小麦/燕麦根系不同分隔方式及施锰对小麦锰营养的影响

通过根系分隔的根盒试验,研究了小麦/燕麦间作体系中根系不同分隔方式及土壤施锰对小麦锰营养的影响。结果表明：与不施锰肥处理相比,施用锰肥显著提高了小麦的地上部干重和吸锰量,小麦/燕麦根系不同分隔方式对小麦的地上部干重、锰浓度和吸锰量均无显著影响。不同作物品种吸收活化土壤锰的能力不同,表现为燕麦＞小麦;9023＞川麦28;坝莜4号＞坝莜3号。但在本试验条件下,与燕麦间作没能改善小麦的锰营养,可能是作物种植密度大,而根系生长空间较小造成的,其具体原因还有待于进一步研究     

根系不同分隔方式下油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦锰营养的影响

通过根系分隔盆栽试验,研究了油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦生长及锰营养的影响.结果表明:与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作能显著改善小麦生长及锰营养,其地上部干质量和吸收锰量均以根系不分隔处理显著高于根系完全分隔处理,但油菜和鹰嘴豆的生长受小麦抑制,表现为不分隔处理地上部干质量及吸锰量显著低于完全分隔.不施锰小麦/油菜和小麦/鹰嘴豆混作体系中,根系不分隔处理小麦根区土壤DTPA-Mn含量显著高于其他分隔方式,且油菜或鹰嘴豆地上部植株锰含量显著高于相应的混作小麦,在锰胁迫条件下,油菜和鹰嘴豆根系活化的土壤锰可被小麦吸收利用.因此与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作是改善小麦锰营养的有效途径之一.     

我国主要麦区小麦籽粒锰含量:品种与土壤因素的影响

为明确影响小麦锰营养的品种和土壤因素,优化小麦锰营养,实现小麦丰产优质生产提供理论依据,于2016—2020年西北旱作小麦区(旱作区)以及黄淮小麦玉米轮作区(麦玉区)、南方水稻小麦轮作区(稻麦区)3个麦区13个省份38个试验点开展试验,测定了小麦产量、产量构成因素、籽粒锰含量以及土壤有效锰、pH等指标。结果表明,小麦产量为麦玉区>稻麦区>旱作区,平均为8.1、5.9和5.9 t hm^–2;小麦籽粒锰含量为稻麦区>旱作区>麦玉区,平均为46.9、45.4和41.4 mg kg^–1。小麦品种籽粒锰含量与干物质累积分配、产量构成因素及锰吸收利用之间的关系因麦区而异。旱作区小麦品种籽粒锰含量与产量、生物量、收获指数均显著负相关,麦玉区与产量和收获指数显著负相关,稻麦区无相关。旱作区籽粒锰含量与穗数及穗粒数显著负相关;麦玉区与穗数显著负相关;稻麦区与穗数显著正相关,而与千粒重显著负相关。麦玉区和稻麦区籽粒锰含量均与地上部锰吸收量和籽粒吸锰量显著正相关,旱作区籽粒锰含量与籽粒吸锰量显著正相关;稻麦区籽粒锰含量与锰收获指数显著负相关...     

NaCl胁迫对燕麦与小麦幼苗生长及其营养吸收的影响

采用水培的方法,研究了NaCl胁迫对燕麦和小麦幼苗生长及其营养吸收的影响,旨在为全面比较两种作物的耐盐性以及高效利用内蒙古地区的盐碱地提供基础信息。结果表明:与对照相比,低浓度NaCl处理(40 mmol/L)促进了燕麦的株高、生物量的增加,当NaCl浓度分别达到60 mmol/L与80 mmol/L时,明显降低了小麦与燕麦的株高、生物量,其中小麦较燕麦下降幅度大;随着NaCl浓度的增加,燕麦幼苗茎叶、小麦幼苗根中全N含量有所下降,而燕麦与小麦植株中全P含量有所增加;燕麦与小麦植株中K+、Ca2+含量、K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比值随NaCl浓度的增加迅速降低,且小麦的降低效应大于燕麦,在同一处理NaCl胁迫下燕麦的K+/Na+高于小麦。     

轮作及农艺措施对减轻向日葵列当危害的影响

向日葵列当对向日葵生产带来严重危害,目前向日葵生产中主要通过化学除草、选择抗性品种进行防除。通过合理轮作是减轻列当危害的有效手段,但是如何选择轮作作物、其防除效果如何并不清晰。采用向日葵连作重茬土壤进行盆栽试验,并进行田间调查,研究结果表明：向日葵与燕麦、小麦和马铃薯轮作均可不同程度地降低向日葵列当寄生率,其中向日葵—燕麦—向日葵轮作对列当耗减最多,与对照组（向日葵连作）相比列当寄生率降低30%。向日葵—燕麦—向日葵—燕麦—向日葵、向日葵—小麦—向日葵—小麦—向日葵轮作列当寄生率均低于50%,两者差异不显著,而显著低于向日葵—马铃薯—向日葵—马铃薯—向日葵轮作处理。田间调查结果显示向日葵的花盘直径与列当寄生数呈负相关,地膜覆盖对向日葵列当寄生影响不大。综合得出,燕麦是一种良好的向日葵列当诱捕作物,适合在内蒙古等食用向日葵主产区推广应用。     

小麦混作冠层气象因子与群体产量关系的研究

本试验采用4个不同特点的小麦品种组成单作、双作、三作和四作群体,研究了它们冠层中的气象因子和群体产量表现及气象因子与群体产量间的关系。结果表明：混作产量都高于其组份品种单作的平均产量,最高增产达15％,混作成员单作的生产力水平越高,则它们混作的群体产量越高。气象因子中光与产量的关系最为密切．群体上、中、下三个层次的光强在各处理间的差异均达极显著水平,中部光强与小区产量呈显著正相关。混作可使群体结构得到改善,例二叶和倒三叶光合效率提高,此为混作增产的重要原因之一。     

小麦不同品种间作和混作对麦蚜发生量的影响

通过小麦不同品种的间作、混作,以期用其本身物种的多样性控制麦蚜发生数量。实验通过将5个小麦品种在田间间作和混作组合,以单作小麦品种为对照,在小麦关键期和麦蚜盛发期调查麦蚜发生数量,用蚜量比值法比较不同小麦品种间的抗虫性,用麦蚜发生量比较不同组合间的差异并对比其防治效应。结果表明：各单作品种的感虫程度为高感：石7816>95-108>兰天13,感虫：兰天6>兰天1;在扬花期和灌浆期所有间、混作组合麦蚜发生量至少显著低于其中一种单作品种(P<0.05);在扬花期和灌浆期,除兰天1/石7816、兰天13/95-108、兰天6/95-108和兰天1/95-108这4个组合出现了防治效应负增长外,所有间、混作组合均对麦蚜有防治效果,间作的平均防治效应为12.94%,变化范围为-24.67%~44.33%,混作的平均防治效应为28.92%,变化范围为1.67%~61.33%,防治效应最好的组合均是兰天1/兰天6/兰天13/95-108/石7816,防治效应分别为44.33%和61.33%。研究结果表明不同小麦品种间作、混作大部分对麦蚜的发生量有较好的防治效果。     

豆科牧草与禾本科牧草抗盐碱种植模式研究

研究不同牧草品种在盐碱地上的适应性及种植模式对盐碱地作物的影响。结果表明:高丹草具有较强的耐盐碱性,在重度盐碱地上仍能获得较高产量,其鲜草产量和干草产量分别是单作苜蓿的3.70和4.90倍,是单作燕麦的4.27和7.80倍。粗蛋白产量是苜蓿与燕麦混作处理的4.5倍。不同种植模式中,燕麦和苜蓿混作时的脱盐效果最佳,水溶性盐总量较对照低6.13g/kg,且混作时作物鲜干比最大,适口性好,而且混作提高了鲜干草及蛋白质产量。单作模式中,燕麦脱盐效果最好,在盐碱地上有较强的适应性。     

不同耕作方式对成都平原麦稻轮作模式下小麦生长及产量的影响

为了明确不同耕作方式对成都平原小麦生长及产量的影响,进行了麦—稻轮作、麦免稻旋、麦免+稻旋+秋作、麦稻双免、麦稻垄作5种耕作方式定位试验,研究不同处理下小麦生长发育和产量的变化。结果表明:不同耕作方式对小麦生长及产量的影响达到显著差异,其中麦免稻旋模式产量最高。免耕不仅对小麦苗期生长、成穗、干物质积累均影响较大,而且可显著提高小麦产量,并且省工、培肥、效益好,可作为成都平原的主要耕作模式。     

利用冠层光谱监测小麦籽粒蛋白质积累动态

于2003-2006年连续3个生长季, 利用不同小麦品种在不同施氮水平下进行大田试验,在小麦不同生育期采集田间冠层高光谱数据并测定植株氮素含量、生物量和籽粒蛋白质积累量(GPA)。通过定量分析小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量、冠层氮素营养指标及高光谱参数的相互关系,确立了能够准确预测小麦籽粒蛋白质积累动态的敏感光谱参数及定量模型。结果表明,在籽粒灌浆期间冠层氮素营养指标(CNNI)自开花期随时间进程的积分累积值与对应时期籽粒蛋白质积累状况存在显著的定量关系,其中植株氮积累量(PNA)表现最好。对冠层氮素营养指标的光谱估算,在不同品种、氮素水平、生育时期和年度间可以使用统一的光谱模型。根据特征光谱参数-冠层氮素营养指标-籽粒蛋白质积累量这一技术路径,以冠层氮素营养指标为交接点将两部分模型链接,建立高光谱参数与籽粒蛋白质积累量间定量方程。经不同年际独立数据的检验,基于SDr/SDb–PNA–GPA技术路径建立模型可以估算小麦籽粒生长过程中蛋白质积累动态,预测精度和相对误差分别为0.954和13.1%。因此,利用关键特征光谱参数可以实时监测小麦籽粒生长进程中蛋白质积累状况。     

缺锌条件下小麦的养分吸收状况及不同基因型的耐性差异

采用螯合-缓冲营养液（Chelator-buffer culture solution）进行培养试验,对缺锌条件下3种小麦基因型（绵阳19、邯6172、新麦13）的生长发育状况及对P、Cu、Fe、Mn营养的影响进行了研究,并且应用4种指标,即锌效率（缺锌与锌充足供应条件下小麦地上部干物质之比）、相对冠根比（缺锌与锌充足供应条件下小麦冠根比之比）、缺锌条件下小麦地上部的锌吸收量、干物质量,对3种小麦的耐缺锌能力进行了比较。结果表明,在锌缺乏条件下小麦地上部生长量明显降低,而根系依然能保持相对较强的生长发育能力;不同小麦基因型对缺锌的耐性存在明显差异,其中邯6172的耐性最强;在缺锌胁迫条件下,小麦地上部Cu、Fe、Mn含量及Cu／Zn、Fe／Zn、Mn／Zn均明显升高,地上部锌含量与Cu、Fe、Mn含量均呈极显著负相关,说明锌缺乏能够促进Cu、Fe、Mn在地上部的累积。与此相反,锌缺乏条件下小麦P含量及吸收量均明显降低,地上部磷、锌含量之间极显著正相关,但与Cu,Fe,Mn相似,缺锌后P从根系向地上部的转运率升高。同时,对缺锌耐性最强的小麦基因型邯6172在锌缺乏条件下,地上部Cu、Fe、Mn含量的升高与P含量的降低幅度均是3种供试小麦中最大的,似乎表明小麦对锌缺乏的耐性大小与对Cu、Fe、Mn的吸收能力及与对P吸收的抑制有关。     

新疆连作、轮作棉田可培养的土壤微生物区系及活性分析

研究了新疆连作、轮作棉田土壤可培养微生物区系及活性变化.结果表明,棉花多年连作造成土壤中可培养微生物数量减少,连作6～8年、9～12年、大于13年的棉田与连作小于5年的棉田相比,土壤微生物总量分别下降了40.2%,46.7%,52.4%.连作超过5年后,土壤微生物菌群结构逐渐从高肥的"细菌型"向低肥的"真菌型"转化,细...     

华北寒旱区作物轮作的生产效应

To understand mechanisms of crop adaptability to various previous crop croppings, evaluate crop performance on the croppings, and identify suitable crop combinations for rotation of major crops in the cold and arid region of Northern China. A five-year field experiment was conducted using five crops from 2015 to 2019, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), faba bean (Vicia faba), forage maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), and beet (Beta vulgarwas). Yields of potato, oat, and beet in rotation were 1.30-1.68, 1.28-1.48, and 1.25-1.48 times of those in continuous cropping of single crops, respectively. Yield of faba bean on beet cropping was 10.58% lower than that of continuous faba bean while yield of forage maize on oat or beet stubble was 9.10%-15.42% lower than that of continuous forage maize. The LERr of 10 crop combinations was 1.09-1.68, indicating positive effects of rotation. Combinations of oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato and faba bean → potato had higher LERr, indicating faba bean and forage maize might be more durable of continuous cropping. In terms of productivity, suitable crop combinations for rotation in the area were oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato, faba bean → potato and oat → beet.     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Effects of Cropping System, Seed Bed Management and Fertility Interactions on Biomass of Crops Grown on a Vertisol in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia

In the Ethiopian highlands, where integrated crop and livestock production takes place, the inadequate supply, in both quantity and quality, of feeds during the year is a major constraint. Native pastures and crop residues are the major feed sources, but their quality is often poor. Integration of forage legumes in the cropping system is one alternative to improve the fodder quality. Results of field work conducted over two seasons in order to assess and evaluate the potential yields of crops, crop/forage combinations and rotation systems on a Vertisol under two seed bed preparation systems showed that intercropping wheat with clover or sequential cropping of an oat/vetch mixture followed by chickpea provided high-quality fodder; the effect was greater under fertilized conditions. In addition, where monocropping treatment was tested, legume–cereal rotation resulted in higher grain and fodder yield when compared to cereal–cereal rotation. The study also showed that two short-duration crops could be produced in sequence per year. It is therefore suggested that the Vertisols in the Ethiopian highlands could provide a good opportunity for longer period cropping using improved food and forage crops, thereby improving the availability and quality of animal feed and protecting the land against erosion.     

Innovative cropping systems to reduce N inputs and maintain wheat yields by inserting grain legumes and cover crops in southwestern France

The reduction in crop diversity and specialization of cereal-based cropping systems have led to high dependence on synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer in many areas of the globe. This has exacerbated environmental degradation due to the uncoupling of carbon (C) and N cycles in agroecosystems. In this experiment, we assessed impacts of introducing grain legumes and cover crops to innovative cropping systems to reduce N fertilizer application while maintaining wheat yields and grain quality. Six cropping systems resulting from the combination of three 3-year rotations with 0, 1 and 2 grain legumes (GL0, GL1 and GL2, respectively) with (CC) or without (BF, bare fallow) cover crops were compared during six cropping seasons. Durum wheat was included as a common high-value cash crop in all the cropping systems to evaluate the carryover effects of rotation. For each cropping system, the water use efficiency for producing C in aerial biomass and yield were quantified at the crop and rotation scales. Several diagnostic indicators were analyzed for durum wheat, such as (i) grain yield and 1000-grain weight; (ii) aboveground biomass, grain N content and grain protein concentration; (iii) water- and N-use efficiencies for yield; and (iv) N harvest index. Compared to the GL0-BF cropping system, which is most similar to that traditionally used in southwestern France, N fertilizer application decreased by 58%, 49%, 61% and 56% for the GL1-BF, GL1-CC, GL2-BF and GL2-CC cropping systems, respectively. However, the cropping systems without grain legumes (GL0-BF and GL0-CC) had the highest water use efficiency for producing C in aerial biomass and yield. The insertion of cover crops in the cropping systems did not change wheat grain yield, N uptake, or grain protein concentration compared to those of without cover crops, demonstrating a satisfactory adaptation of the entire cropping system to the use of cover crops. Winter pea as a preceding crop for durum wheat increased wheat grain production by 8% (383 kg ha⁻¹) compared to that with sunflower − the traditional preceding crop − with a mean reduction in fertilizer application of 40–49 kg N ha⁻¹ during the six-year experiment. No differences in protein concentration of wheat grain were observed among preceding crops. Our experiment demonstrates that under temperate submediterranean conditions, properly designed cropping systems that simultaneously insert grain legumes and cover crops reduce N requirements and show similar wheat yield and grain quality attributes as those that are cereal-based.     

Factors of winter wheat yield robustness in France under unfavourable weather conditions

To face increasing uncertainties, future farming systems must be sustainable not only under average conditions but also in extreme climatic and economic situations. Various concepts such as stability, robustness, vulnerability or resilience have been proposed to analyze the ability of agricultural systems to adapt to changing production conditions. The operational effectiveness of these concepts remains nevertheless limited. In this paper, we developed an original analytical framework allowing characterizing and quantifying crop yield robustness, as well as identifying agricultural practices linked to cropping systems differentiated according to their robustness pattern. This framework was applied to 2300 bread wheat plots belonging to 145 cropping systems in various regions of France over the period 2011–2014. The analysis was performed at the scale of the cropping system. In a first step, we defined a regression statistical model allowing us to link wheat yield variability to an index of abiotic perturbations constructed using the STICS agronomic model; the cropping systems were taken into account through the use of dummy variables. In a second step, the different cropping systems were positioned within four quadrants using the regional average wheat yield in conditions of average abiotic perturbations and the regional average estimated robustness to abiotic perturbations as cut-offs for the quadrants. In a third step, the cropping systems of the different spaces defined by the four-quadrant approach were compared on the basis on three types of agronomic practices, i.e., management intensification, rotation and heterogeneity practices. Empirical results show that abiotic perturbations had an impact on wheat yield variability. This impact differed from one system to another which means that there is a ”cropping system effect” of abiotic perturbations on wheat yield robustness. Several agronomic practices allowed differentiating high versus low wheat yield cropping systems. High yield cropping systems relied more intensively on chemical inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) and used more diversified rotations, with more frequently legumes as preceding crops and a lower frequency of cereals. Fewer agronomic practices allowed differentiating robust versus sensitive wheat cropping systems. In addition to the sowing date (later for robust systems) and the sowing density (greater), these practices were essentially linked to spatial adjustments of the sowing date, total pesticide use, variety earliness at heading stage and variety disease resistance.