Effects of plastic mulches on root zone temperature and on the manifestation of tomato spotted wilt symptoms and yield of tomato

Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease is a serious constraint to tomato production in various regions of the world. The effect of TSW on tomato yield is largely influenced by time of infection. Early infection usually results in severe stunting of the seedling and even death of the plant. Plastic film mulches affect both the incidence of TSW, and plant growth and yield of tomato. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of root zone temperature (RZT) as affected by plastic film mulch on the manifestation of symptoms of TSW, and growth and yield of tomato plants either artificially inoculated with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or under natural TSW infection. In artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, vegetative top fresh weight (FW) and fruit FW both increased with the length of time after transplanting that the plants remained free from TSW symptoms. The root zone temperature was highest under black mulch (seasonal mean = 27.5 °C), followed by gray (27.0 °C), silver (25.8 °C), and white (24.8 °C) mulches. The plants grown on black mulch showed the earliest appearance of TSW symptoms, and had significantly reduced vegetative growth and fruit yields compared to plants on the other mulches. In conclusion, utilization of plastic mulches that created conditions of high RZT stress resulted in reduced plant growth and yield and predisposed the plants to earlier expression of TSW symptoms compared to plants grown at RZTs more favorable to tomato plant growth (optimal RZT = 26.1 °C [Díaz-Pérez, J.C., Batal, K.D., Granberry, D., Bertrand, D., Giddings, D., Pappu, H., 2003. Vegetative top growth and yield of tomato grown on plastic film mulches as affected by the appearance of symptoms of Tomato spotted wilt virus. HortScience 38, 395–399]). Since these plant responses to TSW under heat stress occurred in artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, high RZTs probably affected the plants directly, independently of any possible effects on the thrips vectors.     

有色地膜覆盖对洋葱生长及产量的影响

研究了有色地膜覆盖的温度效应及其对洋葱生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明，无色透明膜的增温效果优于黑色膜及银灰膜，但三者在低 温越冬期差异较小。越冬期不同地膜覆盖洋葱幼苗的株高、假茎粗及各器官生长量均差异不大，但均略高于不覆膜对照。翌年春季无色透明膜覆盖 的洋葱植株返青较早，生长量较大，银灰膜及黑色膜次之，不覆膜对照较小。至5月，无色透明膜地温过高，抑制了洋葱植株的生长，银灰膜覆盖的 洋葱植株生长量逐渐超过无色透明膜，而黑色膜仍低于无色透明膜，但三者均明显高于不覆膜对照。收获时银灰膜、无色透明膜及黑色膜覆盖的洋 葱产量分别达84 400、77 400、70 600 kg·hm^-2，分别比不覆膜对照增产 158.9 %、137.4 %和116.6 %。     

可降解膜覆盖对小型西瓜产量和品质的影响

为了筛选适宜北京地区设施小型西瓜栽培使用的可降解覆盖材料,以黑色塑料地膜、黑色无纺布地膜(可降解)以及银色反光布地膜(可降解)为试验材料,研究了不同地膜覆盖对小型西瓜生育期、长势、根系活力、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:3种覆盖材料对西瓜产量的影响差异不显著,但黑色无纺布地膜覆盖处理下西瓜植株雌花开放较集中,根系活力、果实品质等指标优于其他处理,且可在6个月内降解。从效益、省工、环保等方面综合考虑,在北京地区早春大棚吊蔓栽培小型西瓜,建议选用黑色无纺布作为地膜覆盖材料。     

Screening and selecting novel AM fungi and Azotobacter strain for inoculating apple under soil solarization and chemical disinfestation with mulch practices for sustainable nursery management

The objective of this study is to investigate the response of screening, and selection of novel indigenous AM fungal species and Azotobacter chroococcum strains for inoculating apple under different soil disinfestations and moisture conservation mulch practices for sustainable nursery management. Two local AM fungal species namely, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdemann) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.), and two strains of A. chroococcum viz., A. chroococcum strain-I (AZ₁) and A. chroococcum strain-II (AZ₂) were inoculated at nursery stage under soil solarization, chemical disinfestation and natural soil conditions at four different mulch materials namely, black plastic mulch (BPM), and organic mulches, i.e. grass mulch (GM); cover crops (CC); green manuring + clean cultivation (Gm + Cc). The comparative performance of the seedlings on the impact of local AM species and A. chroococcum strains on growth characteristics, microbial population, root colonization and leaf nutrient status was evaluated. The inoculation of seedlings to G. fasciculatum and AZ₁ increased all growth characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and total root length), microbial consortium of the rhizosphere soil and leaf N, P, K and Zn content in all those plots where soil solarization and black plastic mulching was used followed by chemical disinfestations and natural soil conditions at all other mulch types used. These findings suggested that the soil inoculation of G. fasciculatum and AZ₁ strain to seeds and/or the saplings under soil solarization with black plastic mulch attained a desirable plant height and become ready for grafting which however saved a period of 1 year for nursery management compared to traditional nursery raising practice, and thus, it may be a viable and feasible approach to maintain soil productivity under nutrient limited soils for sustainable apple nursery production under temperate rain-fed conditions.     

高效环保地膜多年应用对青花菜生长发育的影响

为了减少普通地膜连年使用造成的农田白色污染,为蔬菜生产选择高效环保地膜提供参考,以"耐寒优秀"青花菜为试材,研究高效环保地膜连续使用多年对青花菜生长发育的影响。结果表明:高效环保地膜连续使用3~4年,青花菜产量略有减少,但差异不显著;青花菜生长发育与对照普通黑色地膜和银灰色地膜2个处理没有明显差异;土壤容重有所降低;除草效果好于对照地膜,且回收容易,不易撕裂,没有残留,可以作为普通地膜的替代品。     

不同颜色地膜对蒜田韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生的影响

以山东秋蒜为试材,通过田间调查和室内试验研究了覆盖银灰、银黑、蓝色、黑色和透明5种颜色的地膜对蒜田韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的种群发生数量的影响,并测定分析不同地膜的反射光谱特性,探讨其防虫机制,以期为大蒜害虫的绿色防控提供参考依据。结果表明:蒜田覆盖银灰和银黑地膜较透明地膜显著降低韭蛆发生数量,每10株韭蛆发生数量分别为33.6头和12.8头,较透明地膜分别减少了63.8%和86.2%;田间成虫选择试验结果表明,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫对银灰、银黑地膜的选择率最低,较透明地膜分别降低了26.2%和27.4%。室内成虫选择试验结果与田间成虫选择趋势一致。进一步测定反射光谱结果表明,银灰、银黑地膜的光反射率和反射光照强度显著高于其它颜色地膜,且其反射率在紫外光(380~400 nm)和黄绿光(512~607 nm)波段最高。综上所述,蒜田覆盖银灰、银黑地膜能显著减轻韭蛆的危害,这是由于韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对银灰和银黑地膜的选择率低,这可能与银灰、银黑地膜的特异光谱反射率以及高反射强度有关。     

不同地膜覆盖对春季马铃薯生长及产量的影响

以黑色膜、转光增温膜和配色膜为试材 ,研究了地膜覆盖对春季马铃薯生长和产量的影响。结果表明 ,转光增温膜的增温效果最好 ,其次是配色膜 ,黑色膜的效果较差 ,但也好于普通透明地膜 (CK)。转光增温膜和配色膜覆盖的马铃薯出苗较快 ,长势好 ,产量显著高于CK。黑色膜覆盖的马铃薯出苗稍晚 ,植株长势和产量受到一定影响 ,但其产量仍明显高于CK。配色膜与黑色膜覆盖在防除杂草和防止马铃薯块茎表皮变绿方面有明显效果。综合各项测定指标 ,认为配色膜的总体效果最好。     

Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root growth,nutrient uptake,water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry

Field studies were conducted for two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions at Nauni in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh (30°52′N, 77°11′E 1175 asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols to investigate the effect of different mulches (hay: HM, black polyethylene: BP) on root growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under drip (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems. Unmulch (UM) and rainfed treatments were kept as control. Higher soil moisture content was registered under both the mulch materials during entire crop growth period. However, it was greater under BP mulch as compare to HM. The moisture conservation increased by 2.80–12.80% under BP mulch as compared to UM. HM treatment, irrespective of irrigation method increased the minimum soil temperature (2.8–5.2 °C) and reduced the maximum soil temperature (2.7–5.8 °C) as compared to UM. BP mulch increased the minimum soil temperature from 0.4 to 2.5 °C. Application of irrigation moderated the soil (minimum 2.6 and maximum 1.4 °C) temperature. Both the mulch materials were effective in enhancing root growth, nutrient uptake, WUE and yield. Application of mulch enhanced the root growth (63%), nutrient uptake (179.20%), WUE (84.40%) and yield (343%) under DI. However, respective increase under SI was 23.60, 83.80, 109.40 and 219.20%. Under DI, 51% of irrigation water was saved and about 19% higher fruit yield was obtained as compared with SI treatment. Linear regression model could significantly describe the variations in nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and WUE of strawberry under sub-temperate climatic conditions, root mass density was better indicator for estimating nutrient uptake of strawberry.     

Influence of sprayable mulch colour on yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L. cv. Millionaire)

Planting beds were treated with sprayable, synthetic latex film (BASF, Charlotte, NC, USA) and oversprayed with black, white, red, blue, yellow or silver oil-based paint to study the effect of coloured spray mulches on yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L. cv. Millionaire). Nonpainted mulch base and bare ground plots served as control treatments. Individual experimental units consisted of three rows, 102 cm wide × 7.3 m long, transplanted with 8 plants per row. Treatments were replicated in four blocks each at two separate locations near Fresno, CA. Plants grown on silver-painted beds produced significantly greater numbers (42–221%) of fruit and total fruit weight (42–237%) than all other treatments at both locations after eight harvests. Silver-painted mulch stimulated significantly greater flowering and fruit set numbers prior to the first harvest at one site. Apart from silver, only blue- and white-coloured mulches provided increased numbers and/or fresh weight yields at one site only. Mulched plots painted with other colours did not produce yields different from either the bare ground or nonpainted mulch base controls at either site.     

有色地膜覆盖对生姜生长及产量的影响

有色地膜覆盖具有比地上遮荫更好的降温保湿效果，晴天中午黑色地膜覆盖的10cm地温与CK接近或降低1～2℃，土壤含水量比CK提高3.57%～5.02%；灰色地膜覆盖的10cm地温与CK无显著差异，但土壤含水量比CK提高3.28%～4.68%。从而可增强生姜植株长势，使其茎秆粗壮，叶面积大，分枝和姜球数多，增产效果明显。黑色地膜覆盖莱芜大姜比CK增产16.4%，莱芜片姜增产14.6%；灰色地膜覆盖莱芜大姜增产131%，莱芜片姜增产 10.6%。 与地上遮荫相比，有色地膜覆盖每667m2可节约成本108～158.7元，与增产部分合计(按2元·kg-1计)，莱芜市试验可提高经济效益1217.3～1486.5元(莱芜大姜)；腾州市试验可提高经济效益735～969元(莱芜片姜)。     

Screening of AM fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum under natural,solarization, chemical sterilization and moisture conservation practices for commercial mango nursery production in north-west Himalayas

The present study investigates the performance of mango seedlings screened with indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum strains under solarized, chemical sterilized and natural soil conditions. Two isolates each of AM fungi namely, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdemann) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.), and two strains of A. chroococcum viz., A. chroococcum strain-I (AZ1) and A. chroococcum strain-II (AZ2) were inoculated at nursery stage under four different moisture conservation practices viz., black polyethylene mulch and organic mulches (grass mulch, cover crops, green manure) and clean cultivation. The observations on microbial population, root colonization, growth parameters and leaf nutrient content of the seedlings were recorded. Mango seedling's inoculated with G. fasciculatum and AZ1 had increased seedling's height, diameter, leaf area and total root length, microbial consortium of the rhizosphere soil and leaf N, P, K and Zn content in plots where solarization and black polyethylene mulching was used. The study revealed that the inoculation of mango stones and the saplings with G. fasciculatum and AZ1 under solarized black polyethylene mulched practice may be considered the best practice for raising mango nursery and maintaining soil health under rain-fed conditions of mid-hills of north-west Himalayas.     

PBAT生物降解地膜与加厚型塑料地膜降解性能及对番茄生长的影响

为筛选出易降解或易回收,对环境污染小,适宜在番茄生产中应用的地膜,研究了PBAT生物降解地膜与0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜的差异性,以0.010 mm普通塑料地膜作为对照,对比了各种地膜的降解周期,以及对番茄生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:在影响植株长势方面,3种地膜对番茄植株株高、茎粗、叶片数的影响差异不显著;在影响作物产量方面,覆盖0.012 mm地膜的番茄产量最高,其次是PBAT生物降解地膜,覆盖0.010 mm塑料地膜番茄产量最低;在地膜降解性能方面,PBAT生物降解地膜降解性能较强,0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜韧性强,不易破碎,有利于后期回收利用,0.010 mm塑料地膜韧性差,不利于回收;建议生产中根据实际气候、土壤、作物等条件选择适宜的PBAT生物降解地膜或加厚型塑料地膜。     

Managing faba bean residues to enhance the fruit quality of the melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop

Mulching and/or topsoil incorporation of plant residues from green manure legumes can increase cropping system sustainability, and can supply and retain nutrients. Two field experiments were conducted in Italy over the period of 2006–2007, to investigate the effect of faba bean grown in a temperate environment to fruit morphology, quality and chemical composition of the subsequent melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop. Flowering faba bean plants were managed as mulch on the melon plant rows and cut and incorporated into the soil, in comparison with cultivated soil (control) and black plastic mulch.     

Growth and yield of muskmelon in response to plastic mulch and row covers

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plastic mulch alone or in combination with row covers on plant biomass, growth analysis parameters, and yield of muskmelon plants (Cucumis melo L.). The design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The treatments were: (1) no mulch, no row cover (control); (2) black plastic mulch (BPM); (3) BPM plus row cover removed 10 days after seeding (das) (BPM+CE); (4) BPM plus row cover removed 20 das (BPM+CI); (5) BPM plus row cover removed 32 das (BPM+CL). Plants grown using soil mulch plus row cover presented higher values of plant biomass, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) compared to control plants. Early and total yield were highest in plants grown under row covers. In non-covered plants, early and total yield were both higher in BPM plants relative to the control. Heat accumulation by the crop measured as soil degree-days showed a higher correlation with early and total yield compared to heat accumulation measured as air degree-days.     

有孔地膜番茄早熟增产机理研究

通径分析结果表明：根际高浓度的ＣＯ２是影响普通地膜覆盖番茄根、叶活力的主要因素。有孔地膜覆盖使土壤水气通畅，根际ＣＯ２浓度降低，进一步提高根系伤流量，增加叶片叶绿素含量，延缓了番茄早衰进程，从而促进了番茄早熟增产     

Energy balance of six common landscape surfaces and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species

Gas exchange and growth of woody landscape plants is strongly affected by underlying surfaces. In urban areas, plants are subjected to energy balance characteristics of a variety of surfaces. We investigated energy balance properties of six urban surfaces: asphalt, gravel rock mulch, lava rock mulch, concrete, pine bark mulch, and turf. Each summer over a 3-year period, incoming global shortwave radiation, surface temperature, surface reflectivity (albedo), soil temperature below each surface, and soil heat flux were measured for each surface, and total incoming radiation, thermal conductivity, and longwave radiation emitted by each surface were calculated. Differences in surface properties were analyzed by regression analysis. Albedo was greatest for concrete and least for lava rock mulch, while thermal conductivity was greatest for asphalt and least for lava rock and pine bark mulches. Under maximum incoming total radiation, regression analysis indicated: soil heat flux was greatest under asphalt and concrete and least under lava rock and pine bark mulches; soil temperature below each surface was greatest for asphalt and concrete and least for pine bark mulch; surface temperature was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf; and longwave radiation flux of each surface was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf. This research revealed that more energy was conducted into the soil below asphalt and concrete, and that a greater portion of incoming radiation was prevented from entering the soil below pine bark and lava rock mulches than below other surfaces. Due to these effects, and the lack of evaporative cooling, surface temperatures were greater, and more longwave radiation was emitted from non-vegetative surfaces than from turf. In a concurrent study, we investigated if the energy balance of turf, pine bark mulch, and asphalt surfaces influenced gas exchange of four containerized tree species grown over each surface. On several occasions over a 2-year period, morning-to-evening measurements of stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and plant water loss were made on containerized Bechtel crabapple (Malus ionensis ‘Plena’), Norway maple (Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’), globe willow (Salix matsudana ‘Navajo’) and American plane tree (Platanus occidentalis). Leaves over pine bark mulch and asphalt intercepted more longwave radiation and generally had greater leaf temperature and leaf-to-air vapor difference than leaves over turf. As a result, trees over non-vegetative surfaces generally had lower stomatal conductance and water loss than trees over turf.     

冀西北高寒区地膜覆盖对小南瓜生育及水分利用效率的影响

研究了地膜覆盖对旱砂地小南瓜生育特性和水分利用效率的影响.试验结果表明,地膜覆盖后,创造了适合于小南瓜生育的土壤温度和湿度条件,加快了其生育进程,单产量、单果鲜重和干重都优于对照,提高了对土壤水分的利用效率.     

Influence of soil hydrothermal environment,irrigation regime,and different mulches on the growth and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L.) plants in a sub-temperate climate

Summary

The present study was undertaken over two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions in the mid-hill region of Himachal Pradesh (30°52'N, 77°11'E; 1,175 m asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols. The aim was to investigate the effects of irrigation and mulch material on the growth, flowering, fruiting behaviour, relative leaf water content (RLWC), yield, and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’). The drip irrigation treatments included irrigation with 100, 80, or 60% (coded 1.0, 0.8, and 0.6 V) of the total water requirement. Both mulches increased the minimum soil temperature to a depth of 5 cm. The drip and surface irrigation treatments raised the minimum soil temperature by 3.0º – 5.4ºC, and lowered the maximum temperature by 2.2º – 5.8ºC compared to the rainfed control. Hay mulch was more effective in raising the minimum temperature and lowering the maximum soil temperature than black polyethylene mulch. Moisture conservation increased by 2.8 – 12.8% under the black polyethylene mulch compared to the no-mulch treatment. Drip and surface irrigation methods, as well as mulching, were found to be effective for enhancing the growth, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit yield, and quality of strawberry plants. However, the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control. The maximum IWUE values for plant biomass [1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha^–1 m^–1] and fruit yield (2.79 MT ha^–1 m^–1) were recorded under treatment M3I5 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)]; whereas, the lowest values (0.39 and 0.68 MT ha^–1 m^–1, respectively) were observed using treatment M1I2 (i.e., without mulch, plus surface irrigation). Fruit size, weight, sugar content, and anthocyanin content increased significantly under treatment M2I3 [i.e., hay mulch, plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] compared with all other treatments. Total soluble solids (TSS) contents and total acidity (TA) were highest under treatment M1I1 (i.e., no mulch, plus rainfed). A linear regression model could describe the variations in quality parameters of strawberry plants grown under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Root density was found to be the best indicator with which estimate fruit quality.     

早春不同覆盖材料对酿酒葡萄根系温度的影响

研究了早春时期河西张掖地区酿酒葡萄根系覆盖麦草、黑地膜、白地膜和不覆盖(CK)4种方法对酿酒葡萄根系温度的影响,并对土壤不同深度的温度进行了测量。结果表明:覆盖膜比覆盖麦草效果好,葡萄根系温度在垂直方向上明显较高,尤其覆盖白地膜的效果明显。     

黑色地膜对白菜类蔬菜落地种子和亲本种子幼苗生长的影响

落地种子对白菜类蔬菜商品种子纯度的不利影响越来越明显,探讨有效抑制落地种子出苗的方法尤为重要。本文研究了在阳畦中覆盖黑色地膜、白色地膜对亲本和落地种子幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:覆盖白色地膜和黑色地膜均有利于亲本幼苗生长,对亲本幼苗而言,覆盖黑色地膜和白色地膜的叶片数、单株质量、地上部质量、地下部质量均极显著高于不覆膜对照,而覆盖白色地膜的单株质量、地上部质量又极显著高于覆盖黑色地膜;对落地种子幼苗而言,覆盖黑色地膜的株数最少,单株质量居中,覆盖白色地膜的株数居中,单株质量最高,而不覆膜对照的株数最多,单株质量最低。说明覆盖黑色地膜对促进亲本幼苗生长及抑制落地种子出苗的效果最好,为最佳选择。