Concomitant inoculation of an avirulent strain of Leptosphaeria maculans prevents break-down of a single dominant gene-based resistance in Brassica napus cv. Surpass 400 by a virulent strain

The canola industry in Australia is concerned about a new strain of Leptosphaeria maculans that breaks down single dominant gene-based resistance in Brassica napus derived from Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris. This study reports the results of an investigation aimed at reducing the damage caused by a new virulent race. Glasshouse studies were undertaken to investigate the outcome of co-inoculation of an avirulent (UWA P11) and a virulent (UWA 192) strain of L. maculans and the potential for these two strains to interact on the cultivar Surpass 400, a cultivar containing single dominant gene-based resistance derived from B. rapa ssp. sylvestris. On its own, the avirulent strain induced a hypersensitive reaction on cotyledons of cv. Surpass 400 while the virulent strain induced a fully susceptible reaction. However, when applied to cv. Surpass 400 in mixtures, the strains gave only a hypersensitive response, even when the avirulent strain was as low as 10% of the volume. The effect of the avirulent strain was localised and there was no evidence of a systemic effect between cotyledons or between separate point inoculations on one cotyledon. The results from this investigation may explain the occurrence of crops of cultivars containing single dominant gene-based resistance derived from B. rapa ssp. sylvestris that escape major collapse from the disease in the presence of virulent strains. In cropping areas where populations of virulent L. maculans represent a significant disease risk, exposure of cultivars with single dominant gene-based resistance to a source of canola residues colonised by an avirulent L. maculans might prove an effective means of reducing the risk.     

Host selection behavior of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on commercial cruciferous host plants

A series of host-choice tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the host selection behavior of the Bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris on commercial cruciferous seedlings. In addition, a separate choice test was conducted to investigate the selection behavior of B. hilaris adults for broccoli plants of various growth stages: cotyledon, 1-leaf, 2-leaf, and 4-leaf plant stages. In comparing host selection among the commercial seedlings, observations on host attractiveness, host acceptance and host susceptibility of the cruciferous cultivars to B. hilaris adults were measured by recording numbers of adults per plant, the time at which feeding damage was first observed, and the time plant mortality occurred for each cultivar, respectively. Results showed that significantly more adult B. hilaris were attracted to a commercial radish cultivar than all other hosts, followed by red and green cabbage. Measurements of host acceptance varied among the cruciferous cultivars, however in terms of feeding damage, alyssum, arugula and broccoli appeared to be relatively less acceptable hosts for B. hilaris. Similarly, all host plants were susceptible to B. hilaris feeding damage and plant mortality varied among cultivars. In the broccoli growth-stage trials, experiments were designed in a similar fashion except that the experiment was conducted in plastic cages. A greater number of B. hilaris adults were attracted to 4-leaf-stage broccoli than other growth stages, but feeding damage was observed more quickly on cotyledon-stage plants. The implications of these findings for developing alternative pest management approaches for B. hilaris in commercial cruciferous crops are discussed.     

Effect of different host plants on the fitness of diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a destructive cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. The pest is present wherever its host plants exist and is considered to be one of the most widely distributed of all the Lepidoptera. We investigated the effect of various host plants on the fitness of P. xylostella and tested the hypothesis by studying development time, growth, fecundity and survival on cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus), turnip (Brassica rapa), mustard (Brassica compestris) and canola (Brassica napus var. canola). The developmental time from eggs to adult eclosion was the shortest (10 days) on canola and the longest (13 days) on turnip. Fecundity was greatest on canola (350) followed by cauliflower (268 eggs) by females eclosed from the pupae reared on canola and cauliflower, respectively, while the minimum numbers of eggs (184) were observed on cabbage. The number of eggs hatched was the highest (80%) when larvae fed on cauliflower. Survival to the adult stage was the highest (94%) on mustard followed by cauliflower and lowest (64%) on turnip. The net replacement rate was lowest for populations reared on cabbage (32.3), which was also reflected by the lowest intrinsic rate of population increase (0.20). The correlation between the intrinsic rate of population increase (r_m) and the mean relative growth rate was significant (t = 20.02 d.f. = 4, P < 0.05). Canola and mustard proved to be the most suitable hosts for P. xylostella because of shorter developmental period, higher percentage of survival and higher number of eggs. The data point to the role of host plants in increasing local P. xylostella populations.     

High level of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from hybridization between wild crucifers and the crop Brassica species B. napus and B. juncea

Sclerotinia rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious and damaging diseases of oilseed rape and there is keen worldwide interest to identify Brassica genotypes with resistance to this pathogen. Complete resistance against this pathogen has not been reported in the field, with only partial resistance being observed in some Brassica genotypes. Introgression lines were developed following hybridization of three wild crucifers (viz. Erucastrum cardaminoides, Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum) with B. napus or B. juncea. Their resistance responses were characterized by using a stem inoculation test. Seed of 54 lines of B. napus and B. juncea obtained from Australia, India and China through an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) collaboration programme were used as susceptible check comparisons. Introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum had much higher levels (P < 0.001) of resistance compared with the ACIAR germplasm. Median values of stem lesion length of introgression lines derived from the wild species were 1.2, 1.7 and 2.0 cm, respectively, as compared with the ACIAR germplasm where the median value for stem lesion length was 8.7 cm. This is the first report of high levels of resistance against S. sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum. The novel sources of resistance identified in this study are a highly valuable resource that can be used in oilseed Brassica breeding programmes to enhance resistance in future B. napus and B. juncea cultivars against Sclerotinia stem rot.     

Screening of three sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivars for resistance to different virulence groups of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) under controlled conditions

The susceptibility of three sweet potato cultivars (Ipomoea batatas L.) C4, TIS 3290 and TIS 9162 was evaluated against 156 isolates of Meloidogyne spp. with the aim to include resistant/tolerant sweet potato cultivars in a crop rotation scheme for the management of root-knot nematodes. The nematode isolates corresponded to races 1, 2 and 3 of Meloidogyne arenaria (n = 7), races 1, 2, 3 and 4 of M. incognita (n = 131) and Meloidogyne javanica (n = 18). Also, the isolates of M. incognita were differentiated in virulence groups: Pepper (n = 35), Pepper-Mi (n = 25), Tomato (n = 41) and Tomato-Mi (n = 30), depending on their ability to parasitize resistant pepper and tomato cultivars. The tested isolates of M. javanica parasitized C4 and TIS 3290, but not TIS 9162, whereas M. arenaria parasitized C4 and TIS 9162, but not TIS 3290, and M. incognita was able to parasitize the three sweet potato cultivars tested. C4 was the most susceptible cultivar to all nematode species tested, especially M. incognita, TIS 3290 was the most resistant and TIS 9162 was in between (7.2, 62.9 and 26.9% of resistant plants, respectively). Susceptibility of the sweet potato cultivars showed slight variations depending on the race or virulence group of M. incognita. The results suggest that sweet potato cultivars TIS 3290 and TIS 9162 may be used as rotation crops in fields where root-knot nematodes are present, their selection depending on the Meloidogyne isolates present. The use of resistant sweet potato cultivars would be preferably combined with other management practices to avoid virulence selection in nematode isolates.     

134份四川小麦品种(系)的条锈病抗性评价

小麦条锈病是四川小麦生产中的第一大病害。为了系统掌握四川小麦品种和后备品系的条锈病抗性水平,给四川乃至全国小麦抗条锈病育种及品种的合理布局提供参考信息,利用7个条锈菌流行小种对134份四川审定品种和后备品系的苗期和成株期条锈病抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,四川小麦品种(系)在苗期对7个条锈菌小种CYR31、Su11-7、CYR29、Su11-4、CYR32、CYR33和V26(新致病类型)的抗性频率分别为92.4%、92.5%、89.3%、89.4%、87.3%、85.0%和82.8%;其中,76份品种(系)抗所有小种,占56.0%;此外,条锈菌新致病类型V26对四川小麦品种(系)的毒性已经超过当前的优势小种CYR32和CYR33。根据抗谱分析结果,将所有品种(系)分为四大类。其中,66.4%的品种(系)为全生育期抗性,17.9%为成株期抗性,9.7%表现为苗期抗性,6.0%表现为感病。表明四川小麦品种(系)整体抗性水平较高,但抗病类型相对单一。因此,需要进一步拓宽抗源,提高抗病基因的多样性;同时应逐步开展全生育期抗病基因和成株期抗病基因聚合育种,以提高品种抗病的持久性。     

我国主要麦区101个小麦品种（系）的抗白粉病基因推导

为了明确当前我国小麦品种（系）中抗白粉病基因的组成,利用基因推导法对来自我国主要麦区的１０１个小麦生产品种、区试品系和高代品系进行了抗白粉病基因推导。结果表明,近一半的供试生产品种对所有供试菌株表现感病;供试的大多数区试品系具有有效的抗白粉病基因;近１／３的高代品系含有有效的抗白粉病基因。供试小麦生产品种和区试品系及高代品系中具有已知的抗白粉病基因主要有Ｐｍ４ｂ、Ｐｍ８、Ｐｍ２＋Ｍｌｄ、Ｐｍ４ａ、Ｐｍ２、Ｐｍ２＋６、Ｐｍ３０ 等。     

江苏省稻瘟病菌群体分布及优势小种的毒力研究

用中国7个统一鉴别品种对2000~2002年江苏省5大稻区采集的342个稻瘟病菌单孢分离菌株进行了小种鉴定。结果表明3年累计出现7群30个小种,其中ZG1为优势小种,3年的频率分别为65.00%、56.90%和60.38%,ZB群和ZC群生理小种也是重要的小种类型,有较高的出现频率。用130个ZG1小种的菌株对日本13个已知抗性基因品种进行毒力测定,出现42种类型毒力,其中30.77％的ZG1小种的菌株同时对品种新2号（Pita-k[sup]s[/sup],Pi-sh）、K1（Pi-ta）、Pi-4号（Pi-ta[sup]2[/sup],Pi-sh）致病,为优势毒力类型, 表明品种新2号（Pita-ks,Pi-sh）、K1（Pi-ta）、Pi-4号（Pi-ta[sup]2[/sup],Pi-sh)与江苏省稻瘟病菌有较高的适合度。品种K3（Pi-k[sup]h[/sup]）在江苏省有较好的抗性,其抗性频率为100%。用两种毒力类型的不同菌株2003-184(ZC[sub]5[/sub])和 2003-14-1(ZG[sub]1[/sub]) 混合接种13个日本已知抗性基因品种后,发现对上述两个单个菌株表现抗病的K3（Pi-k[sup]h[/sup]）品种表现为感病,提示不同毒力的菌株之间的相互作用导致菌株毒力的改变可能是品种抗性丧失的原因之一。     

Race distribution and distribution of sensitivities to mefenoxam among isolates of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae in Guizhou province of China

Black shank, caused by the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, is a major disease of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in southwest China. Mefenoxam is one of the most commonly used fungicides for its management. A survey was conducted to determine the level of mefenoxam sensitivity in the pathogen population in Guizhou province and to determine the race distribution of selected isolates. In 2012, 179 isolates of P. parasitica were screened for sensitivity to mefenoxam on lima bean agar. Zero percent of the isolates was classified as resistant, 41.9% as intermediately resistant, and 58.1% as sensitive. Race was determined for 32 isolates from 12 tobacco districts using five discriminative cultivars: NC-1071, Fla 301, L8, Xiaohuangjing 1025 and K-326. Twenty seven isolates were race 1 and five were race 0. Race 1 was present in all regions sampled and presents a major concern for the use of tobacco cultivars in Guizhou province in the future. Based on the results of our survey, we conclude that a combination of practices that includes partial resistance, cultural controls, and fungicides will be needed for long term management of tobacco black shank in Guizhou province of China.     

Reniform nematode resistance in potato clones

SeveralSolatium tuberosum clones were tested for resistance to the reniform nematode,Rotylenchulus reniformis. Commercial cultivars La Rouge and possibly Red La Soda had high levels of resistance to the reniform nematode.R. reniformis resistance was found to exist independently of the H₁, H₂, or H₃ genes for resistance to races of potato cyst nematodes,Globodera rostochiensis andG. pallida. In addition to reniform nematode resistance, B7642-2, B7154-8 and B7680-6 contained the H₁ gene and breeding linePI 377741 contains the H₁ and H₂ gene for potato cyst nematode resistance. Over a three month period reniform nematode counts were significantly lower in pots where resistant varieties were grown.     

Analyzing isolate variability of Macrophomina phaseolina from a regional perspective

Sexton, Z.S., Hughes, T.J., and Wise, K.A. 20XX. Analyzing isolate variability of Macrophomina phaseolina from a regional perspective. Crop Protection. XX:XXXX. Charcoal rot of soybean (Glycine max L.), caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, has been reported more frequently in the north–central United States in recent years. Growth of isolates collected from the northern and southern U.S. was compared in vitro under various incubation temperatures, and isolate pathogenicity was assessed on cultivars adapted to each region. Results indicate that northern isolates had increased growth at 15 °C compared to isolates from southern states, while southern isolates grew 23% more at 40°C compared to northern isolates. Isolates from both regions were pathogenic on charcoal rot resistant and susceptible cultivars adapted for each region. This is the first research to suggest the importance of screening germplasm under regional environmental conditions and with local or regionally adapted isolates when evaluating cultivar resistance to charcoal rot.     

Multiple-fungicide resistance to carbendazim,diethofencarb, procymidone,and pyrimethanil in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from tomato in Henan Province,China

Botrytis cinerea, the fungal pathogen responsible for causing gray mold in tomatoes, frequently exhibits multiple fungicide resistance. In this study, the sensitivity to carbendazim (Car), diethofencarb (Die), procymidone (Prc), and pyrimethanil (Pyr) was determined for 263 isolates of B. cinerea from diseased fruit and leaves of tomato plants from 87 commercial greenhouses in Henan Province of China during 2013 and 2014. Of the isolates tested, 89%, 93%, 85%, and 86% were resistant to Car, Die, Prc, and Pyr, respectively. Twelve phenotypes were found having different sensitivity patterns, and multi-fungicide resistance was found to one, two, three or four fungicides. The percentage of multiple fungicide resistant isolates (Car^RDie^RPrc^RPyr^R) was 68%. Mycelial growth, spore production, and mycelial dry weight were not significantly different between resistant and sensitive phenotypes of the B. cinerea isolates. However, the virulence of Car^SDie^RPrc^SPyr^S isolates was higher than that of the other fungicide-resistance phenotypes. All of the carbendazim and diethofencarb resistant phenotypes carried a point mutation at codon 198 (E198A or E198K) or 200 (F200Y) in the β-tubulin gene, and all of the procymidone resistant phenotypes carried point mutations at codons 369 (Q369P) and 373 (N373S) in the Bos1 gene. These results provided important reference data for assessment of resistance risk of B. cinerea isolates from commercial tomato transplants in Henan Province, indicating the existence of a high frequency of resistance to carbendazim, diethofencarb, procymidone, and pyrimethanil revealing the necessity of a more integrated control of gray mold.     

Population density and life-history parameters of the psyllid Bactericera nigricornis (Forster) on four commercial cultivars of potato

The psyllid Bactericera nigricornis (Forster) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most important pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., in the Ardabil region, Iran. The use of host plant resistance is an essential component of the integrated management of B. nigricornis. In this study, we investigated the population density of B. nigricornis on four commercial cultivars of potato under field conditions and its life-history parameters under laboratory conditions. In field experiments, the lowest and highest densities of B. nigricornis were observed on cvs. Agria and Marfona, respectively. Population densities did not differ significantly between cvs. Kaiserkrone and Satina. In experiments on life-history parameters, the longest and shortest developmental times of nymphs were observed on cv. Agria (22.3 days) and cv. Marfona (18.2 days). The developmental time of nymphs on Kaiserkrone did not differ significantly from that on Satina. The lowest number of eggs laid per female (47.2) and the lowest survival rate (50%) were observed on Agria. The survival rate on Agria did not differ significantly from that on Kaiserkrone and Satina. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) and population growth rate (λ) were lowest on Agria and highest on Marfona. The generation time on Agria and Kaiserkrone was significantly longer than on Satina and Marfona. The doubling time (DT) was longest on Agria (15.9 days) and shortest on Marfona (11.8 days). Amongst the cultivars investigated, host plant resistance acted by decreasing the numbers of eggs laid per female, increasing the development time and reducing the survival rate of B. nigricornis, so decreasing population growth. Of the cultivars tested, Agria is the most resistant host and has potential for use in the integrated management of B. nigricornis on potato.     

Assessment of levels of resistance of cotton cultivars to isolates of Xanthomonas malvacearum (E.F. Smith) Dowson in Nigeria

Nine cotton cultivars were assessed for resistance to bacterial blight by inoculation of the mid-veins of leaves of seedlings at the four- to six-leaf stage with six isolates of Xanthomonas malvacearum (E.F. Sm.) Dowson, obtained from the three cotton-growing zones of northern Nigeria. The length of lesions 15 days after inoculation formed the basis of assessment. REBA B-50 and RASA (76)101 were highly resistant, while RSA(68)27 and BJA-592 were classified as resistant. The moderately resistant group consisted of Arkansas 52-21, Samaru 77 and Samaru 72. Samaru 71 was less susceptible than Samaru 26J, the susceptible control. There were also differences in virulence amongst the six isolates of X. malvacearum used in the test, suggesting the possible presence of races of the pathogen.     

Susceptibility of potato varieties and advanced breeding lines (Solanum tuberosum L.) toPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in greenhouse screenings

Late blight (Phytophthora infestons (Mont.) de Bary) has re-emerged as an important pathogen of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp.tubero-sum L.) in North America. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative susceptibility of potato germplasm in the greenhouse in order to initiate a breeding program for resistance to the US-8/A2 mating type which is the more aggressive and prevalent strain of late blight. Whole plants of 147 cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated. Percent plant area infection was visually assessed. Seven days after inoculation, infection ranged from 0 to 100% and the overall mean was greater than 50%. Two-thirds of the cultivars and breeding lines tested were very susceptible to the US-8 genotype. The highest resistance was identified in the somatic hybrids betweenS. tuberosum andS. bulbocastanum and their backcross derivatives. Pike and Snowden were less susceptible than the other North American cultivars. Zarevo was most resistant among the European cultivars. Seven of the advanced breeding lines were equivalent to Zarevo in infection levels. The host plant resistance identified among the material tested in this study can be used by breeding programs to develop improved cultivars with resistance to US-8 genotypes of late blight.     

Potato Carlavirus S (PVS) resistance of potato clone B6603-12

The potato (Solarium tuberosum L.tuberosum) breeding line B6603-12 was shown to be resistant to Potato Carlavirus S (PVS) on the basis of non detection of PVS by ELISA in plants that were: 1) either graft or mechanically inoculated with composite isolates of PVS; and 2) interplanted among PVS infected cultivars in fields for twelve growing seasons.     

Enhanced defense responses of tomato plants against late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans by pre-inoculation with rhizobacteria

The efficacy of resistance in tomato plants, induced by rhizobacteria isolated from Jeju Island in Korea, against late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans was tested. Among the bacterial isolates tested, pre-inoculation with four isolates induced an effective defense against late blight. The four isolates, TRH423-3, TRH427-2, KRJ502-1 and KRY505-3, were identified as Burkholderia gladioli, Miamiensis avidus, Acinetobacter quenomosp and Bacillus cereus, respectively, by sequencing the ribosomal intergenic spacer region. They also promoted the growth of tomato seedlings. To illustrate resistance mechanisms, the infection process by P. infestans was examined using a fluorescence microscope. There were no noticeable differences in the rate of germination and appressorium formation between the untreated and pre-inoculated plants. However, callose was more frequently formed at the penetration sites on the leaves of pre-inoculated plants than the untreated plants, suggesting that these rhizobacterial isolates induce defense responses against P. infestans.     

Penthiopyrad applied in close proximity to Rhizoctonia solani provided effective disease control in sugar beet

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is an important pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) that can cause damping-off and crown and root rot. Commercial cultivars which are highly resistant to the pathogen are not as high yielding as susceptible cultivars under low or absent disease pressure. These resistant cultivars often do not have resistance to other common pathogens such as Aphanomyces cochlioides, Cercospora beticola, and Fusarium oxysporum. Fungicides, such as azoxystrobin which belongs to the quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) class, are necessary for controlling Rhizoctonia solani, but there are concerns about the buildup of fungicide-resistant strains in the targeted pathogen population. There is a need to find effective fungicides from different chemical groups so they can be rotated with the current widely-used azoxystrobin to manage R. solani. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the efficacy of penthiopyrad, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), in managing R. solani on sugar beet using three different application methodologies. Penthiopyrad effectively controlled R. solani on sugar beet when applied at 210, 280, 420, or 550 g a.i./ha in-furrow at planting and as a soil drench at the 4-leaf stage. However, foliar application of penthiopyrad failed to provide disease control. These trials indicated that penthiopyrad needs to be in close proximity or direct contact with R. solani in the soil to provide effective control. Penthiopyrad has the potential to be used as an effective alternate partner with azoxystrobin for controlling R. solani and to help in mitigating the development of fungicide resistant isolates of R. solani.     

The Effect of Long Term Storage on Bacterial Soft Rot Resistance in Potato

Bacterial soft rot is a serious disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), causing rapid tuber tissue maceration and, consequently, marketable yield loss. Soft rot bacteria, including Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pbc), are favored by moist conditions, which are prevalent in large potato storage facilities. However, although most potatoes in North America are stored before use, there are no published surveys of soft rot resistance in cultivars exposed to long-term storage conditions. Thus, we tested 65 cultivars and 13 breeding lines for soft rot resistance after 6 months of storage. There was a significant effect of cultivar and production environment on soft rot resistance score. During 6 months of storage, tuber soft rot resistance in resistant clones did not change, while it changed in susceptible clones. The three most resistant cultivars to soft rot were Freedom Russet, Anett, and Alaska Red Eye.     

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Different Escherichia coli Phylogenetic Groups Isolated from Human Urinary Tract Infection and Avian Colibacillosis

Background : The emergence and propagation of different phylogenetic groups of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli have become a worldwide health concern in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, the evaluation of the phylogenetic distribution of antibiotic-resistant E. coli is important for therapeutic and economic purposes. The aims of this study were to determine phylogenetic groups and patterns of antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains isolated from human urinary tract infection and avian colibacillosis. Methods: A total of 50 E. coli isolates (25 from human urinary tract infection and 25 from avian colibacillosis) were characterized by culture and assigned as different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2, and D) by triplex PCR assay. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to assess the susceptibility of all isolates to ten antibiotics. Results: Results showed that the majority of the human and poultry isolates belonged to phylogenetic groups A and B2 and phylogenetic group B1 of the avian pathogenic strain isolates were the most drug-resistant isolates. Most of the isolates were resistant to at least five antibiotics, and multiple drug resistance was observed in 98% of E. coli isolates. A high degree of resistance was seen against penicillin and erythromycin. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, multidrug-resistance among isolates and high relation between phylogenetic groups and resistance in both human and poultry isolates were observed. Key Words: Escherichia coli, Avian colibacillosis, Phylogenetic grouping