不同种植模式冬小麦耗水特性及产量试验研究

通过田间试验,研究了两种种植模式（传统平作和垄植沟灌）不同水分处理对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明：相较于传统平作种植模式,垄植沟灌冬小麦的全生育期耗水量减少26.26~31.92mm,穗粒数和千粒重分别增加6.09%和3.79%,增产150.57~237.63kg/hm2,水分利用效率提高9.43%~10.39%;两种种植模式的耗水量和产量与水分处理呈正相关,但随着水分控制下限的提高,水分利用效率则先增大后减小;确定垄植沟灌为冬小麦适宜种植方式,并在L-70水分处理获得了最优的水分利用效率,达到1.91 kg/m3,产量达到7589.96 kg/hm2。     

绿洲灌区覆膜方式对制种玉米产量和水分利用效率及灌溉效益的影响

研究了额定灌水量下,不同覆膜方式对制种玉米物候期、经济性状、产量、水分利用效率及灌溉效益的影响.结果表明,全膜垄作沟灌种植、全膜平作种植和宽行覆膜平作种植与窄行覆膜平作种植相比,在孕穗期之前各处理对作物的物候期没有影响,抽雄期以后其他处理较对照晚成熟,生育期延长了2～5 d;全膜垄作沟灌和全膜平作种植的经济性状表现较好;全膜垄作沟灌种植的产量和水分利用效率表现最好,分别为7 633.4 kg/hm2和12.5 kg/(hm2·mm),全膜平作种植产品纯收入及灌溉效益表现最好,分别为43 676元/hm2和12.6元/m3.     

小麦、玉米一体化垄作沟灌对冬小麦生长特性的影响

利用2012-2013年度冬小麦的田间试验资料,研究了小麦、玉米一体化垄作沟灌种植模式对冬小麦生长特性和产量的影响。结果表明:与传统平作相比,一体化垄作沟灌种植模式为冬小麦提供了更好的生长环境。各水分处理,一体化垄作种植条件下冬小麦的灌溉水量减少45mm,生育期延长2~3d,单株叶面积有不同程度的增大,为冬小麦制造更多的有机物创造了良好的条件,导致单穗粒重增加0.05~0.17g,最终产量增加2.09%~3.23%。在冬小麦生育期内,一体化垄作沟灌种植模式的土壤水分控制下限设置为田间持水量70%时,能够获得较好的节水增产效果。     

垄作小麦产量及水分生产效率的试验研究

为探讨豫西地区冬小麦节水栽培的生产措施,在大田试验条件下,研究了在3种灌水处理下,垄作冬小麦耗水量、干物质积累、产量和水分生产效率的对比情况。结果表明,在不同灌水次数的条件下,随着灌水次数的增加,垄作冬小麦耗水量和地上干物质积累量逐渐增加,产量和水分生产效率先升高后降低。在相同灌水次数下,垄作冬小麦耗水量低于平作,干物...     

针叶豌豆不同间作模式对产量及水分利用效率影响

以平作栽培为对照,研究了河西绿洲灌区垄作沟灌栽培条件下玉米/针叶豌豆、马铃薯/针叶豌豆和油葵/针叶豌豆3种间作模式对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:垄作沟灌栽培5～25cm土层的日均地温较平作提高0.87～0.95℃,随土层加深,土壤增温效果先递增后递减。玉米/针叶豌豆产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为15 795.3kg/hm2和22.94kg/hm2.mm,比马铃薯/针叶豌豆和油葵/针叶豌豆提高9 273.3kg/hm2和8 717.7kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别提高10.55kg/(hm2.mm)和10.87kg/(hm2.mm)。垄作沟灌栽培产量比平作栽培增加1 649.4kg/hm2,水分利用效率提高5.11kg/(hm2.mm)。从增产节水角度来看,玉米/针叶豌豆垄作栽培模式最优、平作栽培模式其次。     

垄作沟灌栽培对土壤水热效应和春小麦产量的影响

研究了绿洲灌区垄作沟灌栽培条件下土壤温度和水分的变化及对春小麦的产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,垄作沟灌栽培条件下,0～25cm土层土壤温度日变化以16:00差异最为显著,春小麦拔节前0～10cm平均土壤温度较平作栽培提高1.41℃,并随春小麦生长发育进程的推进,增温效应逐渐弱化。对深层土壤水分的消耗减少,0～20cm土壤含水率低于平作栽培,而20～80cm土壤含水率高于平作栽培。与平作栽培相比,相同灌溉定额下产量增加7.18%～34.97%,水分利用效率提高9.42%～27.34%,节水750m3/hm2。     

不同灌溉方式冬小麦生长发育及水分利用效率的试验研究

通过田间试验,研究了不同灌水方式(传统平作畦灌和宽垄沟灌)和水分处理对冬小麦生长特性的影响。结果表明:相较畦灌,宽垄沟灌种植的冬小麦基本苗数及无效分蘖数均大幅减少,叶面积指数平均增幅9.12%,株高显著降低,地上干物质抽穗期以前低于畦灌,抽穗以后赶上并超过畦灌,穗粒数和千粒重分别增加6.09%和3.79%,增产150.57~237.63kg/hm2,水分利用效率提高9.43%~10.39%;2种灌溉方式的耗水量和产量与水分处理呈正相关,但随着水分控制下限的提高,水分利用效率则先增大后减小;确定宽垄沟灌为冬小麦适宜种植方式,并在L-70水分处理获得了最优的水分利用效率,达到1.91kg/m3,能够获得较好的节水增产效果。     

不同灌溉方式下冬小麦穗部性状与产量关系的试验研究

采用田间试验,以豫麦69为试验材料,研究了不同水分处理下常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌的冬小麦产量与穗部性状的相互关系。结果表明,同常规灌溉方式相比,一体化垄作沟灌方式下,冬小麦的穗粒数、籽粒质量及产量分别增加了5.5356%、7.5489%、7.7454%,但穗数减少了0.4302%。常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌方式下,产量与穗数、穗粒数以及籽粒质量均正相关,但一体化垄作沟灌方式下的相关系数较常规灌溉方式大。一体化垄作灌溉有利于改善农田小气候、发挥作物的边行优势和提高小麦产量。     

冬小麦调亏灌溉节水高效技术指标试验初报

针对井灌区冬小麦普遍存在高产不高效的问题,进行了2种灌溉制度的对比试验。调亏灌溉1.26hm2示范田在干旱偏枯年型灌1～2次关键水,总耗水量平均2296.48m3/hm2,经济系数平均0.497,平均产量7695.9kg/hm2,产投比为1.5～3,净收益2899.3～11607.7元/hm2或3.73～4.97元/m3。日耗水量0.61m3,耗水系数0.299,水分生产率3.35kg/m3,与对照田充分灌溉相比,浇水次数平均减少2.33次,总耗水量减少1574.35m3/hm2,经济系数减少0.079,产量增加649.9kg/hm2,产投比增长0.47～1.97,净收入增加2704.56～11413元/hm2(或1.76～3元/m3),平均日耗水量减少0.42m3,耗水系数减少0.251,节省灌溉用水1350.75m3/hm2,节水率64.09%,水分生产率增加1.52kg/m3。     

华北典型区冬小麦区域耗水模拟与灌溉制度优化

以经校验Aquacrop模型模拟了不同土壤条件下冬小麦水分与产量响应关系,结合北京大兴区土壤分布及其冬小麦实际种植情况,对模型模拟结果进行区域尺度拓展,以此为基础分析了研究区不同灌溉制度下冬小麦耗水量、产量及水分生产率的变化规律,并推荐了与华北地区水资源实际情况相适宜的冬小麦亏缺灌溉制度。结果表明:应用Aquacrop模型能较好模拟冬小麦生育期内土壤墒情和冠层覆盖度的动态变化过程及其生物量与产量情况,可利用经校验后的模型进行冬小麦水分与产量响应关系研究。灌溉定额在300 mm范围内,随着灌溉量增加,耗水量增大;在灌水次数相同条件下,灌溉日期不同,因蒸腾量变化导致耗水量差异显著。在相同处理下总体上降水多年份产量较高,而不同处理之间随着灌溉量增加产量增大;在灌水次数相同情况下,灌溉关键生育时段选择对冬小麦产量形成及水分生产率提高至关重要。以冬小麦增产提效为原则,在灌1水情况下重点保障拔节-抽穗阶段的需水;灌2水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水;灌3水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水。针对华北水资源严重短缺实际,建议北京大兴区冬小麦采用灌2水的亏缺灌溉制度,较灌4水情况下的灌溉量与耗水量分别减少140、65 mm,能确保75%产量。可见,在与华北类似的资源性缺水区域,选择适宜亏缺灌溉制度,能大幅降低区域灌溉量与耗水量,在稳定区域冬小麦产量及涵养地下水源方面具有重要的现实意义。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.