"乳康2号"对奶牛细菌性乳房炎的疗效研究

用＂乳康2号＂治疗临床型乳房炎奶牛37头。结果表明,治愈28头,有效6头,无效3头,总有效率为91.89%,平均治疗时间4.7d。对采集的37头奶牛治疗前的42个乳区奶样,进行细菌学检查,有33个乳区检出与乳房炎有关的病原菌,占78.57%。检出病原菌5种,主要为无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌和大肠埃希菌。停药后采集33个乳区奶样,结果有14个乳区细菌转阴,细菌转阴率为42.42%。在转阴的病原菌中,大肠埃希菌转阴率最高（100%）,其次是混合感染（60.00%）和乳房链球菌（50.00%）。     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为查清渭南地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的种类及其药物敏感情况,为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供理论依据,对渭南地区部分奶牛场采集39份临床型或隐性乳房炎乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,并对主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明:从所测乳样中检查出细菌48株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌18株,占37.5%;大肠杆菌14株,占29.2%;无乳链球菌9株,占18.7%;乳房链球菌5株,占10.4%;停乳链球菌2株,占4.2%。主要病原菌对各药物敏感性不同,其中对头孢喹诺、头孢曲松钠、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星均高度敏感,对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素等有较强的耐药性。     

吉林地区奶牛乳房炎致病菌中药抑菌试验

本试验对吉林地区九牛乳业集团、春光乳业集团奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌进行调查。试验抽取18份临床型奶牛乳房炎的奶样,并进行细菌分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明：试验共分离到35株菌,19株为金黄色葡萄球菌,占54.29%;11株为无乳链球菌,占31.43%;5株为停乳链球菌,占14.29%。同时筛选出其敏感药物为复方中药连翘：金银花：黄连：鹿花盘=1：2：1：1.5组成,与头孢噻呋无差异,可应用于临床。     

湖南部分地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解湖南省部分地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌种类及耐药情况,同时制定科学合理的用药方案,对来自不同地区的74份奶样进行细菌分离鉴定,并对其主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果显示,该地区奶牛乳房炎奶样中葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、乳房链球菌、棒状杆菌的分离比例分别为47.72%、18.18%、13.64%、10.23%,其他菌种仅占10.23%。对其中检出率较高的葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和乳房链球菌进行药敏试验,结果显示3种病原菌对头孢拉啶和恩诺沙星高度敏感,对链霉素和磺胺异噁唑有较强的耐药性;葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌对青霉素和氨苄西林有较强的耐药性;乳房链球菌对四环素有较强的耐药性。因此,头孢拉啶和恩诺沙星可以作为该地区奶牛乳房炎治疗的优选药物。     

铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及体外抑菌试验

为查清铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的种类及筛选出敏感药物,提高乳房炎的防治效果,从铁门关地区规模牛场和散养户采集乳房炎奶样,进行病原菌的分离与生化鉴定。选择部分中药、抗生素和乳头药浴液分别采用琼脂平板打孔法、K-B纸片法和二倍稀释法对主要病原菌进行体外抑菌试验。结果表明:从166份乳样中共分离出12种267株细菌,其中主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(占32.2%)、大肠杆菌(占25.5%)、停乳链球菌(占12.4%)、无乳链球菌(占9.4%)。临床型乳房炎病例中72.9%为混合感染,隐性乳房炎病例中88.5%为单独感染。体外抑菌试验中,头孢曲松钠、头孢哌酮、氟苯尼考对4种主要病原菌敏感,洗必泰的最低抑菌浓度最小。试验结果可为铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供理论依据。     

宁波市奶牛乳房炎发病及综合防治试验研究

为了解宁波地区奶牛乳房炎发病及主要病原菌构成,采用乳房炎诊断试剂(HMT)对宁波市8个奶牛场307头泌乳牛的1249个乳区进行了隐性乳房炎流行情况调查,采集HMT反应阳性(++)及强阳性(+++)乳区奶样进行细菌分离与鉴定;用纸片扩散法检测主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物敏感性,并选择具代表性牧场进行乳房炎综合防治试验。结果显示,宁波市奶牛隐性乳房炎的头阳性率为71.3%,乳区阳性率为33.5%。主要病原菌的检出率依次为:凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌47.1%、无乳链球菌20.4%、停乳链球菌17.3%、金黄色葡萄球菌5.1%和乳房链球菌3.9%。主要病原菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素、复方新诺明和链霉素等药物有不同程度的耐药性,对头孢类及苯唑青霉素敏感。综合防治措施的实施可以明显降低桶奶总细菌数,改善牛奶品质。     

辽西奶牛乳房炎优势病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

采集辽西地区5个城市的临床型奶牛乳房炎奶样89份,采用形态学观察和基因分析法进行了细菌的分离鉴定,结果显示优势病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌。应用生物梅里埃药敏试剂盒测定所分离的乳房炎主要病原菌对常用抗生素的药物敏感性,结果表明金黄色葡萄球菌敏感率较高的药物有米诺环素、呋喃妥因、喹奴普汀、克林霉素,而耐药率较高的药物有青霉素、苯唑西林、万古霉素、红霉素;大肠杆菌敏感率较高的药物有头孢西丁、替卡西林,而耐药率较高的药物依次为阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、环丙沙星、复方新诺明;无乳链球菌对氨苄西林、万古霉素、利福平、替考拉宁敏感率高达100%,四环素、链霉素次之,而对青霉素、环丙沙星耐药率较高;依据上述结果,青霉素和环丙沙星应为临床治疗奶牛乳房炎的淘汰药物。该结果为针对辽西地区防治奶牛乳房炎采取科学合理的防治措施提供了可靠依据。     

安徽部分地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验

为了调查安徽地区奶牛乳房炎流行情况和筛选病原菌敏感药物.采集了安徽省奶牛主要养殖区的隐性乳房炎奶样,分离、鉴定了主要病原菌,并筛选了敏感药物.结果表明,乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和无乳链球菌,且2种或2种以上病原菌混合感染占大部分,这些主要病原菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、头孢曲松钠和卡那霉素等抗菌药物高度敏感,为奶牛乳房炎的治疗药物的选择提供了直接依据.     

大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了明确引起大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其发病情况,对大连市不同地区的256头黑白花泌乳奶牛进行调查研究,对奶牛隐性乳房炎奶样进行病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明,检出奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为65.63%、乳区阳性率为51.95%;病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、链球菌(Streptococcus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为主,占检出细菌总数的83.33%;体外药敏试验筛选出了对主要病原菌高度敏感的药物,能有效地治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

山东省东营市奶牛乳腺炎致病菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解山东省东营市奶牛乳腺炎主要致病菌的种类和耐药性情况,采集该地区5个奶牛场的临床型和隐性型乳腺炎奶样各50份,进行病原菌分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果显示:奶样中的细菌检出率为83.0%,共分离到132株细菌,其中无乳链球菌占27.27%、金黄色葡萄球菌占26.52%、大肠杆菌占15.15%、停乳链球菌占12.12%,说明这几类细菌是东营市奶牛乳腺炎的主要致病菌。对上述4种致病菌进行药敏试验,发现敏感率高的药物依次是头孢喹肟80.37%(86/107)、头孢洛宁74.77%(80/107)、头孢噻呋71.96%(77/107)和氟苯尼考67.29%(72/107),耐药率高的药物依次是四环素61.68%(66/107)、庆大霉素60.75%(65/107)和头孢氨苄46.73%(50/107)。本研究为该地区选择敏感药物防治奶牛乳腺炎提供了参考。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Salmonellae and Campylobacters in Household and Stray Dogs in Northern Taiwan

Rectal swabs were collected from 437 household and 491 stray dogs in northern Taiwan from May 2003 to June 2005 to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonellae and campylobacters. The results revealed that 2.1% of household dogs and 6.3% of stray dogs were positive for salmonellae, with Salmonella Duesseldorf being the most dominant serotype in both. Additionally, 2.7% of the household dogs and 23.8% of the stray dogs were positive for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (86.8%), followed by C. upsaliensis (9.3%) and C. coli (3.9%). Both salmonella and campylobacter isolation rates from the stray dogs were significantly higher than those from the household dogs (p < 0.01). The susceptibility of 33 C. jejuni isolates to eight antimicrobials was studied by the E-test. A high rate of resistance was observed to azithromycin (93.9%), clindamycin (87.9%), erythromycin (81.8%), tetracycline (78.8%), chloramphenicol (69.7%), nalidixic acid (51.5%), gentamicin (33.3%), and ciprofloxacin (18.2%). The susceptibility of 40 Salmonella isolates to 15 antimicrobials was also studied by the disc-diffusion method. All the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance was observed most frequently to tetracycline (77.5%), chloramphenicol (52.5%), and ampicillin (50%).