爬山虎在绿化中的应用与控制技术

爬山虎属葡萄科爬山虎属多年生木质落叶大藤本。常用种主要有五叶爬山虎(又名美国地锦Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch．／Virginia Creeper)和爬山虎(又名爬墙虎地锦Parthenocissus tricuspidata(Sieb．Ed Zucc．)Planch．／Japanese Creeper，Boston Ivy)等。它们具有强大的吸附和攀缘能力；适生能力强，耐旱、耐热和抗寒，阴湿环境或向阳处均能茁壮生长；生长迅速，     

爬山虎繁殖技术

爬山虎属葡萄科爬山虎属多年生木质落叶大藤本。共有 15个种 ,其中 9个种在我国有原产 ,种质资源非常丰富。主要应用种有五叶爬山虎 (又名美国地锦Parthenocissusquinquefolia (L .)Planch ./VirginiaCreeper)和爬山虎 (又名爬墙虎地锦Parthenocissustricuspidata (Sieb .EdZucc .)Planch ./JapaneseCreeper,BostonIvy)等。它们具有强大的吸附和攀缘能力 ;适生能力强 ,耐旱、耐热、抗寒 ,在阴湿环境或向阳处均能茁壮生长 ;生长迅速 ,一年生苗高可达 1.5～ 2m ,茎长 2 0～ 5 0m ;耐瘠薄 ,对土壤要求不严 ,一般无病虫害。是固土护坡和环…     

爬山虎属植物种质资源及在绿色通道建设中的应用分析

葡萄科(Vitaceae)爬山虎属(Parthenocissus Planch.)植物共15种,产于北美洲、亚洲,我国有10种。介绍了其生物学特性,并对其在绿色通道生态修复的应用进行了分析。     

山东南部裸岩区域爬山虎属植物抗旱性试验研究

针对引入6种爬山虎属(Parthenocissus Planch.)植物进行栽植试验,通过形态指标、光合生理生态指标测定进行观测研究,测定试验栽植爬山虎属植物在鲁南裸岩山区生长的抗旱性能。确定叶面积比反映抗旱性重要指标,测定引入试验品种中爬山虎、五叶地锦抗旱能力较为突出,提出爬山虎属植物可以作为鲁南裸岩山区荒山绿化先锋树种,对丰富山东南部生态脆弱区恢复与重建工程使用植物种类、快速提升裸岩山区植被覆盖率具有重要指导意义。     

鲁南山区爬山虎属植物耐寒性与耐高温性研究

引入爬山虎属(Parthenocissus Planch.)植物进行栽植试验,针对鲁南地区裸岩面积大,绿化栽植难度高的问题。本研究项目,引入较为适宜地山丘陵生长的爬山虎属植物品种6种,分区域进行栽植试验,观测记录生长情况,通过对其耐寒性和耐高温性对比观测,筛选出耐寒性和耐高温性强的优良品种。     

立体绿化花卉优良品种栽培选择试验

对9个立体绿化花卉品种栽培选择试验结果表明:扶芳藤[Euonymusfortunei(Turcz.)Hand. Mazz.]、常春藤[Hederanepalensisvar.sinesis(Tobl.)Rehd]、络石[Trachelospermumjasminoides(Lindl.)Lem.]、假连翘(DurantarepensLinn.)、爬山虎[Parthenocissustricuspidata(Sieb.etZucc.Planch.]、迎春花(JasminumnudiflorumLindl.)等6个品种生长最佳。这6个品种在可控温培养箱中,在高温湿润时能耐45℃,在高温干旱时能耐40℃的高温,时间长达30d左右;低温在-9℃时茎尖有轻度冻害。在实栽地(上午10时左右),温度达60℃时未见有灼伤出现;低温达-10～-11℃时仍然能生存。同时,它们的耐土壤瘠薄能力强,适应pH值幅度大(0 5～0 8)。利用组织培养和全光照喷雾扦插等方法育苗,均可获得很高的成活率。     

部分菊属植物种间杂种难稔性及其克服

菊花(Dendranthema morifolium(Ramat.) Tzvel.)近缘种属植物中具有许多栽培菊花所缺乏的优良性状,如抗逆性、抗病虫性,通过远缘杂交结合幼胚拯救技术能有效克服菊属(Dendranthema (DC.)Des Moul.)种间障碍,进行菊花种质创新和品种改良[1].远缘杂交亲本由于缺少可识别遗传信息及染色体同源性差异,种间杂种可能具有难稔性[2].     

木本糖料新品种

我所在本县大为山、太阳岭、高桥等林区调查中,发现三种新型木本糖料植物。它们都是藤本,为葡萄科红葡萄藤属。其中有一种爬墙虎Parthenocissus tricuspidata(sieb.et zucc)Planch已有过报道,异叶爬山虎Parthenocissus heterophylla(BI)Merr和粉叶爬山虎Parthenocissus thomsonii(Laws)Planch为新发现品种。这两种糖藤既具有爬墙虎的许多共同特性,但其叶片和卷须及吸盘不同。其分布大多数在水沟、小河和山窝、山腰等湿润地方,山顶石砾土、砂土及较脊薄的地方也有少量分布。它们依靠发达的卷须、吸盘吸     

爬山虎扦插育苗技术

爬山虎(爬墙虎，地锦)(Parthenocissus tpicuspidata planch)为葡萄科(Vitaceae)爬山虎属(Parthenocissus Planch)多年生落叶木质藤本植物，原产于我国长江流域以南。在没有攀附物的情况下，茎叶覆盖地面，宛如锦被，故又称地锦。近几年我区越来越重视垂直绿化(立体绿化)。而爬山虎由于生态幅度宽繁殖速度快，攀附能力强，     

金露梅扦插繁殖技术研究

金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa L.)又称为金老梅、金蜡梅,蔷薇科(Rosaceae)委陵菜属(Potentilla L.)落叶灌木,因花黄色、似梅而得名[1].     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.     

Ungulate herbivory of regenerating conifers in relation to foliar nutrition and terpenoid production

Ungulate browsing greatly influences regeneration dynamics of some forest ecosystems, yet the relationship between browse susceptibility and foliar chemistry of forest tree seedlings is not well understood. We applied field fertilization (15N-9P-10K controlled-release fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, and 60 g per seedling) and investigated how subsequent changes in terpenoid production and foliar nutrition influence ungulate browse preference for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings across four sites in northwestern Oregon, USA. Fertilization increased foliar N concentration of all three species, but above-ground growth of only Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Foliar monoterpene concentrations for western hemlock and western redcedar also increased at higher fertilization rates, while Douglas-fir monoterpene production was not affected by fertilization. Regardless of monoterpene levels, ungulate browse preference was greater for fertilized western hemlock seedlings. The opposite response, however, was observed for western redcedar at two of the four study sites where the likelihood of browse was greater for non-fertilized than fertilized seedlings. Differences in browse preference among species may depend on the type and amount of individual monoterpenes manufactured in response to fertilization. Western redcedar produce α- and β-thujone, oxygenated monoterpenes known to promote gastroenteritis and possibly inhibit microbial rumen activity, which were absent from Douglas-fir or western hemlock. Higher concentrations of α- and β-thujone associated with increasing fertilizer rate provide a plausible explanation as to why ungulates preferred non-fertilized western redcedar. Our results illustrate species-specific adaptation in browse avoidance and selective ungulate browsing behavior of individual trees as linked to foliar chemistry.