资源枯竭型城市废弃采石场植被恢复与再利用探讨——以黄石市黄荆山北麓废弃采石场复绿工程为例

露天开采矿山是一种对生态环境造成重大破坏和土地资源浪费的土地利用类型,此类地区已成为生态环境破坏最严重的区域。大量矿山进行露天开采,使黄石市成为了资源枯竭型城市,对废弃采石场实施植被恢复与再利用已成为黄石市生态环境建设的重要内容之一。以黄石市黄荆山北麓废弃采石场复绿工程为例,在对治理区现状及其造成负面影响的调查及分析的基础上,提出了废弃采石场植被恢复与再利用的原则、不同坡度采取的植被恢复措施和土地再利用方法,以期为其他资源枯竭型城市的废弃采石场植被恢复与再利用提供参考。     

浅谈天意顺闭坑采石场生态复绿技术

废弃采石场生态复绿是一门生态科学技术,以多学科的理论和技术作为指导和依据,是一门具有很强程序性的技术工作。该文以天意顺闭坑采石场生态复绿为例,浅谈废弃采石场生态复绿技术及治理模式,以期为海南采石场废弃地的植被恢复与重建提供借鉴。     

泸溪县露天矿山采石场恢复植被技术研究

简明介绍泸溪县露天矿山采石场现状，分析泸溪县露天矿山采石场恢复植被的必要性，阐述了恢复植被的建设思路和恢复植被的原则，就恢复植被技术措施予以研究，以期对泸溪县生态建设提供有益借鉴。     

铅锌矿山废弃地人工植被恢复研究

针对矿山废弃地表土层破坏、重金属污染严重、植物生长环境极度恶劣,如不进行人工植被恢复难以在短时间内生长植物和形成植被生态系统的现状。采取人工技术措施干涉,加快植物定居生长和植被恢复,使其尽快形成植物群落,恢复森林景观和生态功能。     

重庆市石灰岩废弃矿山生态修复植物的筛选与应用

重庆地区废弃矿山分布广、数量大,治理恢复工作非常艰巨。对渝北、北碚部分矿区植物进行实地调研及资料收集,采用层次分析法进行分析评价,筛选出适用于重庆市石灰岩废弃矿山生态修复的乔木、灌木、草本以及藤本植物共计27种,并提出注重选材、因地制宜,尊重自然、科学配置,丰富物种、凸显层次的植物配置建议,为矿山景观恢复重建提供植物选择及配置方式参考依据。     

太原市尖草坪区废弃采石场生态恢复方案

笔者通过卫星影像和实地勘察,对太原市尖草坪区现有废弃采石场进行了调查。根据地质、地形特征将其分为平台型、松散斜坡型、岩质斜坡型、石壁型4种类型,有针对性地提出了4种废弃采石场的生态恢复方案、植物种类选择及配置方法,以期为今日后山西省废弃采石场的生态恢复提供借鉴。     

裸露山地及“三小”矿点植被恢复技术研究

裸露山地及"三小"矿点(小矿山、采石场、小煤窑)治理一直是困扰桓仁县生态建设的难题,通过对不同地类的植被恢复情况进行分析研究,探索出了适于不同地类人工更新的造林树种和治理方法,废弃采石场、阳坡小矿点主要栽植树种应为2年生刺槐大苗,阴坡小矿点可适当栽植白榆等速生树种。阳坡裸地特别是修路形成的碎石较多地段,植被恢复最佳方案是播种紫穗槐干种,最佳播种季节是当年4月中上旬。     

谈废弃采石场植被恢复

整治被破坏的生态环境,是全社会共同关注的问题。通过对太湖县的废弃采石场现状情况的分析,并为了有助于生态环境保护工作,从而对废弃采石场植被恢复问题进行研究并提出了其规划设计的基本原则、主要技术措施及成效分析。     

怀柔区废弃矿山植被恢复工程技术探讨

<正>北京市山区关停废弃矿山植被恢复工程是我市生态环境建设的重点工程。废弃矿山的植被恢复应先采取拦挡措施稳定坡体,并设置截排水设施,     

太原西山地区煤矿采空区植被恢复技术研究

植被恢复是废弃矿山治理的主要方法。以太原西山废弃煤矿为例,介绍了护坡林、侧柏林、杨树林等6种植被恢复模式的土壤修复效果,为进一步加快废弃矿山修复进程提供参考依据。     

矿山边坡植被森林化恢复目标和方法探讨--以浙江矿山边坡植被修复为例

废弃矿山生态环境治理的主要任务是边坡稳定性治理和植被恢复.常绿阔叶林是浙江原生的地带性植被,浙江矿山边坡植被恢复的目标宜为常绿阔叶林,但受边坡特殊条件和物种生长对策的限制,阶段性的目标宜创造原生植被自然更新的良好条件,逼近周边植被类型并成一定的相关性,相关系数越大,森林化程度越高,群落的稳定性就更好.要把握最终和阶段两个目标,如果阶段目标明确,最终目标模糊,就很难把握恢复的效果.建议营造以美丽胡枝子等乡土树种为优势的边坡森林化阶段性植被,采用种子喷播、容器苗建植等多种营造方法.     

离子型稀土矿堆浸场地不同恢复年限植被多样性

生物群落多样性是判断生态系统稳定的重要指标,为了解人工建植对稀土矿废弃地生态系统的影响,以福建省长汀县离子型稀土矿堆浸废弃地为研究对象,利用植被恢复固定监测点,选取植被恢复5、8、11 a废弃地为样点,调查不同恢复年限样地物种种类和数量,分析稀土矿废弃地物种多样性随恢复时间的变化规律。结果表明:随植被恢复年限的增加,前期人工种植的植物逐渐被本土野生植物取代,增加物种以禾本科和菊科植物为主。乔木层、草本层植物种类和数量随恢复年限的增加而增加;随着植被恢复年限的增加,稀土矿废弃地乔木层物种丰富度(Gleason指数、Margalef指数)、Shannon指数逐渐增加,而乔木层、草本层Pielou均匀度指数则呈先增加后下降趋势;植被恢复8与11 a植被相似度最高,其次是植被恢复5与8 a,其中植被恢复11 a与对照样地植被相似度最低;Margalef指数、Simpson指数与Shannon指数呈显著相关。因此,随着植被恢复年限的增加,稀土矿生态退化区植被恢复前期人工干涉效应在逐渐降低,后期演变为自然演替,物种群落结构和种类发生变化,但与当地本土植物群落仍存在一定差异,表明生态退化区植被演替仍处于动态变化阶段。     

辽西半干旱区尾矿废弃地不覆土植被恢复技术研究

对辽西半干旱区尾矿废弃地不覆土造林技术进行了研究,并与覆土造林地进行了对比试验。结果表明:不覆土造林地植物生长正常,经过4年的植被恢复,覆土与不覆土养分含量在0.05水平上差异不显著,栽植3年后,其生长量趋于一致。     

鸡西市柳毛石墨矿废弃地植物多样性研究

采用样方调查的方法,从不同环境梯度上土壤物理性质的变化特征和植被的群落学特征等方面对石墨尾矿废弃地植被的恢复情况进行研究.结果表明,土壤性质随着废弃地废弃年限的增加有所改善,且人工种植沙棘对于改善当地土壤的物理性质有较好的作用.对于灌木和草本植物来说,随着废弃地废弃年限的增加.物种多样性指数总体上表现出逐渐增大的趋势;其相似性系数逐渐减小,但在所有两个邻近的环境梯度间,其草本层间的相似性系数都处在较高的水平上.     

Changes of plant species diversity and biomass with reclaimed marshes restoration

Wetland restoration had been implemented for more than two decades in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.To assess the restoration efficiency of wetland vegetation,we investigated plants composition of community,plant species diversity and aboveground biomass of restored sites in a chronosequence of restoration(1,2,3,6,8,11,15 and 25 years) in the Sanjiang Nature Reserve.As comparison,we also investigated the same factors in a cropland and a natural marsh adjacent to the restored sites.The results showed that wetland plant species can invade quickly after croplands were abandoned when there were suitable hydrology conditions.On the early stage of the restoration,weeds were main plant species in the restored sites.Wetland species appeared at the same time but differed from the dominant species from the adjacent natural marshes.Common native wetland species could dominance the community after 3-year restoration.Species richness and diversity increased on the early stage,and then decreased to the similar level of the natural marsh with the extension of restoration.Plant biomass could restore easier than the species composition and diversity.Our results indicated that plant species composition and diversity of abandoned reclaimed wetlands can restore gradually by natural succession in S anjiang Plain.However,25-year restoration site had similarity index of only 56% with the natural marsh,which revealed that two decades are not enough for complete restoration of vegetation.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型植物物种多样性研究

【目的】为了更好地利用半干旱黄土丘陵区的土地资源,促进该区域植被恢复,提高生物多样性,使区域生态环境有所改善。【方法】以半干旱黄土丘陵区龙滩流域的植被为研究对象,对该流域11种典型的土地利用类型(2种农地、自然荒草地、人工牧草地、撂荒草地、灌木林地、5种乔木林地)的植被物种组成和多样性进行了调查研究。【结果】流域内共调查到种子植物56科166属254种,其中裸子植物门3科7属13种,占流域总科、总属、总种的5.36%、4.22%、5.12%;被子植物门53科159属241种,占流域总科、总属、总种的94.64%、98.78%、94.88%。在被子植物门中,双子叶植物纲有50科134属205种,单子叶植物纲有3科25属36种,两纲物种分别占流域总种数的80.71%和14.17%,占该门物种总种数的85.06%和14.94%。不同土地利用类型植被多样性分析结果表明,物种丰富度表现为农地物种丰富度低,人工牧草地、撂荒草地和灌木柠条林地居中,乔木林地(山杏、山毛桃、油松、侧柏、青杨)和天然荒草地高;物种多样性表现为马铃薯农地的物种多样性低,覆膜农地、人工牧草地、撂荒草地及灌木柠条林地居中,自然荒草地和乔木林地比较高;物种均匀度表现为农地、撂荒草地、人工牧草地及灌木柠条林地的均匀度高,自然荒草地居中,乔木林地低。【结论】不同土地利用方式和植被演替恢复时间差异是产生植被多样性差异的基础,也是该区域植被恢复和物种多样性保护需要考虑的重要要素。     

坡耕地退耕还林后的植被恢复

生态公益林建设是坡耕地恢复森林植被最重要的模式 ,但对退耕还林后的植被恢复特点和规律的研究却很少报道。本文选择在四川省退耕还林工程中普遍发展的桤木生态公益林为研究对象 ,对其植被恢复特点和规律进行了探讨。1　试验地概况选择坡耕地退耕还林后形成的桤木 (Alnuscremastogyne)生态林和弃耕 1年形成的杂草群落为研究对象。试验地位于四川西缘山地区的天全县境内 ,东经 10 2°4 5′ ,北纬 30°0 3′ ,海拔 80 0m ,坡度 2 6° ,坡向西北 ,坡位中部 ,母质为砂岩风化物 ,土壤类型为紫色土 ,属亚热带季风湿润气候区 ,年平均降雨量 1735 …     

Patterns and factors in early-stage vegetation recovery at abandoned plantation clearcut sites in Oita, Japan: possible indicators for evaluating vegetation status

The abandonment of sites after clearcutting plantations is increasing rapidly in Japan. Although a few stand-level studies have been conducted, a broad-scale study is needed to understand the general tendency of vegetation recovery and to obtain information for the management of such extensively distributed abandoned clearcut sites. This study is a province-level study that aims to interpret the patterns and factors in early-stage vegetation recovery at abandoned plantation clearcut sites. We also discuss the potential indicators that may determine whether a certain site recovers towards evergreen broad-leaved forest consisting of Castanopsis cuspidata and Quercus glauca or towards deciduous broad-leaved forest comprising Q. serrata and Q. acutissima. A cluster analysis revealed that five types of vegetation (evergreen trees, evergreen trees–deciduous pioneer shrubs, pioneer species, deciduous trees, and deciduous shrubs) were observed from an early stage of succession. The first two vegetation types were considered to recover successfully to the target vegetation of evergreen broad-leaved forest, but the remaining three vegetation types did not show any tendency to recover to the target vegetations. According to the results of the detrended correspondence analysis, a smaller size of the abandoned site with adjacent evergreen broad-leaved forest and a longer time after clearcutting were identified as factors that enhance the invasion of evergreen tree species; these factors are also useful to predict the future successional tendency. In conjunction with these factors, the existence of regeneration sources (i.e., stumps) that allow sprouting appeared to be an important indicator for predicting the early-stage vegetation recovery.     

浙江安吉县毛竹林高温干旱灾后林下植被调查分析

为了解高温干旱对毛竹林下植被数量特征、群落结构变化特点的影响及群落演变趋势,对2013年安吉县高温干旱受灾毛竹林林下植被进行了调查。结果表明:受高温干旱灾害影响的毛竹林的林下植被以喜阳类植物为主,平均盖度达0.95,物种丰富度为44,高度达1.20 m;而未受灾毛竹林的林下植被以喜弱光或喜阴类植物为主,平均盖度为0.72,物种丰富度为42,高度仅为0.66 m;受灾毛竹林一般位于立地条件较差的地区,经营效益低下,且受灾后毛竹林的自然恢复速率缓慢,而林下植被的自然生态恢复能力较强,并有较快地从低矮阴性或喜弱光的草灌逐渐向高大喜阳的乔灌木演化的趋势。     

Understorey vegetation in young naturally regenerated and planted birch (Betula spp.) stands on abandoned agricultural land

The abandonment of agricultural lands in Northern and Eastern Europe increases the area covered by first generation forests, which are either formed as an outcome of secondary succession or established as plantations. However, questions remain as to how these new stands develop and what kind of species they favour, which in turn has impacts on their ecological and economical value. Our aim was to compare understorey vascular plant and bryophyte vegetation characteristics between naturally regenerated and planted birch stands on abandoned agricultural sites in Estonia, focusing on the aspects of species richness and forest understorey recovery. Species richness and diversity of vascular plants were similar in both stand types but the number of forest vascular plant species was significantly higher in naturally regenerated stands. The bryophyte layer of naturally regenerated stands had a higher species richness, diversity, and number of forest bryophyte species. The higher number of forest vascular plant and bryophyte species in naturally regenerated stands can be explained by the longer undisturbed succession period. The recovery of the forest understorey was unaffected by former agricultural land use (crop field or grassland). The influence of soil properties on the recovery of the forest understorey was not detected, but the number of vascular plant species that grow in forests as well as in grasslands was negatively correlated with distance from forest. Overall, understorey vegetation of natural and planted birch stands did not reveal substantial differences. However, in the case of vigorous natural birch regeneration in the vicinity of forest land, unassisted reforestation should be favoured.