滑刃线虫属一新种——西洋参叶线虫

 1990~1991年在吉林左家中国农科院特产研究所试验地的西洋参叶片上发现多角形褐色病斑,由一种滑刃线虫为害引起。其种的鉴别特征为:口针较短(7.5~10.0 μm),唇区基部缢缩,排泄孔的位置位于神经环和贲门之间,尾尖突为星状,雄虫的交合刺具较明显的顶尖和喙突,与滑刃线虫属内的其它种不同。经鉴定为滑刃线虫一新种,定名为西洋参叶线虫Aphelenchoides panaxofolia.     

The action of allethrin on the peripheral nervous system of the frog

A study was made of the neurotoxic effects of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin on the peripheral nervous system of the frog by means of electrophysiological techniques. The principal action of allethrin is to induce repetitive activity, not only in sensory nerve fibres and in sense organs, but also in the distal part of the motor fibres, leading to pronounced repetition in the motor end-plate. Measured by the number of repetitive nerve impulses allethrin shows a marked negative temperature coefficient of activity in the lateral-line sense organ and in the motor nerve terminal.     

葡萄根围二种剑线虫(矛线目:长针线虫科)的鉴定

 从我国湖南、山东和河北三省的一些葡萄园中发现了二种习居于葡萄根围的剑线虫,分别为美洲剑线虫(Xiphinema americanum Cobb,1913)和湖南剑线虫新种(X.huna-niense n.sp.)。湖南剑线虫新种的主要鉴别特征是阴门极靠身体前部(V=24-27),阴道向后斜,与身体横径成明显的角度(8-21℃);仅一个后生殖枝,旁边分支形成二个卵巢;尾部末端中间指状突起很长(20-22μm);幼虫尾部比成虫尾部细长,末端指状突起也较长;各虫龄的c'值与虫龄大小成反比;没有发现雄虫。湖南剑线虫与巴西利亚剑线虫(X.brasilienseLordello,1951)和太平洋剑线虫(X.radicicola Goodey,1936)最接近,但存在明显的区分特征。     

Occurrence of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera, Culicidae) in houses of different constructions in Phnom Penh, Kampuchea

The relation between the number of mosquito specimens of the most abundant species Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say and the construction of houses which they inhabited was studied. The effect of the building materials and of the height at which the floor was situated above the ground were assessed in five and four localities, respectively. It was found that in the localities having the character of a town the mosquitoes were most abundant in houses constructed from corrugated plate and in those the floor of which was situated 2-3.5 m above the ground. In the locality of a village character, the mosquitoes were most numerous in brick houses with the floors at the ground level.     

Hysterothylacium winteri sp. n. (Nematoda: Anisakidae), a parasite of Chilean rock cod, Eleginops maclovinus (Perciformes: Eleginopidae), from South Chile

Hysterothylacium winteri sp. n. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) was collected from the intestine of a marine-estuarine fish, Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes) (Perciformes: Eleginopsidae), from Abtao in the Gulf of Ancud, Chile. Sixteen (51.6%) out of 31 fish were infected; the intensity was 1-10 (mean 4) worms/host. The new species belongs to the group of congeners possessing one double pair of postanal papillae. By possessing a lateral pair of phasmids situated near the tip of tail, H. winteri most closely resembles Hysterothylacium habena. The new species can be distinguished by the lip flanges forming broadly rounded points and the equal, short spicules (320-400 microm long) representing 0.9-1.7% of body length.     

Ultrastructure of Archigetes sieboldi (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea): relationship between progenesis, development and evolution

Ultrastructural characteristics of progenetic and monoxenic Archigetes sieboldi Leuckart, 1878 from the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède are described. Our observations demonstrate that progenetic Archigetes sieboldi shares characteristics of both larval (progenetic) and adult stages. The primary larval characteristics are: the presence of a cercomer; a surface filamentous coat covering the whole worm; the presence of the penetration glands and the absence of tegumental ones; wide sarcoplasmic processes connecting the circular and longitudinal external tegumental muscles; the absence of the dense homogenous zone of the basal lamina beneath the epithelial cytoplasm of all reproductive organs and ducts; non-functional gonopores; and an orthogonal plan of nervous system with three pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks. The principle adult characteristics are: oogenesis, spermiogenesis and vitellogenesis that produce fertilized eggs; the uterine glands; a well-developed longitudinal tegumental muscle layer between tegumental cytons; and the presence of different microtriches. As a result of this progenetic development there has been a secondary reduction in the life cycle of A. sieboldi. It is postulated that a similar process of progenesis may have played a major role in the early evolution of the Caryophyllidea by first appearing in a plerocercoid stage of an ancestral strobilate cestode from fish.     

Multiciliate sensory endings in the redia of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)

In addition to uniciliate sensory endings, three types of multiciliate sensory endings have been demonstrated on the anterior end of Echinostoma revolutum redia using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. This is the first finding of multiciliate sensory endings in the parthenogenetic generation of trematodes. In the first type, 12 cilia are situated in a pit communicating with the tegument surface. In the second and third types, there are two and four short cilia, respectively. They protrude from the nerve bulb above the surface of the tegument. The significance of multiciliate sensory endings in rediae and their similarity to multiciliate sensory endings in miracidia and cercariae is discussed.     

Some camallanid nematodes from marine perciform fishes off New Caledonia

Two new, one known and three unidentified species of the nematode family Camallanidae are reported and described from the intestines of marine perciform fishes off the southwestern coast of New Caledonia, South Pacific: Camallanus carangis Olsen, 1952 from the forked-tailed threadfin bream Nemipterus furcosus (Nemipteridae), the yellowstriped goatfish Upeneus vittatus and the whitesaddle goatfish Parupeneus ciliatus (both Mullidae) (new host records); Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) variolae sp. n. from the white-edged lyretail Variola albimarginata (type host) and the blacktip grouper Epinephelus fasciatus (both Serranidae); Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) longus sp. n. from the twotone tang Zebrasoma scopas (Acanthuridae); Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. 1 (female tail with 2 terminal spikes on a digit-like projection) from the speckled sand-perch Parapercis hexophtalma (Pinguipedidae); Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. 2 (female tail with 1 spike on a digit-like projection) from the drab emperor Lethrinus ravus (Lethrinidae) and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. 3 (female tail with a smooth digit-like protrusion) from the two-lined monocle bream Scolopsis bilineata (Nemipteridae). Camallanus paracarangis Velasquez, 1980 is synonymized with C. carangis. Several additional species of Camallanus from marine fish of the Indo-Pacific region may be synonymous with C. carangis as it has a poorly sclerotized left spicule and 3 small caudal projections on the tail of young (i.e., non-gravid) females. The fourth-stage larva of C. carangis is described for the first time. P. (S.) variolae differs from most similar species of this region mainly in the position (i.e., at level or posterior to the nerve ring) and shape of deirids. P. (S.) longus differs from the similar P. (S.) chaimha mainly in a different arrangement of postanal papillae, shape of the female tail, much longer right spicule (429 microm) and longer body of gravid females (38-55 mm). All Camallanus and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) spp. reported here represent the first records of camallanids from marine fishes in New Caledonian waters.     

西安市地下水污染敏感性分析研究

从"污染源排放→包气带传输→地下水污染"的系统概念出发,提出了地下水污染广义敏感性和狭义敏感性的概念,并构建了相应相对完善的评价指标;在广泛水文地质调查和污染源调查的基础上,以GIS空间分析为手段,完成了西安市地下水污染敏感性分析试验。结果显示:从纯水文地质条件出发,西安市地下水污染的狭义敏感性,以主河道、漫滩阶地、一级阶地和人工填土区最为敏感,与中心城区地下水污染的实际分布状况有较大偏离;考虑人类活动及污染源分布,广义敏感性为,西安市地下水污染的敏感性以建城区和北郊污灌区最为敏感,与地下水污染的现实分布格局相一致,但在广阔的农业区,使得敏感性等级不甚明显。进而得出,地下水污染狭义敏感性评价适合大尺度区、人类影响小或影响均一区的评价;广义敏感性评价适合小尺度区、人类影响大、影响不均一区的评价。本研究为地下水污染敏感性分析及西安市地下水污染防治提供了新的信息。     

Actions of formamidines,local anesthetics,octopamine and related compounds upon the electrical activity of neurohaemal organs of the stick insect (Carausius morosus) and sense organs of fly larvae (Musca domestica; Calliphora erythrocephala)

The pesticides, chlordimeform and amitraz, and their metabolites, demethylchlordimeform, N¹-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-methylformamidine, and 2,4-dimethylformanilide, are effective at concentrations as low as 3 μM in raising the firing rate of endogenously active neurosecretory fibres in the isolated neurohaemal organs of Carausius morosus. Molecules such as bunamidine and cetrimide, with cationic detergent properties, produced sporadic bursting which did not elevate the overall firing rate to any great extent. Indeed, bunamidine could induce complete block of action potentials at concentrations as low as 30 μM. The local anesthetics, procaine, lidocaine, and benzocaine, do not induce block of activity at least up to a level of 1 mM. They have no effect at concentrations lower than 100 μM. Between 100 μM and 1 mM lidocaine and benzocaine produce a small increase in firing rate. Procaine produced a pronounced increase in the frequency of firing. The phenolic amines, octopamine, synephrine, and tyramine, markedly increased electrical activity. The catecholamines, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline, by contrast, only produced a weak excitation. Neither α- nor β-adrenergic blocking agents were effective in antagonizing the electrical activity induced by chlordimeform or phenolic amines until relatively high concentrations of about 1 mM were used. Chlordimeform was able to induce high-frequency bursts from sense organs associated with the epidermis and body-wall musculature in larvae of Musca domestica and Calliphora erythocephala. Octopamine did not induce any similar bursting activity in these sense organs. These results are discussed in relationship to current views on the mode of action of the N-aryl amidines. It is concluded that the excitatory effects of these compounds upon neurohaemal organs and sense organs are more likely to result from a direct action upon voltage sensitive channels of the nerve membranes, rather than by an effect mediated by interactions with octopamine receptors.     

Comparative effects of DDT,allethrin, dieldrin and aldrin-transdiol on sense organs of Xenopus laevis

The effects of DDT, allethrin, dieldrin and aldrin-transdiol were studied in two different sense organs of Xenopus laevis; the lateral-line organ and the cutaneous touch receptors. DDT and allethrin produced pronounced repetitive firing in both preparations. Dieldrin and aldrin-transdiol, on the other hand, failed to induce any sign of repetitive activity. Aldrin-transdiol, however, caused a marked increase in the rate of spontaneous firing of the lateral-line organ, later followed by a blockade. The repetitive activity in the cutaneous touch receptors, whether induced by DDT or allethrin, was not distinguishable from repetitive firing of the afferent nerve fibers and showed no marked dependence on temperature. This contrasts sharply with the know negative temperature coefficient of the DDT- or allethrin-induced repetitive activity in the lateral-line organ.     

Ultrastructure of the tail of Echinostoma revolutum cercaria

The ultrastructure of the tail fins and muscles of Echinostoma revolutum cercaria is described. The longitudinal muscles consist of a primitive type of transversely striated muscle fibres with a well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum in the Z-band. The fins are formed by a longitudinal tegument fold containing the same components as the remaining part of the tail tegument. The difference between the body and tail tegument is discussed.     

昆仑山地区禾本科植物的区系特点

昆仑山地区位于我国西部,东经74°—96°,北纬33°—40℃,是青藏高原西北隅及北部边缘的高山高原区。本区禾本科植物有49属163种。分析表明:①本区的北温带成份占有绝对优势的地位,具有明显的北温带性质。②本区所分布的泛热带成份实属一类具有一定程度的温带性质的泛热带分布类型,一些种类还表明了本区同地中海地区植物区系的历史渊源。③本区的禾本科植物绝大多数属于温寒地带分布类型,因而具有明显的高原高山植物区系的特征。④本区无特有属,特有种亦较少。说明本区系是一个年青的、衍生的区系。⑤本区同周围区系的联系广泛,同西藏区系的关系最为密切。     

内蒙大青山高等真菌区系地理的初步研究

内蒙古大青山高等真茵世界性分布属占66%,种占293%,它们是一些起源古老、生理适应幅宽的种类。欧亚北美分布属占33%,种占43.5%,表明本区与欧亚北美真茵区系上的广泛联系。热带分布属仅占4%,种则未见,可见本区与热带联系很不密切。欧亚分布种占12.9%。东亚北美分布种在11%以上,特别与北美东部联系更为密切,共有种不下10种。中国日本分布种约1.3%,足见本区和日本在真茵区系上有着联系。特有成分2.2%。内蒙古大青山深居北温带,独特的地理位置和生态环境决定了本区真茵区系的结构特征。总体上,泛北极真茵成分占优势(在70%以上),充分显示出北温带成分为主的特色。附有该区习见高等真茵名录。     

Bacillary band ultrastructure of the fish parasite Capillaria pterophylli (Nematoda: Capillariidae)

In Capillaria pterophylli Heinze, 1933, two lateral bacillary bands extend along the whole body in female and male worms. A ventral bacillary band is present in females only. The bacillary bands consist of glandular and non-glandular cells, in the region between the nerve ring and the end of the stichosome, ciliated sense receptors in tight connection with gland are present.     

新疆艾比湖干涸湖底沉积物粒径分布及其对风蚀的响应

艾比湖已经干涸的湖底常年经历强烈风蚀,形成危害较大的沙（盐）尘暴。为了解风蚀过程干涸湖底沉积物粒径分布的变化特征,在干涸湖底选择无植被覆盖（S1）、芦苇荒漠带（S2）、梭梭荒漠带（S3）3个区域作为研究区,运用粒径分布参数表征粒径分布特征对风蚀的响应。结果表明：① 由于不同区域沉积物形成时间差异,S1、S2、S3之间粒级组成、平均粒径均差异显著。S1的沉积物为黏粒-粉粒-极细砂类型,其中,粉粒含量最高,为80.60%,相比其他两个区含量较大,但是平均粒径最小,在6.10Φ～6.30Φ之间;S2为粉粒-细砂-中砂类型,砂粒含量最高为87.71%,质地较粗变化幅度较大,平均粒径在2.25Φ～3.54Φ;而S3为粉粒-极细砂-细砂-中砂类型,各粒级含量相对比较平均,不同深度含量差别较大,平均粒径在3.38Φ～5.65Φ。② 干涸湖底不同区域沉积物粒级含量、粒径分布参数对风蚀的响应特征不同。由于风蚀程度不同,S1和S2 0～10 cm的沉积物,无覆盖区域和覆盖区域平均粒径、粒级含量差异显著,且随深度的增加,差异显著性呈现降低趋势。S3无覆盖和覆盖区域的平均粒径、粒级含量差异均不明显。     

Rhabdias kongmongthaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Polypedates leucomystax (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) in Thailand

Rhabdias kongmongthaensis sp. n. is described based on specimens found in the lungs of the tree frog Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) from Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand. The new species is similar to two North-American species, Rhabdias ranae and R. americanus, by presence of two lateral pseudolabia, each with two inner submedian protuberances. R. kongmongthaensis differs from both species by relative length and shape of the tail, and by its distribution and host specificity. Presence of lateral pseudolabia distinguishes the new species from the geographically closest Rhabdias species as well as from those parasitizing other rhacophorid frogs.     

Structure-related effects of pyrethroid insecticides on the lateral-line sense organ and on peripheral nerves of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

The effects of seven different pyrethroid insecticides on the lateral-line sense organ and on peripheral nerves of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, were investigated by means of electrophysiological methods. The results show that two classes of pyrethroid can be clearly distinguished. (i) Pyrethroids without an α-cyano group (permethrin, cismethrin, and bioresmethrin). These noncyano pyrethroids induce short trains of nerve impulses in the lateral-line sense organ. In peripheral nerve branches they induce a depolarizing afterpotential and repetitive firing. These effects are very similar to those previously reported for allethrin. (ii) Pyrethroids with an α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate). In the lateral-line sense organ these α-cyano pyrethroids induce very long trains of nerve impulses which may last for seconds and may contain hundreds or even thousands of impulses. The α-cyano compounds do not cause repetitive activity in peripheral nerves. Instead they induce a quickly reversible, stimulus frequency-dependent suppression of the action potential. Since the chemical structure of cypermethrin differs from that of permethrin only in the α-cyano group and because all four α-cyano compounds act in a very similar way, it is concluded that the α-cyano substituent is responsible for the large differences in neurotoxic effects. In the lateral-line sense organ the duration of nerve impulse trains induced by the noncyano as well as the α-cyano pyrethroids increases dramatically when the temperature is lowered. Further, in sensory fibers the effects of both classes of pyrethroid on the nerve action potential are more pronounced compared to their effects on motor fibers. It is argued that the different neurotoxic effects reported here originate from a common mechanism of action of pyrethroids, which is a prolongation of the transient increase of sodium permeability of the nerve membrane associated with excitation.It is concluded that the sodium channel in the nerve membrane is the major target site of noncyano and α-cyano pyrethroids.     

Grazing exclusion-induced shifts,the relative importance of environmental filtering,biotic interactions and dispersal limitation in shaping desert steppe communities,northern China

Grazing exclusion is one of the most efficient approaches to restore degraded grassland but may negatively affects the recovery of species diversity. Changes in plant species diversity should be a consequence of the ecological assembly process. Local community assembly is influenced by environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and dispersal. However, how these factors potentially contribute to changes to species diversity is poorly understood, especially in harsh environments. In this study, two management sites within a Stipa breviflora desert steppe community(typical natural steppe) were selected in northern China. In one of the two management sites, grazing has been excluded since 2010 and in the other with open grazing by sheep. In August 2016, three plots were established and 100 sampling units were created within each plot in a 5 m×5 m area at the two management sites. To assess the effects of grazing exclusion on S. breviflora steppe, we analyzed the vegetation biomass, species diversity,soil organic carbon, and soil particle size distribution using paired T-tests. In addition, variation partitioning was applied to determine the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation. Null mode analysis was used to quantify the influence of biotic interactions in conjunction with Eco Sim niche overlap and co-occurrence values. Our results demonstrated that(1) species diversity significantly decreased and the main improvements in soil quality occurred in the topsoil 0–10 cm after the grazing exclusion;(2) environmental filtering was important for community assembly between grazed and fenced grassland and this appears particularly true for soil particle size distribution, which may be well correlated with soil hydrological processes; and(3) however, competitive exclusion may play a significant role within the exclusion. The multiple pathways of assembly may collectively determine negative effects on the restoration of species diversity. Therefore, designers should be aware of the risk of reducing grazing exclusion-induced species diversity and account for manipulating processes. This in turn will reduce dominant species and promote environmental heterogeneity to maximize species diversity in semi-arid regions.