桃蚜敏感种群的筛选及其抗药性演化的研究

采用微量毛细管点滴法筛选出比河北廊坊桃蚜相对敏感种群更为敏感的甘肃宕昌桃蚜种群,建立了18种杀虫剂对桃蚜敏感种群的毒力基线,可作为今后国内各地监测桃蚜抗药性水平的敏感基线。用氧乐果、氰戊菊酯及其氧乐果+氰戊菊酯对桃蚜敏感种群进行抗性选育,汰选20次时桃蚜对混剂氧乐果+氰戊菊酯只产生4.85倍的抗药性,比氧乐果单剂(7.39倍)抗性发展速度幔,尤其比氰戊菊酯单剂(87.21倍)更慢,表明桃蚜易对菊酯类药剂产生抗药性,混剂可以延缓产生抗药性。     

菊杀混剂对桃蚜抗性发展的影响研究

从大田采桃蚜［Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ（ｓｕｌｚｅｒ）］，在室内饲养若干代后分成对照种群（ＣＫ），氰戊菊酯种群（Ｆｅ），杀螟硫磷种群（Ｓｕ）和菊杀种群（Ｆｓ）等四个种群。除对照种群接受清水喷洒外，其它种群分别用氰戊菊酯、杀螟松、菊杀混剂进行室内平行汰选培育。经过１４次汰选后，对照种群对以上三种药液的敏感性几乎没有什么变化；而Ｆｅ种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性提高了近５３倍；Ｓｕ种群对杀螟硫磷的抗性提高了１１倍；Ｆｓ种群对菊杀混剂的抗性只提高了３倍多一点，远低于各单剂的抗性发展水平，这表明菊杀混剂具有显著的延缓桃蚜抗性的作用。     

兰州市桃蚜抗药性监测及治理对策研究

以甘肃省宕昌县桃蚜为敏感种群,测定了兰州、永登等地桃蚜对6种杀虫剂抗药性。结果表明兰州市安宁区桃蚜对溴氰菊酯已产生低水平抗性(6.84倍),对氰戊菊酯则处于耐药力增高或敏感性降低阶段,对灭多威、敌敌畏、氧乐果和乐果已显示出早期抗性;永登县桃蚜对溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯处于敏感性降低阶段,对灭多威、敌敌畏、氧乐果和乐果仍属敏感阶段;皋兰县和榆中县桃蚜对上述6种杀虫剂则处于敏感阶段。用酶抑制剂进行增效作用测定结果显示,兰州地区桃蚜的抗药性与羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶有关。针对兰州市桃蚜的抗药性现状和抗性机制,提出了以建立抗性监测制度、合理用药为主的抗性治理对策。     

辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯及其混剂对棉铃虫生长发育及雌性生殖的影响

用组织化学和生化分析法探讨了辛硫磷，氰戊菊酯和辛氰混剂对棉铃虫生长发育及雄性生殖功能的影响。结果表明：（1）2种单剂与混剂处理后雄蛹重量降低，化蛹率下降，对蛹历期无影响；（2）3种药剂对真核精子发生有抑制作用，而对无核精子的发生无影响；（3）辛硫磷处理后附腺和精包腺的蛋白质含量下降，氰戊菊酯和混剂对附腺和精包腺无显著影响。（4）辛硫磷处理后的雄蛾与正常的雄蛾配对，其交配力显著下降，雌蛾产有效卵显著减少；（5）辛氰混剂在影响棉铃虫生长发育和真核精子发生方面具有明显的增效作用。     

抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群的选育及其交互抗性研究

采用浸渍法,在室内用吡虫啉对桃蚜敏感种群进行抗性选育,经过15代的连续汰选,获得抗性指数为14.34倍的抗吡虫啉桃蚜种群。对9种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性测定结果表明,该种群对拟除虫菊酯类如高效氯氟氰菊酯(抗性指数12.76倍)和溴氰菊酯(10.24倍),有机磷类如氧乐果(7.95倍)、辛硫磷(5.44倍)和甲胺磷(5.32倍)以及吡虫啉·高效氯氰菊酯混剂(8.90倍)均产生了不同程度的交互抗性,而对氨基甲酸酯类如灭多威(3.15倍)、有机氯类如硫丹(1.64倍)以及阿维菌素·辛硫磷混剂(2.31倍)等无明显的交互抗性。     

菊杀混剂对桃蚜抗生发展的影响研究

从大田采桃蚜（Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ（ｓｕｌｚｅｒ），在室内饲养若干代后分对照种群（ＣＫ），氰戊菊酯种群（Ｆｅ），杀螟硫磷种群（Ｓｕ）和菊杀种群（Ｆｓ）等四个种群，除对照种群接受清水喷洒外，其它种群分别用氰戊菊酯，杀螟松，菊杀混剂进行室内行汰选培育，经过１４次汰选后，对照种群对以上三种药液的敏感性几乎没有什么变化，而Ｆｅ种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性提高了近５３倍，Ｓｕ种群杀螟硫磷的抗性提高１１倍，Ｆｓ     

辛硫磷混剂毒性联合作用

本研究以Ｈａｒｒｉｓ法对辛硫磷与甲基对硫磷、灭多威以及３种拟除虫菊酯以等毒剂量混配时对大鼠急性经口毒性联合作用的性质进行了评价。结果表明,辛硫磷与甲基对硫磷混配为拮抗作用;与灭多威混本为相加作用;辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯或高效氯氰菊酯混配时毒性分别增加４￣６倍多,呈协同作用;与氰戊菊酯混配虽属相加作用但毒性有较大增加,为预期毒性的１．５倍。本研究表明辛硫磷与有机磷或氨基甲酸酯混配可出现相加或拮抗作用,而与     

杀虫剂混剂对害虫和大白鼠的毒效比较

本文比较了马拉硫磷、敌百虫、NIA₁₆₃₈₈单剂和混剂对抗性玉米螟和大白鼠的毒效,以及几种混剂的田间防治效果。实验表明,马拉硫磷和敌百虫混配对抗性玉米螟具有显著的增效作用,对大鼠也有明显的增毒作用。而当NIA₁₆₃₈₈与马拉硫磷、敌百虫混配时,对抗性玉米螟的毒效比马敌(马拉硫磷+敌百虫)混剂增效3.1倍,但对大鼠毒性降低7.2倍。文章对可能的增效机理作了讨论。     

灭多威、辛硫磷及其混剂对棉铃虫的毒力测定和田间药效试验

采有点滴法测定灭多威、辛硫磷及其混剂对棉铃虫的毒力，结果表明，灭多威与辛硫磷混配，各个配比均行增效作用，其中以1：2．6(有效成分)的配比增效作用最大，毒性比率和共毒系数分别为1．58和151．41。田间试验表明，灭多威与辛硫磷的混剂对棉铃虫有较好的防治效果，室内结果在田间试验中得到验证。     

辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯及其混剂对棉铃虫生长发育及雄性生殖的影响

用组织化学和生化分析法探讨了辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和辛氰混剂对棉铃虫生长发育及雄性生殖功能的影响。结果表明:(1)2种单剂与混剂处理后雄蛹重量降低,化蛹率下降,对蛹历期无影响;(2)3种药剂对真核精子发生有抑制作用,而对无核精子的发生无影响;(3)辛硫磷处理后附腺和精包腺的蛋白质含量下降,氰戊菊酯和混剂对附腺和精包腺无显著影响;(4)辛硫磷处理后的雄蛾与正常的雌蛾配对,其交配力显著下降,雌蛾产有效卵显著减少;(5)辛氰混剂在影响棉铃虫生长发育和真核精子发生方面具有明显的增效作用。     

增效剂对菜蚜茧蜂杀虫剂敏感性的影响

以田间菜蚜茧蜂为试虫,采用药膜法研究了增效剂胡椒基丁醚(PB)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和马来酸二乙酯(DEM)对6种杀虫剂的增效作用。结果表明,三种增效剂对6种杀虫剂均有显著增效作用,其大小依次为PB>DEM>TPP。PB对甲胺磷、阿维菌素、氟虫腈、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉的增效比达5.0～9.6倍。TPP和DEM对甲胺磷、DEM对氟虫腈的增效比达2.6～3.0倍,但TPP和DEM对阿维菌素、氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯、TPP对氟虫腈的增效比均在1.9倍以下。PB、TPP和DEM对吡虫啉的增效比分别高达9.6、6.8和8.2倍。体内抑制试验结果显示,PB、TPP和DEM对菜蚜茧蜂AChE活性无明显抑制作用,而PB和TPP对羧酸酯酶(CarE)、DEM对谷胱甘肽S转移酶(CST)活性有显著抑制作用。由此认为,菜蚜茧蜂对所用的6种杀虫剂的耐药性与多功能氧化酶(MFO)、CarE和GST的解毒作用有关。     

北京及河北省北部瓜-棉蚜对拟除虫菊酯抗药性的研究初报

1983—1986年就北京及河北省廊坊、香河、涿鹿等地区的瓜-棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glov.)对拟除虫菊酯杀虫药剂的抗药性作了系统监测。试验结果表明,北京、廊坊及香河等地区的瓜-棉蚜种群对氰戊菊酯及溴氰菊酯已产生了一定程度的抗性。以LC50及LC95进行抗性比较,对氰戊菊酯分别为519和6416倍;对溴氰菊酯为401和14805倍。蚜体中水解α-乙酸萘酯酶(以下简称酯酶)的活性与其对氰戊菊酯及溴氰菊酯的抗性程度密切相关,相关系数均大于0.9,均在显著水平以上。因此、酯酶是瓜-棉蚜抗拟除虫菊酯的主要抗性机制之一。     

杀虫增效剂--酶抑制剂对蝶蛹金小蜂和颈双缘姬蜂的影响

采用药膜法测定了3种酶抑制剂对蝶蛹金小蜂和颈双缘姬蜂杀虫剂敏感性的影响。结果表明，胡椒基丁醚、磷酸三苯酯和马来酸二乙酯显著增大了蝶蛹金小蜂和颈双缘姬蜂对甲胺磷、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氟虫腈和阿维菌素的敏感性，胡椒基丁醚的作用显著高于后两者，而后两者之间较为接近。2种寄生蜂对氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯的击倒作用具明显的恢复能力，而胡椒基丁醚、磷酸三苯酯和马来酸二乙酯可显著抑制这种击倒恢复能力。上述结果表明，2种寄生蜂对所测试杀虫剂的耐药性与多功能氧化酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的解毒作用有关，其中多功能氧化酶的作用可能是最重要的。     

Present status and countermeasures of insecticide resistance in agricultural pests in China

Of the 23 species of agricultural pest known to resist insecticides in China, 4 are cotton pests, 4 rice pests and 5 are pests of brassicae. In the green rice leafhopper, malathion resistance is caused by increased carboxylesterase (CarE) activity, which plays a more important role in the resistance to dimethoate than the mixed-function oxidases (mfos). The in-vitro and in-vivo results are in agreement with studies of synergism of malathion and dimethoate by TPP and EBP. These synergists delay the development of resistance, and EBP when added to malathion has limited the development of resistance to malathion in the green rice leafhopper. In the cotton aphid, resistance to organophosphates involves several factors: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) insensitivity, high CarE activity, slight (× 2) increase in glutathione S-transferases (GSH-ases), mfo activity as well as reduced penetration. In vitro, the I₅₀ of the insensitive AChE is × 14 that of S aphids, and anaphthyl-acetate CarE hydrolysing activity is 70 times greater in R than in S aphids. Insecticide mixtures, alternation or rotation can delay build-up of resistance; resistance to malathion and trichlorfon was delayed in Culex pipiens pallens when the two insecticides were used together. Used singly each insecticide selected for high resistance within 25 generations. Mosaic rotation of dimethoate and fenvalerate delayed the onset of insecticide resistance in Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae.     

辛硫磷对氰戊菊酯在抗性家蝇体内的增效机制

作者就辛硫磷对氰戊菊酯在抗拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的家蝇体内的增效作用进行了初步的研究。结果表明：在辛硫磷与氰戊菊酯同时存在时（质量比为２：１），家蝇体内未被降解的氰戊菊酯原化合物含量显著高于只使用等剂量氰戊菊酯时的对照处理（２．６－４．６倍）。同时，家蝇对氰戊菊酯的氧化代射速率降低（１７－４８％）。这些结果可能是辛硫磷对氰戊菊酯增效的主要作用机制，并对延缓害虫抗药性发展有积极的作用。     

Selection and characterization of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The cross-resistance and biochemical mechanism of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), to spinosad was studied in the laboratory. S. exigua population were collected from Shanghai suburb. After five generations of selection, the resistance of S. exigua to spinosad increased 345.4 times compared with the susceptible strain. There was no cross-resistance between spinosad and fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, abamectin, and cyfluthrin. When the inhibitors, PBO, TPP, DEF, and DEM were used as synergist in the susceptible strain and resistant strain, the synergistic ratio was 0.7-, 0.5-, 1.0-, and 0.6- fold for the susceptible strain, and 9.8-, 1.5-, 2.6-, and 1.5-fold for the resistant strain, respectively. The results revealed that PBO had significant synergistic effect on the resistant strain. The activity in vitro of microsomal-O-demethylase and glutathione S-transferase in the resistant strain was 5.2- and 1.0-fold of the susceptible strain, respectively. The results implied that microsomal-O-demethylase might be important in conferring spinosad resistance in the S. exigua population.     

农药混剂的选择毒性研究

稻瘟净或异稻瘟净与乐果或马拉松混用,对抗性黑尾叶蝉有明显的增效作用,对小白鼠急性口服毒性也有所增加。小白鼠口服稻瘟净或异稻瘟净后,鼠肝中水解乐果和N—甲基正己酰胺的羧酰胺酶活力明显下降;水解醋酸α-萘酯的羧酸酯酶活力也被抑制。羊肝微粒体的羧酰胺酶在体外分别被稻瘟净、异稻瘟净、磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、苯硫磷、氧乐果和西维因强烈抑制,它们的I_(50)值为1.3×10~(-8)—4.0×10~(-5)克分子浓度。稻瘟净、异稻瘟净、磷酸三苯酯和西维因分别是羊肝羧酰胺酶和羧酸酯酶的竞争性抑制剂,它们的K_i值在4.8×10~(-8)—1.0×10~(-7)克分子浓度之间。这些结果表明稻瘟净、异稻瘟净等增加乐果和马拉松对哺乳动物的毒性的机制,可能主要是由于它们抑制了哺乳动物体内正常解毒乐果和马拉松的水解酶。文中讨论了这些农药混剂的选择毒性问题。     

Field evaluation and economics of insecticides against the major pests of okra

Abstract

Bio‐efficacy of 15 insecticides was evaluated against the pest complex of okra in the semi‐arid region of Rajasthan during July‐October, 1984. Five sprays given at intervals of 15 days throughout the crop period indicated that fenvalerate (0.02%) was most effective, followed by permethrin (0.02%), cypermethrin (0.02%), carbaryl (0.10%), monocrotophos (0.04%) and dimethoate (0.03%), against leafhoppers, aphids and fruit borer. The maximm yield of marketable fruits was obtained with fenvalerate, followed by cypermethrin, carbaryl, monocrotophos and dimethoate treatments. Highest net‐profit of Rs. 4890.00 was also recorded with fenvalerate treatment, followed by Rs. 4430.00 with carbaryl, Rs. 4148.00 with permethrin, Rs. 3977.00 with monocrotophos and Rs. 3053.00 with dimethoate treatments. A higher benfit cost ratio was found with carbaryl (1:9.78), followed by dimethoate (1:7.85), monocrotophos (1:5.18), methyl demeton (1:5.07), fenvalerate (1:3.43) and permethrin (1:2.41). These insecticides can also be used against insect pests of other vegetable crops of the season.     

Resistance selection and biochemical characterization of spinosad resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A Helicoverpa armigera population was collected from Shandong province, China. After 15 generations of selection in the laboratory, the H. armigera strain developed more than 20-fold resistance to spinosad. At LD₅₀ level, no significant cross-resistance was found between spinosad and chlorpyrifos, methomyl, avermectin and chlorfenapyr except for fenvalerate with a low cross-resistance of 2.4-fold. However, LD₉₉ values of fenvalerate against the parental and resistant strains were not different significantly. After inhibitors were used, spinosad resistance could be partially suppressed by piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and triphenylphosphate (TPP), but not by diethylmaleate (DEM). Activities of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase (ODM) developed to 8.26-fold compared with the parental strain, but no obvious changes were found in activities of carboxyl esterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The results indicated that resistance to spinosad in the cotton bollworm might be associated with an increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase.     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素B_1抗药性选育及交互抗性

用阿维菌素B_1(abamectin)对小菜蛾敏感种群在室内进行抗性品系选育。经过25代连续汰选,获得抗性种群Laba-R,与选育前比较,抗性提高100倍。Laba-R种群在不接触任何药剂条件下饲养20代,抗性逐渐下降,很难恢复到选育前的敏感状态。抗性汰选前后分别测定10种药剂的剂量-死亡率毒力回归线,发现Laba-R抗性种群对乙酰甲胺磷、锐劲特、灭多威、敌敌畏不存在交互抗性;对溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、杀虫双、巴丹和Bt的敏感性略有下降,但无明显交互抗性。活体增效剂试验表明,增效醚(PBO)和磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对阿维菌素B_1均有明显的增效作用,其中PBO的增效活性尤为显著,它能使对阿维菌素B_1产生100多倍抗药性的小菜蛾完全恢复其敏感性。说明多功能氧化酶解毒代谢增强可能是小菜蛾对阿维菌素B_1产生抗性的主导因素之一。