马铃薯种薯繁育中基质的应用研究进展

结合既有的文献资料分析马铃薯种薯繁育中基质的应用进展,论述了无土栽培基质的主要作用和应用优势,对于有机基质、无机基质和复合基质的特性做了具体分析,并研究了基质在马铃薯种薯繁育中的具体应用。     

控释肥在基质栽培中的养分淋溶及其对基质理化性质的影响

无土栽培是设施农业中广泛采用的先进技术,能有效克服土壤连作障碍,具有省水、省肥、省工等土壤栽培难以比拟的优势,控释肥在基质栽培中的应用,使无土栽培技术的发展前景更加广阔。本文通过无土栽培试验,研究了控释复合肥在基质中的养分变化规律及其对基质理化性质的影响。研究结果表明,控释肥氮、磷、钾、铁和锌的释放规律基本一致,且养分的控制释放减少了养分流失,降低了基质中的盐分浓度,与普通速效肥相比更具有安全性;控释肥明显改变了基质的容重、孔隙度,改善了基质的水气状况,从而为作物的生长提供了良好的生长环境。     

固体栽培基质研究、开发现状及发展趋势

随着无土栽培和穴盘育苗技术的广泛应用,固体基质的需求量日益增大,基质市场迅速壮大,栽培基质的开发和应用已成为重要的研究领域.该文在分析栽培基质应用和市场前景的基础上,综述了国内外栽培基质材料开发、基质合成、性状研究与改良的现状,及已取得的主要成果和存在的问题,指出了栽培基质今后的发展趋势.     

无土栽培的生产成本与发展前景

无土栽培能防止土壤传染的病害,省水、省肥、高产,并能生产无污染的蔬菜,是农业生产上的一种革命。无土栽培的主要方式有袋培,岩棉培,深水岩棉培,基质水培,NFT,喷雾栽培和水雾培等。其生产成本以袋培最低,在我国应用效果良好,应首先进行推广。基质水培可以在部分经济条件较好的地区应用,NFT系统初期投资大,用电多,当前在我国不宜大面积推广,但时无土栽培的科学研究应该加强。     

有机基质栽培对大棚黄瓜产量和品质的影响

无土栽培技术已在世界各国广为推广，并成功地应用于花卉、蔬菜生产。20世纪80年代，我国北京建成第一座蔬菜机械化无土育苗工厂。此后，深圳、广州、上海、昆明、重庆等地也采用无土栽培的方法种植花卉、蔬菜，我国无土栽培面积呈逐年上升趋势。本文依据甘肃省酒泉市当地农业生产特点，研究使用取材容易、价格便宜、无公害、新型的有机基质，分析黄瓜在不同配比的基质中生长的各种性状，从而筛选出一种最佳的基质配方。     

固体栽培基质研究、开发现状及发展趋势

随着无土栽培和穴盘育苗技术的广泛应用，固体基质的需求量日益增大，基质市场迅速壮大，栽培基质的开发和应用已成为重要的研究领域。该文在分析栽培基质应用和市场前景的基础上，综述了国内外栽培基质材料开发、基质合成、性状研究与改良的现状，及已取得的主要成果和存在的问题，指出了栽培基质今后的发展趋势。     

日光温室有机基质型无土栽培甜瓜养分利用率的研究

研究了不同化肥施用量对日光温室有机基质型无土栽培甜瓜产量及N、P和K吸收量、吸收比例和利用率的影响。结果表明:适量施用化肥可显著提高甜瓜果实产量,提高有机基质养分和化肥利用率;化肥施用过多,基质养分和化肥利用率均有所降低;研究确定的日光温室有机基质型无土栽培甜瓜适宜化肥施用量计算方法为:(甜瓜目标产量需肥量-有机基质速效养分量)/化肥养分吸收率。     

有机基质栽培对大棚黄瓜产量和品质的影响

无土栽培技术已在世界各国广为推广,并成功地应用于花卉、蔬菜生产。20世纪80年代,我国北京建成第一座蔬菜机械化无土育苗工厂。此后,深圳、广州、上海、昆明、重庆等地也采用无土栽培的方法种植花卉、蔬菜,我国无土栽培面积呈逐年上升趋势。本文依据甘肃省酒泉市当地农业生产特点,研究使用取材容易、价格便宜、无公害、新型的有机基质,分析黄瓜在不同配比的基质中生长的各种性状,从而筛选出一种最佳的基质配方。1材料与方法1.1材料试验地点与品种:试验在甘肃省酒泉市现代节水农业科技示范园区内进行。供试黄瓜品种为津春4号。育苗采用穴盘,…     

我国有机生态型无土栽培技术研究

有机生态型无土栽培是20世纪90年代由我国首创的1项农业新技术,它把有机农业导入无土栽培,突破了无土栽培必须使用营养液的传统观念,为我国推广应用无土栽培开辟了新途径,10年间全国推广有机生态型无土栽培面积已超过163hm2.阐述了有机生态型无土栽培的发展历史、特点、系统构造、目前的研究进展、推广状况及其应用发展前景.     

我国有机生态型无土栽培技术研究

有机生态型无土栽培是２０世纪９０年代由我国首创的１项农业新技术,它把有机农业导入无土栽培,突破了无土栽培必须使用营养液的传统观念,为我国推广应用无土栽培开辟了新途径。１０年间全国推广有机生态型无土栽培面积已超过１６３ｈｍ＾２。阐述了有机生态型无土栽培的发展历史、特点、系统构造、目前的研究进展、推广状况及其应用发展前景。     

Initial and subsequent effects of hydrochar amendment on germination and nitrogen uptake of spring barley

The application of hydrochars as soil amendments could be an option to ameliorate soil quality by enhancing nutrient and water‐holding capacity of sandy soils. But when hydrochar application is directly followed by sowing, it can decrease the soil mineral‐N concentration and the germination rate of crops. We currently lack evidence, whether these effects are persistent or transient and thus can be avoided by adjusting the application strategy, e.g., by prolonging the period between application and sowing. A set of pot trials with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was performed to study the initial and subsequent effects of different hydrochar amendments on germination, biomass production, and plant N availability. To this end, two subsequent cultivations of barley were grown on hydrochar‐amended soil–peat substrates. The first barley cultivation was sown directly after hydrochar application. After the harvest, the same substrates were cultivated with barley again. Germination, biomass production, and N concentration in the biomass were reduced when sowing directly followed the application of hydrochars. Differences in germination rate and biomass production between hydrochar treatments depended on the hydrochar feedstock. A recultivation of the hydrochar‐amended substrates 9 weeks after hydrochar application showed no significant effects on germination and biomass production. The N concentration in plants was still lower in the hydrochar treatments despite additional fertilization. The N immobilized during the first cultivation period was not released in the following weeks. We conclude that the germination‐inhibiting substances in hydrochars were removed in the weeks after soil incorporation. This is probably due to microbial degradation of hydrochar components and a consecutive immobilization of mineral N. Hydrochar amendment had only short‐term effects on germination and biomass production of barley that can be avoided by applying hydrochar at least 4 weeks prior to sowing. The N concentration in plants was persistently low even 4 months after hydrochar application which can only be redeemed by adjusting the fertilization strategy.     

The Use of Thermography Images in the Description of the Humidification Bulb in Soilless Culture

Thermography is a tool used in many scientific disciplines, including agriculture. Determining the behavior of a nutritive solution in soilless culture containers using substrates is very important in order to establish the position of drippers, drainage holes, the use of humidification agents, and fertigation management in culture units. This paper describes the application of thermography to determine the humidification bulb in horticulture crops to rapidly diagnose the best way to advance fertigation in different horticultural substrates in soilless culture. Thermography was seen to be an excellent tool for evaluating the movement and distribution of the nutritive solution within the soilless culture container with different substrates.     

Measurement and evaluation of the hydraulic properties of horticultural substrates

Sustainable, environmentally friendly and resource-saving water and nutrient management in horticulture requires knowledge of the suitability of horticultural substrates for each specific application. One specific element is their hydraulic performance. To meet this requirement, methods are needed (1) to measure the hydraulic properties and (2) to evaluate the hydraulic quality of the horticultural substrates. The aim of this study was (1) to test the extended evaporation method and the HYPROP systems for quantifying the substrate’s hydraulic properties (the water retention curve, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function, the shrinkage dynamics, the bulk density), and (2) to develop a rating framework for assessing the hydraulic suitability of the substrates. The hydraulic evaluation was split into cultivation under free drainage in the ground and cultivation in containers. The hydraulic criteria related to high-quality horticultural substrates were defined as the amount of easily plant-available water, the air capacity and the height of capillary rise. Limiting factors could be water repellency effects and shrinkage. The rating framework consists of five classes between non-satisfactory and very good. It was tested on 23 commercial horticultural substrates. Both the measurement methods for quantifying soil hydraulic properties and the evaluation procedure proved applicable.     

添加不同基质对含四环素土壤玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

为探究兽用四环素对玉米幼苗生理特性的影响,通过玉米盆栽试验,研究四环素外源污染胁迫下施用不同基质(单施蚯蚓粪、菌糠、菌剂、生物炭及其与菌剂配施)对玉米生长的影响。结果表明,四环素对玉米生物量有明显的抑制作用,其中对根长的抑制作用显著大于株高,而添加不同基质均能缓解四环素对玉米株高和根长的抑制作用,且JK和JJ处理效果最显著,升幅分别为17.29%和30.08%;四环素显著诱导玉米SOD活性上升,升幅为3.34%,抑制CAT和POD活性,降幅分别为10.98%和46.68%,添加不同基质处理中,QY处理对促进抗氧化酶系统平衡的效果最显著;四环素会增加玉米脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及总黄酮含量,添加不同基质处理中,对其减少效果最显著的依次为JK、JJ、QY、S和JK处理,降幅分别为29.09%,50.88%,42.01%,50.23%和35.79%;相关性分析表明,脯氨酸、丙二醛均与可溶性蛋白和总黄酮呈极显著正相关,POD活性与可溶性糖、丙二醛与总黄酮相关性最强。综上所述,添加不同基质可有效缓解四环素对玉米幼苗的毒害作用,总趋势为JK(菌糠)、JJ(菌糠+菌剂)和QY(蚯蚓粪)处理效果较好。通过此研究,可筛选有效减少四环素对植物生长影响的基质及其施用方式,可为四环素对植物生理毒性的研究提供参考,也可为抗生素对植物的风险评价提供科学依据。     

Nutrient Contribution and Release Kinetics of Vermicompost Amended Pine Bark

The composting of organic waste materials using earthworms yields the value-added product vermicompost (VC). The use of VC as a growing substrate amendment for containerized horticultural crop production is a sustainable nutrient management approach which can benefit crop production by providing plant nutrients and improving crop growth. In order to provide nutrient management guidelines for users of VC amended container substrates, a study was conducted to quantify nutrients supplied to substrates solution and to develop nutrient release kinetic models to predict plant available nutrient based on total initial loading rates. Experimental treatments and results were expressed on a volume basis (4-L container) for easy interpretation and application by growers of crops in containers.     

Soil testing of horticultural substrates (i) Evaluation of 1: 1.5 water extract for nitrogen

Abstract

The 1: 1.5 water extraction of horticultural substrates for N was evaluated using N uptake as the criterion. Three crops, tomato (1 trial), chrysanthemum (2 trials) and verbena (2 trials) were grown in a number of substrates including peat, peat + pumice, bark, peat + sawdust + sand and JIP. The number of N application rates varied from 7 in the tomato trial to 20, 22 or 25 in the chrysanthemum and verbena trials. The relationship between soil test value and N uptake was quadratic rather than linear, and was very good, especially for the chrysanthemum and verbena trials (R² nearly always greater than 0.9). The relationship varied among the substrates depending on whether N was retained (e.g. bark) resulting in overestimation of N uptake, or on whether N was released (e.g. JIP) resulting in underestimation.     

Use of organic manures for amendment of compacted clay soils II. Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio

Abstract

The effect of the carbon:nitrogen ratio (C/N) of organic amendments on soil structure modification was studied in laboratory incubation experiments. Variable C/N ratios were obtained through application of carbonaceous substrates (cellulose, starch and wheat straw) and different levels of urea. Optimal responses of soil density and soil aggregate stability were found for the C/N range of 20–40. The levels of sugars extracted with boiling water and those of uronic acids were highest for the same C/N range. The preference of this C/N range substrates is also justified theoretically, considering microbial carbon and nitrogen budgets.     

Metal cation binding to Sphagnum peat and sawdust: Relation to wetland treatment of metal-polluted waters

Interest in the potential use of constructed and naturally-occurring wetland systems as a low-cost, low-maintenance method for the treatment of metal-polluted water has increased considerably in recent years. Because metal cation binding to organic matter represents one mechanism by which metals are retained in wetlands, laboratory studies were conducted of the binding of metal cations to Sphagnum peat and sawdust, two substrates used in wetland construction for treatment of metal-polluted waters. The two substrates differed in initial cation exchange characteristics, organic matter fractionation, affinities for ten different metal cations, and metal binding capacities. Results suggest a simple method for quantitatively assessing the potential for different types of organic substrates to retain metals by binding when exposed to metal-polluted water of a particular chemical composition. For metals that are retained in wetlands principally by binding to organic matter, application of the method could lead to an improved ability to formulate a priori cost-benefit analyses for contemplated wetland treatment of metal-polluted waters.     

Mineral Elements Uptake and Growth of Strawberry as Influenced by Organic Substrates

Pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to compare the effect of four organic substrates [S1: Persian turpentine trees leaf mold (50%) + Soil (50%); S2: Oak leaf mold (50%) + Soil (50%); S3: Cypress leaf mold (50%) + Soil (50%) and S4: liquorice processing wastes (50%) + Soil (50%)] application on strawberry growth, yield, and nutrient concentration, and on some soil properties. Results showed that leaves mold and liquorice wastes application decreased pH, increased soil organic matter, and increased soil concentrations in all mineral elements studied, except for potassium (K). The amount of mineral elements in substrates had also a great influence on the leaf nutrient concentrations. High levels of nitrogen (N), K, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were obtained in leaves; while phosphorus (P) concentration was lower than sufficient levels. Although, strawberry fresh and dry weights and leaf chlorophyll content were significantly higher in plants grown in S4 with no added fertilizer, the highest fruit yield was obtained in combination substrates with 50% fertilizer. Our results indicate that use of leaf mold and liquorice wastes in soil mixtures can reduce the amount of fertilizer required for optimum strawberry plant growth and yield.     

生物氢烷工程沼渣用于油菜及菠菜育苗的效果

为探究将生物氢烷工程沼渣应用于蔬菜育苗基质生产的可行性,以油菜品种"华绿四号"、菠菜品种"先锋菠菜"为材料,按不同体积比将生物氢烷工程沼渣与土壤或草炭、蛭石和珍珠岩三者混配作为育苗基质,通过穴盘育苗试验研究生物氢烷工程沼渣对基质理化性质和油菜、菠菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可显著改善基质的容重、总孔隙度、有机质含量、pH值和电导率EC(electronical conductivity)值等理化性质;适宜配比的生物氢烷工程沼渣对幼苗生长发育有一定的促进作用,其中T6(生物氢烷工程沼渣20%、草炭30%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)的基质配方较为适宜,T6中油菜出苗率显著高于CK3(草炭50%、蛭石25%、珍珠岩25%)(P0.05),提高了14.3%,菠菜出苗率提高了12.4%,幼苗的株高、茎粗、单株叶面积显著高于或接近CK3(P0.05),幼苗根冠比和壮苗指数与CK3无显著差异;添加生物氢烷工程沼渣可使幼苗地下部生物量显著升高(P0.05),促进根系生长,使幼苗地上部、地下部生物量分配更加均衡。因此,生物氢烷工程沼渣具有一定的肥效,可部分替代草炭用于叶菜育苗基质生产,但使用前可考虑进行好氧堆肥处理进一步腐熟或与氮肥配施以提高肥效。