马尾松林林下植被多样性、生物量研究进展

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对促进森林生态系统演替、稳定等发挥着重要的作用,对其研究具有重要的意义。文中着重对马尾松林林下植被的多样性、生物量2个方面进行了总结分析,旨在为以后马尾松林的林下植被的研究、管理及可持续经营提供参考。     

林下植被多样性、生物量及养分作用研究进展

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的稳定性、生产力及养分循环具有重要影响,因此研究林下植被具有重要意义。但是以往由于研究方法、研究时限以及研究尺度等方面存在许多缺陷,对林下植被的认识还不统一,研究结论不够深刻。如何正确测定林下植被多样性及其生物量,合理评价林下植被对森林生态系统的作用,科学制定林下植被的管理措施,这些问题都值得进一步深入研究。文中对林下植被多样性、生物量及其养分作用3个方面的研究进行了分析总结,以期为今后林下植被研究、林下植被管理和森林可持续经营提供参考。     

毛竹林下植被管理与利用研究综述

林下植被作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的物种多样性和稳定性维持、立地生产力维护及养分循环等具有重要影响。针对集约经营毛竹林生物多样性锐减、立地生产力衰退、生态环境恶化、竹林产品产量和质量下降等问题,为促进毛竹林下植被科学管理,提高毛竹林可持续经营能力,总结了毛竹林下植被物种多样性-稳定性维持机制、人工干扰对毛竹林下植被的影响、毛竹林下植被生态功能、基于经济价值的毛竹林下植被开发利用等研究现状,提出了林下植被群落结构与功能、林下植被演替与多样性维护、林下植物型复合经营模式构建与应用等毛竹林下植被管理策略及今后的重点研究方向。     

森林植被对土壤团聚体和微生物特性的影响研究进展

森林作为陆地生态系统的核心主体,具有维持生态系统平衡、保持水土、涵养水源等重要生态功能 。植被类型是 影响土壤团聚体形成和微生物特性的重要因子,研究森林植被类型对提高陆地生态系统生产力、丰富生物多样性及缓解全 球变暖等方面具有重要意义 。森林植被和土壤微生物及土壤团聚体的相互影响及交互作用,均对森林生态系统产生了 重 要影响 。本研究重点阐述了森林植被对土壤团聚体形成及稳定性、微生物生物量、微生物群落结构及功能等方面研究进 展,并提出未来森林生态系统的土壤团聚体与微生物方面的研究重点,以期为森林生态系统的植被恢复和可持续健康发展 研究提供理论依据。     

辽北科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松、油松植被演替系列探亡

辽宁科尔沁沙地南缘是由沙性母质发育的典型沙地，植被演替过程具有可逆性强、复杂多变、周期漫长等特点。研究植被演替规律对创建人工植被，把握植被演替方向和进程及趋势，优化森林生态系统，提高森林综合效能将将起到重要的辅助作用。     

连栽杉木林不同生育阶段林下植被生物量

林下植被是森林生态系统的一个重要组成部分,亦是森林生态系统中有机物质的生产者,在森林生态系统的物质循环研究中具有重要作用(Chpin,1983;Chastain et al.,2006),如维持森林生物多样性(褚建民等,2007)、提高人工林的水土保持功能(袁正科等,2002)和保护环境(刘苑秋等,2004;Fabia et al.,2002;Kume et al.,2003;Taylor et al.,2006).对森林林下植被结构和生态功能的研究已有不少报道(Taylor et al.,2006;吴鹏飞等,2008;李春义等,2007;段劼等,2010).     

林下凋落物对土壤种子萌发的作用机制

林下土壤种子库是森林植被的物种组成、种群延续和种群演替的物质基础。林下凋落物影响土壤种子库种子的萌发,幼苗的生长,进而影响到种群更新及森林群落的演替。凋落物对种子萌发的影响主要有三大作用机制,即物理作用机制化学作用机制、和生物作用机制。其中化学作用机制特别是化感作用对土壤种子库的影响尤其重要。本文将从这三个作用机制的层面,分析总结前人有关土壤种子库种子的萌发及其与林下凋落物、林下植被多样性的研究,论述土壤种子库研究面临的挑战,并对土壤种子库与生物多样性的研究进行了相关展望。     

连栽杉木林生物的分配特性研究

指出了杉木为杉科的一种,属于松柏目。其生命力较为顽强,且可入药,在我国森林资源中占据十分重要的位置,是我国亚热带特有的植被,同时也是对林下植被进行研究与观察的较具代表性的实例。林下植被是组成森林生态系统的一部分,是森林生态系统物质循环十分重要的环节,保证了森林生态系统的多样性与稳定性;也是有机物质的生产者。以设立的杉木基地为例,研究了连栽杉木生物的分配特性。     

人工林林下植被的研究现状

本文从林下植被的演替时序及其与干扰的关系、林下植被与土层林木的关系及林下植被作用研究等3个重要侧面,系统总结了近20年来林下植被的研究现状与热点问题。在没有外界因子干扰的情况下,林下植被的演替将随着时间的推移与林分的发育同时进行,总体上呈现出发育－萎缩－发育的阶段。当受到外界的干扰后,林下植被的特征会发生改变,表现在生物量、数量、高度、盖度等方面的变化,而变化的幅度与干扰的类型和强度有密切相关;林下植被对上木的影响分为促进和竞争两个方面;目前对于林下植被的指示作用、地力维持与改良有着比较系统的研究,但对其水文效益、增加物种多样性与效益评价的研究有待深入。     

滇中高原区主要森林类型及其演变趋势

在滇中高原区森林植被广泛调查的基础上,首先对本区地貌特征及水热条件作详尽介绍,进而论述了该区３２个天然林和人工林类型的种类组成和分布规律,以及各森林类型的结构特点;研究了这些森林植被类型的演替规律,分析了现有滇中高原森林植被存在的生态问题;为开展滇中高原区主要森林类型的水源涵养功能研究打下了基础。     

森林冠层结构的生态学研究现状与展望

林冠是树木光合作用的主要层次,林冠结构造成的林下光环境差异对于植物的生长和群落的更新演替有着重要的生态学意义。冠层结构的重要作用已引起全球生态学家的高度重视,国际科学界已举行了三届国际冠层大会,认为合作并发展全球冠层研究计划是必须的。文章较系统地介绍了国内外冠层结构、林内环境、林下植被组成及土壤环境之间的一系列相互关系的研究进展,并将近年来有关森林冠层结构最新研究方法作简单介绍,为今后的同类研究提供参考。     

Plant interference and trial designs to study it in a glasshouse: a review

Silvicultural approaches at forest plantations with wider initial tree spacing have created potential for increased understory vegetation growth in response to increased light and greater nutrient resources. In consequence understory vegetation can fill a more important role in forest ecosystems, especially in interactions (competition or facilitation) between understorey vegetation and forests trees that might affect tree growth and nutrition. Considerable research has been carried out on plant interference. However, the experimental designs used in these studies vary from one study to another, and from species to species depending on the aims, objectives and practicalities of the studies. Thus there is no optimum design for competition experiments. This review discusses designs available in studying plant interferences in a glasshouse, particularly the effects of below-ground interaction of understorey vegetation and forest trees.     

The effects of understory vegetation on P availability in Pinus radiata forest stands: A review

In many second-rotation Pinus radiata forest planta-tions, there has been a steady trend towards wider tree spacing and an increased rate of application of P fertiliser. Under these regimes, the potential for understory growth is expected to in-crease through increased light and greater nutrient resources. Therefore, understory vegetation could become a more signifi-cant component of P cycling in P. radiata forests than under closely-spaced stands. Studies have shown that growth rates and survival of trees is reduced in the presence of understory vegeta-tion due to the competition of understory vegetation with trees. Other studies have suggested that understory vegetation might have beneficial effects on nutrient cycling and conservation within forest stands. This review discusses the significance of understory vegetation in radiata pine forest stands, especially their role in enhancing or reducing P availability to forest trees.     

赛罕乌拉4种林分林下植被及枯落物的水源涵养功能研究

文章以赛罕乌拉4种典型林分为对象,对其林下植被及枯落物层的水源涵养功能进行了初步研究。结果表明:①林分结构越复杂,林下植被物种多样性越大,其截留降雨的能力也越大。②4种林分枯落物的蓄积量范围在12.44～31.60t/hm2,针叶林枯落物的蓄积量明显高于阔叶林。③枯落物持水率大小顺序为山杨林>白桦林>山杨白桦林>落叶松林,山杨林分枯落物的最大吸水率(511%)为落叶松林分(280%)的1.8倍。④枯落物最大持水量的大小为阔叶混交林>针叶林>阔叶林。枯落物最大拦蓄量大小表现为:针叶林>阔叶混交林>阔叶林。落叶松林的有效拦蓄量最高(为6.56mm),白桦林分有效拦蓄量最小(为3.38mm)。     

次生林和桉树人工林林下植物多样性对比分析

通过对华南地区阔叶次生林和桉树人工林的林下植物多样性进行调查对比分析,发现次生林林下植物123种,分属52科;桉树人工林林下植物102种,分属49科,两者数量上相差不大,相同的有64种。2个生境物种构成不同,次生林的丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数均略高于桉树人工林,方差分析显示两者各样方林下植物分布差异显著。2种生境中重要值前10的物种只有3个相同,两者林下植物重要值都集中在前10个物种中,均约占一半。总体上桉树人工林林下植物多样性与次生林的相近。     

Recovery of understory vegetation biomass and biodiversity in burned larch boreal forests in Northeastern China

Recovery of biomass and biodiversity of forest understory vegetation after fire disturbance has been widely studied; however, how this relationship changes and what are the determinants at different post-fire stages in larch boreal forests are still unclear. We investigated a chronosequence of 81 understory plots in larch boreal forests that were disturbed by fires in 1987 (S5), 1992 (S4), 1996 (S3), 2002 (S2), or 2007 (S1). Analysis of variance was conducted to test the differences of biodiversity and biomass among various post-fire stages. Different regression models were used to fit the relationship between biomass and biodiversity, while factors influencing this relationship were identified by boosted regression tree analysis. Results showed that total understory biomass increased from 2.51?t?ha^?1 in S1 to 8.47?t?ha^?1 in S3 and declined to 5?t?ha^?1 in S5. Similar dynamics were also found between species richness and species diversity. Positive linear correlations linked biomass and biodiversity throughout most of the post-fire periods. Slope and stand density were the two most important factors influencing the secondary succession of understory vegetation after fire. Geographical factors and overstory competition determine the orientation of vegetation recovery, and the impacts of climate on vegetation are muted after fire disturbances.     

多伦县退耕还林地林下植被地上生物量年变化及影响因子研究

根据内蒙古多伦县2005-2010年6年退耕还林地林下植被地上生物量与气候观测资料,对不同年际林下植被地上生物量变化以及与植被盖度、密度、高度、全年降水量等因子相关分析,建立了影响因子对林下植被地上生物量回归模型并进行预测分析.结果表明:不同年际退耕还林地林下植被地上生物量差异显著,生物量的变化随着退耕还林工程期的延长...     

经营模式对马尾松天然次生林林下植被生物量及其分布格局的影响

以不同森林经营模式下马尾松天然次生林为研究对象,对经营1年后其林下植被生物量的分布特征进行研究。结果表明:不同经营模式下,马尾松天然次生林下活地被生物量均以灌木层生物量为主,枯落物层生物量对林下植被总生物量的贡献亦大。经营模式为保留密度900株/hm2的马尾松林下植被总生物量最高,而保留密度为2 100株/hm2的马尾松林下植被总生物量最低。保留密度过大或过小林下植被生物量都不高,说明适宜的保留密度才有利于提高马尾松天然次生林下植被的生物量。     

Change in soil macrofauna and vegetation when fast-growing trees are planted on savanna soils

Many forest species can be found in understory vegetation of old plantation plots, despite the fact that the native vegetation was a poor savanna growing on highly nonfertile sandy soils. The aim of the present paper is to describe the changes that occur in the environmental conditions when savanna is planted with fast-growing trees, and is particularly concerned with vegetation and soil macrofauna. The study was carried out in industrial eucalyptus plantations, and in experimental Acacia and pine plantations. Most plots were located on sandy soil, but some measurements were also carried out on clay soil planted with the same species in order to assess the influence of soil type.

A strong correlation was shown between the age of the eucalyptus trees and the percentage of forest species in undergrowth, emphasizing the progressive change from savanna vegetation towards forest vegetation.

Biomass and density of macrofauna were very low in both sandy and clayey savanna soils, total biomass being 3.3 and 5.8 g/m² respectively. Soil macrofauna became more important as the age of plantations increased, and biomass reached 29 g/m² in the 20-year-old eucalyptus plot on sandy soil, and 74 g/m² in 26-year-old eucalyptus plantation on clay soil, compared to 33 g/m² in the natural forest plot on sandy soil; however, frequency of occurrence and number of taxa were lower in old eucalyptus plot as compared to forest. Large differences in the abundance of macrofauna were observed in relation to planted species. Acacia was most favourable to soil macrofauna, with a total biomass of 60 g/m² on sandy soil and many taxa present. Pine plantations had a poor macrofauna and several taxa were lacking, particularly in the sandy soil.

Total macrofauna frequency was significantly correlated with the percentage of forest species in understory vegetation. Both were correlated with soil pH and soil organic-matter content. The results suggest that soil organic matter and litter quality are of main importance in changing the above- and below-ground habitat in plantations.