干旱处理对土壤水分变化及大豆产量的影响

采用框栽方式,研究不同阶段干旱处理对土壤水分、大豆植株干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,土壤含水率随干旱历时的增加而递减,长时间干旱后稳定在20%～24%;对于短期干旱处理,灌溉量较大时,土壤含水率会迅速恢复到稳定值32%～34%,但是对于18d以上的干旱历时,较少的灌溉量并不能保证土壤含水率在1～2次灌溉后得到恢复,表明较少的灌溉量对土壤含水率的提升能力有限。各干旱处理结束时期,大豆植株干物质积累均随干旱历时增加呈下降趋势,长期干旱会使全株干物质积累下降13%～30%;苗期和花荚期的短期干旱处理产生激发补偿效应,不会使大豆减产,结荚鼓粒期对水分供应较为敏感,干旱导致大豆减产。     

营养生长期水分胁迫和氮素对大豆干物质及产量的影响

为了揭示水分胁迫强度、历时和氮肥对大豆干物质积累及产量的影响机制,将三者有机结合起来,设计了大豆营养生长期水、氮交互作用对大豆干物质和产量影响试验。根系生长量随着水分胁迫强度的增强和胁迫历时延长呈单峰曲线变化,二者的交互作用对根系的影响更为显著,14d重度胁迫处理的根系达到最大值,为对照水平的1.33倍;地上干物质随氮素提高呈单峰曲线变化,在中度水分胁迫下,高氮处理的地上干物质平均为低氮处理的1.5倍;水、氮的交互作用对产量产生显著正效应,但符合报酬递减规律,14d各种水分胁迫及21d轻、中度水分胁迫下中、高氮处理的产量均产生显著的补偿效应,M14N3处理的产量达到最大值,为对照水平的1.18倍。水分胁迫强度、历时和氮素均是大豆产生补偿生长的关键因素,水分胁迫强度和历时的交互作用可以有效促进根系生长,而增施氮更利于茎叶的累积,正是由于水、氮的协同作用,使大豆处于更好的均衡生长状态,水肥资源获得更有效地利用,因而使产量产生了显著补偿效应。     

不同水盐胁迫对番茄生长发育和产量的影响研究

【目的】探究番茄植株对不同水盐胁迫情景的响应,为合理制定盐碱化土壤下的灌溉制度提供科学依据。【方法】以粉欧宝番茄品种为研究对象,开展水盐对番茄生长发育影响的盆栽试验。试验采用完全随机布置,设置3个水分水平(W1-充分灌溉、W2-1/2的W1灌水量、W3-干旱复水)和2个盐分水平(S1-无盐和S2-0.3%含盐量),每个处理4个重复,测定了番茄耗水、干物质和产量指标,分析了不同水盐胁迫对番茄植株生长发育与产量的影响。【结果】与充分灌溉W1相比,W2水平的番茄植株耗水、干物质、植株含水率、叶质量、产量、单果质量显著减少。W3水平的植株耗水量和叶茎比显著减少,但单株干质量与鲜干比所受影响不大;单果鲜质量与干质量显著减小,但坐果率提高导致产量有所增加。盐分处理的番茄植株耗水量、单株干质量、鲜干比、叶茎比、果实总产量、单果鲜质量与干质量均小于无盐处理。水分胁迫显著影响叶片生长和单个果实发育,盐分胁迫抑制植株的生长发育及产量形成。【结论】干旱复水与无盐处理组合(W3S1)下番茄植株表现出了较好的生长发育状况和产量水平,可用于最优调亏灌溉制度的制定。     

氮素对大豆旱后补偿生长影响研究

在大豆生殖生长期水分胁迫,营养生长期复水的条件下,研究氮素对大豆复水后补偿生长及产量的影响。结果表明:在干旱解除后的后续生长过程中,适量氮肥能有效消除水分胁迫对株高叶面积的抑制作用,复水后补偿生长显著。同一水分条件下,低氮处理的大豆株高、叶面积的补偿生长量是高氮处理的1倍,根重和经济产量也明显超过高氮处理的大豆。     

加气灌溉不同施肥水平对温室番茄影响效应研究

为探索加气灌溉下作物适宜的施肥量,试验设计了高氮、中氮、低氮3个施肥水平,加气和不加气(作为对照)两种灌水方式,采用两因素三水平完全随机区组设计,共6个处理。研究了加气和不加气两种灌溉方式下,不同施肥水平对温室番茄株高、茎粗、干物质量和品质的影响。结果表明:加气灌溉下,作物株高、茎粗较不加气处理分别显著增大了6.2%、11%,干物质量显著增大了11.7%,单株产量、维C、可溶性糖、有机酸、糖酸比较不加气处理分别显著增大了6.7%、11.6%、11.3%、7.5%、4.1%。因此加气灌溉在促进植株生长发育的同时,也有效提高了作物产量和品质。同时,加气灌溉不同施肥水平试验结果表明,中氮施肥水平下,植株茎粗、干物质量、果实产量、品质较高氮和低氮处理均有显著增大,且施肥水平和加气灌溉对番茄株高、产量产生显著的交叉影响效应。因此,考虑各处理对番茄生长发育、产量品质的综合影响,加气灌溉中氮施肥水平是较优的灌溉施肥模式。     

交替灌溉下不同水氮模式对大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响

为优化交替灌溉下大豆水氮供给模式,通过田间防雨棚试验,研究了灌水量和施氮量对大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,水氮耦合对大豆株高、叶面积指数的影响是水分效应大于氮肥效应,而对干物质量和叶水势的影响则是氮肥效应大于水分效应,高水中氮处理下产量最高,是高水高氮、高水低氮处理的1.11、1.17倍,是该区域最佳的水肥组合。高水中氮下,水分利用效率达最高(1.75kg/m3),硝态氮对环境污染最小。     

灌溉对不同耐旱型大豆生理特性及产量的影响

田间条件下,在半干旱地区,通过对不同耐旱型大豆品种进行灌溉,探讨品种和灌溉对大豆生理性状及产量的影响。结果表明:灌溉提高了同一品种的LAI、株高、地上部生物产量、叶绿素含量,但却降低了根冠比值。同一处理,各时期地上部生物量表现为:R6R4R2,根冠比值表现为:R2R4R6。灌溉与品种均显著影响大豆产量的形成,且灌溉效应大于品种效应。灌溉提高了同一大豆品种的产量,但辽豆21产量提高的更多。同一灌溉条件下,辽豆14产量优于辽豆21。灌溉提高了大豆植株的株高、主茎节数、节间长度。同一灌溉条件下,辽豆14的株高、主茎节数高于辽豆21,但节间长度却低于辽豆21。     

不同灌溉处理对玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过温室试验,研究了不同灌溉处理对玉米的生长状况,生理特性及产量和水分利用率的影响。结果表明,充分灌溉处理(FI)的植株株高、茎粗与叶面积长势优于其它处理,而地上部分及根系的干物质累积量低于其它处理。相同的灌溉量条件下,分根交替灌溉处理(PRD)的植株产生的脯氨酸含量高于调亏灌溉处理(DI),说明PRD处理能够使植株提高渗透调节能力。在产量构成中,FI处理的植株产量最高,PRD 75%(灌水量为充分灌溉的75%)处理的植株产量略低于FI处理,二者差异不显著,其次为D I75%处理(灌水量为充分灌溉的75%)。尽管FI处理的植株绝对产量最高,但是以牺牲水分利用率为代价的,而其它处理尽管绝对产量较FI处理略低,但由于其耗水量也低,水分利用率反而高于FI处理。特别是PRD 75%处理的植株绝对产量和水分利用率都有较好的表现。     

交替微润灌溉对大棚空心菜生长的影响

为研究交替微润灌溉对植物生长的影响,在大棚内用土箱种植空心菜,将交替灌溉与微润灌溉相结合,以常规充分灌水作对照,共设置3组处理,重复试验2次,研究交替微润灌溉下不同压力水头对空心菜生长的影响。研究结果表明:不同灌溉处理对大棚空心菜的单叶叶面积、植株鲜重及植株含水率具有显著影响(p0.05),对植株干重没有显著影响(p0.05),交替微润灌溉能得到更高产量。在微润管埋深15 cm,微润管间距30 cm的条件下,1.0 m压力水头最有利于植物生长。     

调亏灌溉和灌溉方式对香梨树吸收根系重分布的影响

于2009—2010年开展了田间试验,研究了调亏灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨树吸收根系重分布的影响。灌溉方式为地表滴灌与漫灌,滴灌试验包括轻度与重度水分胁迫处理(在新梢及果实生长缓慢期分别按蒸发量的60%与40%灌溉,在其他生育期按蒸发量的80%灌溉),对照处理为充分灌溉,在整个生育期按蒸发量的80%灌溉。每年4—8月份,漫灌每月灌溉1次,灌水定额为300 mm。所有处理在2009年之前均为漫灌。研究结果表明,成龄库尔勒香梨树的吸收根系主要分布于地表以下20~60 cm。梨树需要2 a时间调整吸收根系的分布以适应灌溉方式由漫灌转为滴灌。土壤水分胁迫减小了梨树吸收根系的根长,抑制了梨树的营养生长,其后恢复充分灌溉可促进根系的生长。梨树新梢及果实生长缓慢期的土壤水分胁迫对根系生长的抑制效果超过了对新梢生长的抑制;但吸收根系的生长与果实产量之间并无显著的相关性。     

Scheduling irrigation with a dynamic crop growth model and determining the relation between simulated drought stress and yield for peanut

A computer simulation model can be used as a tool to help explain the impact of drought stress on plant growth and development because it integrates the complex soil–plant-atmosphere system through a set of mathematical equations. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of different irrigation scheduling regimes on peanut growth and development, to determine the capability of the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model to simulate growth and development of peanut, and to determine the relationship between yield and the two cumulative drought stress indices simulated by the peanut model. The CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model was evaluated with experimental data collected during two field experiments that were conducted in four automated rainout shelters located at The University of Georgia, USA, in 2006 and 2007. Irrigation was applied when the simulated soil water content in the effective root zone dropped below a specific threshold value for the available soil water capacity (AWC). The irrigation treatments corresponded to irrigation thresholds (IT) of 30, 40, 60, and 90 % of AWC. The results showed that growth and development was reduced for the 30 and 40 % IT treatments which resulted in yield reductions that were 92 and 45 %, respectively, of the 90 % IT treatment. The Cropping System Model (CSM)-CROPGRO-Peanut model was able to accurately simulate growth and development of peanut grown under different irrigation treatments when compared to the observed data. We found an inverse relationship between the two simulated total cumulative drought stress indices for leaf growth (expansion) and photosynthesis and simulated pod yield. Knowing the cumulative drought stress value prior to harvest maturity could help with the prediction of potential harvestable yield.     

滴灌条件下水肥耦合对大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了在滴灌条件下不同水肥处理对大豆叶面积指数、株高、干物质积累、荚生长以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,水氮二因素对大豆的叶面积指数、干物质积累的影响效应是氮肥大于水分,并且均为正效应;水氮二因素交互对大豆叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量影响作用也都是正效应。在保证钾肥75kg/hm^2、磷肥90kg/hm...     

再生水灌溉下草地早熟禾耗水特征及灌溉制度研究

以再生水充分灌（A1）、再生水适宜灌（A2）、再生水轻微干旱胁迫（A3）、再生水中度干旱胁迫（A4）4种水分处理的田间试验为基础,结合水量平衡方程、Penman-Monteith公式、作物系数（KfC）和需水系数（A）的计算方法及当地1955--2002年气象资料,研究了再生水灌溉条件下早熟禾的耗水特性、结构组成和灌溉制度。结果表明,再生水灌水量与早熟禾（Poapratensis L.）生育期的总耗水量、耗水强度、灌溉水的消耗比例呈明显正相关,与降水消耗比例和灌溉水利用效率呈负相关,与剪草量和水分利用效率呈开口向下的二次抛物线关系;4种水分处理下,早熟禾的耗水量60％以上来自降水,A4处理的降水消耗比例达69．09％;作物系数与作物需水系数的变化规律相似,与灌水量呈明显正相关,在7、8月份最大达1.91～1．73（4种水分处理）。最后推荐出了25％、50％、75％和95％4种水平年的灌溉制度。     

基于粒子群优化小波神经网络模型的春玉米生育阶段干旱预测

【目的】为更好地开展区域性作物生长季气候干旱预测,指导春玉米高效节水补灌生产。【方法】采用皮尔逊相关系数方法选取了与干旱指数最相关的因子,利用阜新市阜蒙县1965—2019年逐日气象数据,探索建立了粒子群算法优化的小波神经网络模型(PSO-WNN),将春玉米不同生育阶段的水分亏缺指数结果进行对比验证模型精度,并利用模型模拟预测未来5 a干旱发生情况。【结果】通过模型验证,春玉米5个生育阶段(播种—出苗阶段、出苗—拔节阶段、拔节—抽雄阶段、抽雄—乳熟阶段、乳熟—成熟阶段)的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.0419、0.0174、0.0481、0.0297、0.0421,决定系数R2分别为0.8402、0.9853、0.8990、0.9575、0.9177,且预测结果与实际干旱等级相符。【结论】文中构建的模型适用于阜新地区春玉米干旱预测,未来5 a该地区春玉米在播种—出苗阶段可能无旱或轻旱,出苗-拔节阶段可能发生中旱甚至特旱,生育后期干旱程度逐渐减弱,拔节—抽雄和抽雄—乳熟两个阶段出现轻旱概率较高,乳熟—成熟阶段出现干旱的概率较低,程度较小,表明未来几年该地区春玉米生产应该更多关注出苗—拔节阶段的旱情。     

Interaction of water and nitrogen on maize grown for silage

Water scarcity and environmental pollution due to excessive nitrogen (N) applications are important environmental concerns. The Varamin region, which is located in the central part of Iran, is one of the locations where farmers apply 250-350 kg N ha⁻¹ for silage maize without any concerns with respect to the available water for irrigation. The objective of this study was to quantify the response of the silage maize (Zea mays L.) to variable irrigation and N fertilizer applications under arid and semi-arid conditions and to determine the optimum amount of N fertilizer as a function of irrigation. The maize Hybrid 704 single-cross was planted on 3 August 2003 and on 25 June 2004. The experimental treatments consisted of three N rates (0, 150, and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and four levels of irrigation, including two deficit irrigation levels 0.70 SWD (soil water depletion) and 0.85 SWD, a full-irrigation level (1.0 SWD) and an over-irrigation level (1.13 SWD). Twelve treatments were arranged in a strip-plot design in a randomized complete block with three replicates. Gravimetric soil samples were collected in 2003 and a neutron probe was used in 2004 to measure soil water content. Leaf area index, total aboveground biomass (TB), plant height, stem diameter, and leaf, stem, and ear dry weight were measured during the growing seasons and at final harvest. Total aboveground biomass was affected by irrigation (P < 0.0001) during both years and was also affected by N fertilizer in 2003 (P = 0.0001) and 2004 (P < 0.0001). However, there was no irrigation and N fertilizer interaction for both years (P > 0.5). Total aboveground biomass and biomass of the crop components increased as a function of the amount of water and N applied. For each of the irrigation levels, there was an associated optimum amount of N, which increased as the amount of irrigation water that was applied increased. Among the four irrigation levels that were studied, 0.85 SWD was the optimum level of irrigation for the conditions at the experimental site. The results also indicated that an increase in N applications is not a good strategy to compensate for a decrease of TB under drought stress conditions. We concluded that the effect of N fertilizer on TB depends on the availability of water in the soil, and that the amount of N fertilizer applied should be decreased under drought stress conditions. Further research will combine these results with a crop simulation model to help optimize nitrogen and water management for silage maize.     

间作模式下玉米干旱胁迫响应研究

【目的】为了在干旱地区建立玉米大豆间作模式的节水灌溉制度,在大型防雨棚中针对玉米大豆间作模式下的玉米生长情况进行干旱胁迫研究。【方法】设置3个土壤相对含水率,进行玉米和大豆间作种植试验,通过分析玉米叶片叶绿素量、生长特性、产量等因素,研究了不同生育时期干旱胁迫对玉米生长的主要影响以及玉米和大豆之间的水分竞争情况。【结果】前期适当的干旱使玉米的株高和茎粗分别增加了6.24%、7.83%,对玉米叶绿素量积累也是有利的;在玉米生长旺盛时期,干旱导致玉米产量下降,适当干旱区域水分利用效率最大为1.39%。【结论】玉米在拔节—灌浆期对水分最敏感,在此阶段玉米和大豆对水分的竞争模式也最为复杂,在出苗中后期,适当干旱有利于玉米后期发育。     

Sugar beet production as influenced by limited irrigation

Summary Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown on a Millville silt loam soil at Logan, Utah to study the relationships between yield (total dry matter, fresh root, and sucrose) and various levels of irrigation simulating different types of limited irrigation under drought conditions. There were four harvest dates. A model, PLANTGRO, was tested for yield prediction under the imposed conditions. A line source sprinkler irrigation system which applied irrigation water from an excess to a zero amount, was used to impose the various levels of irrigation. Irrigation was continued throughout the season on half of the area and terminated at mid-season on the other half. For both irrigation treatments, yield responses to irrigation levels were large. Unlike continuous irrigation throughout the season, when irrigation was terminated in mid-season, there was no increase in yield (total dry matter, fresh root, or sucrose) from harvest 1 to harvest 4. The relation of yield to termination of irrigation depended on the amount of stored soil water at the time of termination. Yield and relative yield exhibited a strong linear relationship with ET. Percent sucrose was not significantly affected by irrigation regimes or harvest date, but tended to increase as amount of applied irrigation water increased. The model PLANTGRO gave good predictions for relative yields of fresh roots, sucrose, and total dry matter under full-season irrigation. The relative yield relations of fresh roots, sucrose and total dry matter were similar. Where irrigation was terminated in mid-season the model slightly under-predicted yield at high irrigation levels.Contribution from Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, UT 84322, USA     

Response of soybean genotypes to different irrigation regimes in a humid region of the southeastern USA

Studies on irrigation scheduling for soybean have demonstrated that avoiding irrigation during the vegetative growth stages could result in yields as high as those obtained if the crop was fully irrigated during the entire growing season. This could ultimately also lead to an improvement of the irrigation water use efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different irrigation regimes (IRs) on growth and yield of four soybean genotypes and to determine their irrigation water use efficiency. A field experiment consisting of three IR using a lateral move sprinkler system and four soybean genotypes was conducted at the Bledsoe Research Farm of The University of Georgia, USA. The irrigation treatments consisted of full season irrigated (FSI), start irrigation at flowering (SIF), and rainfed (RFD); the soybean genotypes represented maturity groups (MGs) V, VI, VII, and VIII. A completely randomized block design in a split-plot array with four replicates was used with IR as the main treatment and the soybean MGs as the sub-treatment. Weather variables and soil moisture were recorded with an automatic weather station located nearby, while rainfall and irrigation amounts were recorded with rain gauges located in the experimental field. Samplings for growth analysis of the plant and its components as well as leaf area index (LAI) and canopy height were obtained every 12 days. The irrigation water use efficiency (I_WUE) or ratio of the difference between irrigated and rainfed yield to the amount of irrigation water applied was estimated. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between IR for dry matter of the plant and its components, canopy height, and maximum leaf area index as well as significant differences (P < 0.05) between MGs due to IR. Differences for the interaction between IR and MG were significant (P < 0.05) only for dry matter of pods and seed yield. In general, seed yield increased at a rate of 7.20 kg for each mm of total water received (rainfall + irrigation) by the crop. Within IR, significant differences (P < 0.05) on I_WUE were found between maturity groups with values as low as 0.55 kg m⁻³ for MG V and as high as 1.14 kg m⁻³ for MG VI for the FSI treatment and values as low as 0.48 kg m⁻³ for maturity group V and as high as 1.02 kg m⁻³ for maturity group VI for the SIF treatment. We also found that there were genotypic differences with respect to their efficiency to use water, stressing the importance of cultivar selection as a key strategy for achieving optimum yields with reduced use of water in supplemental irrigation.     

河西绿洲地区水氮耦合对大豆产量的影响

黑河中游地区由于农业水资源紧缺、灌溉方式粗放及水肥的不合理调配，导致该区水土资源浪费严重，为了节约水土资源，提高当地生产水平，本文基于2021年5-9月在水资源紧缺的黑河中游地区（张掖市民乐县益民灌溉试验站）采用膜下滴灌调亏灌溉技术，通过田间试验和理论分析相结合，主要研究膜下滴灌水氮耦合下大豆干物质积累及对产量的影响，研究结果表明：灌水量一定的情况下，适量增施氮肥可以促进大豆干物质的积累，但过量的氮素会导致大豆干物质的积累程下降趋势。N2W2处理是实现大豆产量较优的水氮耦合模式，较CK（不施氮量）、N1、N3(高施氮量)处理相比显著提高大豆产量39.94%、13.11%、20.73%。