). The treatment of clayed minerals by NaCl, MgCl₂, Ca(CH₃COO)₂, and ZnCl₂ solutions increased their water-retention in the range NaCl > MgCl₂ > Ca(CH₃COO)₂ ≈ ZnCl₂. Pb(CH₃COO)₂ decreased the water-retaining ability of clayed minerals in all the FHCH range. A differential characteristic of the action MgCl₂, Ca(CH₃COO)₂, and ZnCl₂ on smectite is decrease of capillary water deduction.     

水稻幼苗根系吸收NO3-对细胞膜电位的影响

利用玻璃微电极技术测定了扬稻6号(籼稻)幼苗根尖细胞在吸收不同NO3-浓度(0.01、0.02、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0和2.0.mmol/L)过程中膜电位的变化。结果表明,1)水稻根系吸收NO3-引起膜的去极化,去极化到一定程度后出现复极化;有小部分水稻根表现为超极化。在0.01～1.0.mmol/L范围内,去极化大小随外界NO3-浓度的增加而增加,且差异显著(P0.05)。0.01.mmol/L.NO3-产生较小的去极化,平均为3.8.mV;0.5.mmol/L.NO3-产生了最大去极化,平均为40.2.mV;当外界NO3-浓度大于1.0.mmol/L时膜电位去极化大小呈下降趋势。根系吸收不同浓度的NO3-而使膜电位去极化的进程符合Michaelis-Menten动力学。2)复极化有部分复极化和完全复极化两种。超极化也有两种:一种是膜电位先超极化,后缓慢复极化;另一种是先出现一个小的去极化,然后是较大幅度的超极化。3)运输蛋白抑制剂PGO抑制了根系吸收NO3-而产生的膜电位的响应。4)对于经CaSO4溶液预培养的水稻来说,C2+主要引起膜电位超极化。     

Emission of carbon dioxide and dynamics of inorganic N in a gradient of alkaline saline soils of the former lake Texcoco

A plan was developed to apply biosolid to soil of the former lake Texcoco to fertilize the pioneer vegetation. Because, no information exists about how differences in electrolytic conductivity (EC) might affect mineralization of biosolid and dynamics of C and N in soil, 20 soil samples forming a gradient in EC ranging from 22 to 150 dS m⁻¹ were characterized, amended with 500 mg biosolid C kg⁻¹ dry soil and incubated aerobically at 22 ± 2 °C while production of CO₂, concentrations of ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂⁻), and nitrate (NO₃⁻), and NH₃ volatilization were monitored at 22 ± 2 °C for 70 days. Soil characteristics showed large variations with maximum values often >10-times larger than minimum values. The production of CO₂ in the unamended soil ranged from 25 to 159 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and NH₃ volatilization from 0 to 189 μg NH₃-N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹_. Application of biosolid increased production of CO₂ significantly 1.4-fold and volatilization of NH₃ 11.5-fold. The EC explained most of the variation in production of CO₂, while particle size distribution explained most of the variation in volatilization of NH₃. The concentration of NH₄⁺ in the biosolid-amended soil decreased sharply in the first 14 days, with the EC explaining most of the variation found, and remained constant thereafter with a small increase at day 70. Significant increases in the concentration of NO₃⁻ were generally found in soil with EC < 64 dS m⁻¹. The EC explained most of the variation in production of CO₂, and dynamics of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ while clay positively and sand content negatively affected NH₃ volatilization. It was found that increases in EC inhibited C and N mineralization in soil of the former lake Texcoco.     

Hydrochemistry of Waters of Volcanic Rocks: The Case of The Volcanosedimentary Rocks of Thrace, Greece

This work is referred to the characterization of the environmental hydrochemistry in the broader Sapes area – Thrace region, on the basis of physico-chemical properties of surface and groundwaters occurring in the volcanosedimentary formations of this area, where gold mining activities are planned to operate. Volcanic rocks are considerably altered where they are in contact with hydrothermal solutions. Aquifers are formed within these formations. Surface and ground waters are strongly metalliferous and their hydrochemical facies present similar but complex water types. Certain characteristic chemical types are the following: Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄, Ca-Mg-SO₄-HCO₃. Ca-SO₄, Ca-Mg-SO₄. Ca-Na-Cl-HCO₃, Na-Cl. A small majority of the water samples present the following order of anion dominance HCO₃ ^? > SO₄ ^2? > Cl^?. Calcium is the dominant cation. Bicarbonates and sulfate ions are the dominant anions. The order of dominance for the heavy metals in surface and ground waters is as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu. The saturation index of waters regarding minerals is low. Computer simulation indicates that calcite and dolomite are common minerals in all water samples which are saturated in respect to quartz and argillaceous-siliceous minerals. The most pronounced property of waters is their acidic character. The high metal concentrations are related to water with low pH. Sulfide minerals control the low pH values of waters which is an important control factor for the evolution of the water chemical composition. The abundance of sulfates is attributed to the dissolution of the minerals pyrite (FeS₂) and alunite (KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆. The water–mineral interactions are responsible for the chemical composition of waters. Water quality problems can be successfully handled by the use factor analysis. 17 chemical parameters can be substituted by five factors which successfully represent the hydrochemical processes as well as their geographic distribution. Volcanic rocks in the study area have the potential to produce acid drainage.     

华北土石山区天然植被种间联结和生态位研究

 在华北土石山区潮关西沟流域天然森林植被调查的基础上,对森林植被群落种间联结和生态位进行研究。结果表明:种间正联结关系非常显著的有柞栎和蒙椴、柞栎和迎红杜鹃、蒙椴和山杨、蒙椴和白蜡、山杨和白蜡、春榆和北京丁香、春榆和大花溲疏、臭椿和山杏、臭檀和栾树、臭檀和大花溲疏、锐齿鼠李和孩儿拳头、小叶鼠李和酸枣。另外,依据种间联结关系,划分了4个生态种组。分析了主要乔灌木的生态位宽度,乔木树种蒙椴、柞栎、春榆和灌木树种荆条、小叶朴和酸枣的生态位宽度均较大。比较了不同种对的生态位重叠指数,乔木不同种对中,山杏和北京丁香、柞栎和白蜡、蒙椴和春榆具有较大的生态位重叠,灌木不同种对组合中,荆条和酸枣、绣线菊和迎红杜鹃、荆条和小叶朴、蚂蚱腿子和迎红杜鹃的生态位重叠较大。     

太行山低山丘陵区不同植物群落物种多样性研究

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。