青海省小麦种质材料醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为了解当前青海省普通小麦种质材料醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性,利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)技术对青海省77份普通小麦种质材料进行了醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析。结果表明,供试材料中共分离出蛋白谱带1 237条,迁移率不同的谱带类型37种,其中迁移率编号为2、19和3号的谱带出现频率最高,分别为98.7%、98.7%和97.4%;3条谱带(15、16和17号)出现频率低于10.5%;其余31条谱带出现频率为19.5%～84.4%。供试材料醇溶蛋白谱带多态性较高,每个材料可电泳分离出11～21条谱带,其中具有14～18条谱带的材料居多。不同材料间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.55～0.94,说明供试材料具有丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析将供试材料分成6大类,聚类结果在一定程度上反映了供试材料间的亲缘关系。     

部分普通小麦醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为了揭示普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种间醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性,采用A-PAGE方法对60份普通小麦品种(系)进行了醇溶蛋白分析.结果表明,全部供试品种(系)共检测到943条带,每份材料可电泳出9～21条带,平均15.7条.试验共获得迁移率不同的谱带74条,其中第2和第4条谱带出现的频率最高,分别为45.00%和、51.67%,其余的谱带多态性很高,说明小麦种质间存在丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传异质性.供试材料间的遗传距离(Genetic distance,GD)变异范围为0.40～0.84,平均为0.62.聚类分析在GD值为0.82水平上可将供试材料分为4大类群.     

河西灌区小麦地方品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为了挖掘小麦地方品种的潜力,采用APAGE方法分析了河西灌区70份小麦地方品种的醇溶蛋白,研究了醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性。结果表明,供试材料中共分离出迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带91条,品种间变异幅度为11～26条,平均为18.33条,变异系数为16.08,具有16、17、19、20条谱带的品种最多。在91条醇溶蛋白谱带中,B01号谱带出现频率最高,为97.14%;B77和B03号谱带出现的频率也较高,分别为92.86%和88.57%。B72和B91号谱带出现频率最低,分别只出现1次,频率均为1.43%。其余谱带多态性很高。在不同分区中醇溶蛋白谱带的分布存在较大差异,ω区出现的谱带最多,β区次之,γ区第三,α区出现的谱带最少。供试材料之间遗传距离的变化范围为0.24～1.00,平均值为0.66。说明河西灌区小麦地方品种间存在丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性,在小麦品质育种中具有一定利用价值。     

99份国内小麦新品种（系）醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为了解目前普通小麦育成品种（系）间醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性,利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（Acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, APAGE）技术对国内99份小麦新品种（系）进行了醇溶蛋白分析。结果表明,供试材料中共分离出蛋白带2 192条,迁移率不同的谱带类型106种,其中迁移率编号为9和11的2种谱带出现频率最高,均为82.11%;有38条谱带的出现频率低于10%,这些低频率谱带仅出现在极少数的材料中;其余66条谱带出现频率为10.53%~64.21%,具有较高的多态性。每个被检测材料可电泳分离出15 ~ 30条带,其中大部分为18 ~ 24条。供试材料间遗传距离（Genetic distance, GD）为0.07 ~ 0.73,平均为0.59,遗传变异较大。聚类分析可将其分为4大类。与过去的小麦品种醇溶蛋白研究结果相比,新品种（系）的平均遗传距离缩小,遗传基础变窄。     

啤酒大麦醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为合理利用优良种质资源，采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对44个啤酒大麦品种进行醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性研究。结果表明，44个啤酒大麦品种共分离出33种相对迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带，没有公共谱带．即参试材料在33个醇溶蛋白等位变异位点上均存在多态性。44个啤酒大麦品种共得到29种不同的醇溶蛋白图 谱类型，其中24种图谱为单个材料所独有，另外5种图谱分别为几个品种所共有。说明啤酒大麦醇溶蛋白遗传多态性丰富。聚类分析结果与醇溶蛋白多态性分析结果相一致。     

川藏高原地区青稞育成品种醇溶蛋白遗传多样性的比较分析

利用A-PAGE(Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)技术研究了43份来自四川、西藏的青稞(裸大麦)育成品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性。结果表明:43份材料共分离出22种相对迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,41种不同的电泳图谱,说明供试材料醇溶蛋白的遗传多态性丰富。就遗传多样性差异来说,在醇溶蛋白位点I,四川>西藏(P<0.01);在位点Ⅱ,四川<西藏(P<0.01);在位点Ⅲ,四川<西藏(P>0.05)。四川材料的遗传多样性平均值略高于西藏材料,差异不显著。四川、西藏材料间的遗传分化较低。聚类分析结果表明,43份材料可分成A、B、C3大类,材料聚类与其生长的地区有明显的相关性。四川材料间、西藏材料间的平均遗传距离较低。在超级青稞育种中,应发掘和利用新的优异青稞资源,扩大青稞的遗传基础。     

燕麦种质资源醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究

为了给燕麦种质资源的收集、保护以及利用提供信息,采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)对74份燕麦种质资源进行了醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析.结果表明,供试燕麦醇溶蛋白位点存在丰富的等位变异,共检测到73种燕麦醇溶蛋白图谱.其醇溶蛋白带纹遗传相似系数为0.1667～1.000,平均遗传相似系数为0.4964.共分离出19种迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白带纹,醇溶蛋白的带纹多态性为100%.等位基因平均遗传多样性指数为0.5229,表明供试燕麦种质醇溶蛋白变异丰富,存在广泛的遗传多样性.基于燕麦醇溶蛋白聚类分析将74份材料分为6类,部分供试材料分类结果与其地理来源有关.     

利用SSR分子标记检测分析30份大豆种质遗传完整性

以国家种质库中期库的30份大豆种质为试验材料,用30对SSR引物对每份种质不同年份繁殖的材料进行了遗传完整性检测.结果表明,25份种质不同繁殖年份之间未检测到等位基因存在差异,5份种质检测到等位基因变化,同时对其引起变化的原因进行了分析,并探讨了SSR标记作为大豆种质遗传完整性检测方法的可行性.     

西藏青稞育成品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

利用A-PAGE(Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)法对18份西藏青稞育成品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明:18份供试材料共分离出22种相对迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,16种不同的电泳图谱,说明西藏青稞育成品种具有较丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传多态性。平均等位变异数为10个,平均遗传多样性值为2.602。聚类分析结果表明,四川农业大学育成的青稞品种2000-9与所有的西藏材料分别聚为A、B两大类。在遗传距离为0.42水平上,所有的西藏材料又可归为B1、B2两亚类。遗传距离分析表明,西藏材料间的遗传距离平均值较低(0.282)。在西藏超级青稞育种中,应加强青稞资源的收集、发掘和评价,扩大青稞资源的遗传基础。     

红花(Carthamus tinctorius L . )种子 醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

利用A - PAGE (Acid - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)技术对来源于32个国家的53份红花材料进行 了种子醇溶蛋白检测。结果表明,这些红花材料具有丰富的醇溶蛋白等位变异,共分离出15条迁移率不同的谱 带。其中,每份材料可电泳出5～12条谱带,平均8. 5条,所有材料有1条共有带。红花种子醇溶蛋白可作为评价 红花遗传多样性的工具之一。不同材料的遗传相似系数(GS)变异范围为0. 375～1. 000,平均值为0. 752。聚类分 析结果表明,在GS值为0. 752的水平上供试材料聚为6大类,其亲缘关系远近与地理来源关系不大。其中,来自 中国的7份材料分别被聚在了3个大类中,表明中国红花种子醇溶蛋白遗传多样性比较丰富。     

普通野生稻抗源94-42-5-1对稻褐飞虱的抗性评价及其遗传研究

研究了普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)株系94-42-5-1对稻褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)的抗性及其遗传规律。94-42-5-1高抗稻褐飞虱生物型2、印度潘特纳加生物型和越南九龙江生物型,其抗性均达到高抗1级,具有对稻褐飞虱抗谱广、抗性强的特点,是在AA染色体组稻种资源中发现的高抗稻褐飞虱抗源之一。抗性遗传分析表明,94-42-5-1对潘特纳加生物型的抗性为1对隐性基因遗传,对九龙江生物型的抗性受2对互相独立的隐性重复基因控制。     

The Relationship Between D Hordein and Malting Quality in Barley

The contribution of grain protein to the malting quality of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) was investigated by comparing the hordein composition and the malting quality in barley produced under a range of field conditions. Two malting cultivars, Schooner and Arapiles, and one feed cultivar, Galleon, were grown under five nitrogen regimes in each of two years. Hordein composition of the grain was determined at maturity using a combination of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polacrylamide gel electrophoresis and laser densitometry. Malt extract was determined on all samples after micromalting. Variation in growth conditions resulted in a wide range of grain protein contents and malt extract values, as well as variation in the proportions of the individual B, C and D hordeins in the grain. D hordein in particular varied over a 10-fold range. High levels of all protein fractions were associated with low malt extract. Total protein, as expected, displayed a strong, negative correlation with malt extract. The relationship was cultivar specific and separate regression lines were generated for each cultivar. Of the individual hordein fractions, D hordein displayed the strongest negative correlation with malt extract and its relationship to malt extract was independent of cultivar. A consistent relationship between D hordein and malt extract was observed across seasons, treatments and cultivars that was indicative of a causal relationship between D hordein and malting quality. D hordein therefore offers an alternative measurement to total protein for the prediction of malting quality over a wide range of environmental conditions and cultivars.     

The effects of malting and mashing on barley protein extractability

Proteins in unmalted and malted barley and in brewers’ spent grain (BSG) obtained after mashing were fractionated on the basis of their differential extractability in different media and characterised by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Albumins and globulins were first extracted with 5.0% NaCl and hordeins (barley prolamins) were extracted with 55.0% 1-propanol in the presence, or absence, of 1.0% DTT. Glutelins were then extracted with 2.0% SDS/6.0 M urea/1.0% DTT or with 55.0% 1-propanol/6.0 M urea/1.0% DTT/0.036 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.4). Under non-reducing conditions, monomeric C hordeins and some B hordeins were extracted from unmalted barley, whereas most if not all B, C and D hordeins were extracted under reducing conditions. During malting, disulfide bonds are reduced and B and D hordeins are broken down by proteolysis. No D hordeins were extracted from malt and nearly the same levels of malt B hordeins were extracted both under non-reducing and reducing conditions. B hordeins present in BSG proteins were only extractable under reducing conditions. Whereas most of the C hordeins were extracted from BSG under non-reducing conditions, more C hordeins were extracted under reducing conditions. Mashing probably induced disulfide bond formation resulting in aggregation. Although earlier literature suggested the formation of an aggregate composed of B and D hordein (and glutelin) during mashing, the present work suggests the formation of an aggregate composed of B hordeins in which C hordeins are entrapped.     

Antioxidative properties of partially purified barley hordein, rice bran protein fractions and their hydrolysates

Antioxidative properties of proteins from barley and rice bran and their hydrolysates were examined. Three major hordein fractions of barley, B, C and D hordeins, were partially purified by gel filtration. Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions of rice bran were fractioned by the Osborne method. Hydrolysates of these protein fractions were prepared by digesting with pepsin followed by trypsin. Antioxidant properties in terms of antioxidative activity against linoleic acid peroxidation and reducing activity without the lipid adjuvant were investigated. The globulin fraction from rice bran protein revealed the strongest antioxidative activity throughout the incubation time of 7 days (p ≤ 0.05). The albumin fraction of rice bran protein showed the highest reducing activity (6964 μmol of Fe²⁺) followed by globulin, prolamin, glutelin and hordein fractions with activities of 2904, 2017, 1809 and 1333 μmol of Fe²⁺, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Partially purified C hordein exhibited the highest reducing activity compared with B and D hordeins. Protein hydrolysates obtained after digestion with pepsin and trypsin exhibited much greater antioxidative, as well as reducing, activities than those from before digestion.     

Genes for the storage proteins of barley

The endosperm storage proteins of barley (hordeins) can be divided into four groups A, B, C and D. The A hordeins are probably not true storage proteins and their genetics has not been studied. The other three groups are specified by the lociHor-2, Hor-1 andHor-3, respectively. These all appear to map on chromosome 5 withHor-1 andHor-2 being linked both to each other (ca. 12% recombination) and to the mildew-resistance lociMla andMlk. The nature of the loci has been studied further by examining the chemical relationship between the proteins and by isolation of the mRNAs specifying them and the preparation of cDNA clones. N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences of C hordein fractions show a high degree of structural homology. The relative positions of methionine residues in the polypeptide chains have been used to compare the various B hordein polypeptides. Cloning of double-stranded cDNA derived from endosperm poly A⁺ RNA has given rise to a family of B hordein-related DNAs, some of which have been sequenced. The results of these approaches suggest that the hordein loci are complex multigene families derived from single ancestral genes by cycles of gene duplication and mutation.     

Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China

Dispersion of invasive biotypes of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, has led to protracted crop protection constraints in numerous countries over recent decades. These polyphagous, highly efficient vectors of plant viruses present an intractable problem as they frequently carry a diverse suite of insecticide resistance mechanisms. In many areas of China, native biotypes have been supplanted by the invasive and globally widespread biotype B since the 1990s. More recently, biotype Q has established, posing a new and more potent threat to agricultural production systems throughout the country. Insecticide resistance profiles for a range of Chinese B. tabaci strains covering biotypes B and Q were examined, to establish the potential for insecticides to play a pivotal role in biotype competition and ultimate displacement. Commonly used compounds including pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, abamectin and pyriproxyfen were targeted as widespread use is pre-requisite to drivers of population dynamics on a national scale.     

辽宁省无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

对辽宁省稻区无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸抗药性进行研究,结果表明:辽宁省稻区的无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸都产生了一定程度的抗性,但抗性水平不高,抗性比值小于2的敏感性生物型14个,占37.83%,抗药性生物型23个,占62.17%,其中相对抗性比大于3的8个,占21.62%,高抗生物型的1个,占2.7%。     

Diclofop resistance in sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) in wheat fields in Greece and its management by other post-emergence herbicides

In 2009, a survey was conducted of cereal fields in five prefectures of Greece to establish the frequency and distribution of herbicide-resistant sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.). In total, 104 sterile wild oat accessions were collected and screened in a field experiment (conducted in 2009 and repeated in 2010) with several herbicides commonly used to control this weed. Most of the sterile wild oat accessions (89%) were classed as resistant (or developing resistant) to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide diclofop, while resistance to other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was markedly lower. The results of the pot experiments showed that some of the sterile wild oat accessions were found to have a very high level of diclofop resistance (resistance index up to 28.6), while cross-resistance with other herbicides was common. The levels of resistance and cross-resistance patterns varied among biotypes with different amount and time of selection pressure, indicating either more than one mechanism of resistance or different resistance mutations in these sterile wild oat biotypes. LA14, which had the highest diclofop resistance level (28.6 resistance index), showed resistance to all APP herbicides applied and non-ACCase inhibitors. Alternative ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, namely tralkoxydim and pinoxaden remain effective on 86 and 92% of the tested sterile wild oat populations, respectively. For the ALS-inhibiting herbicide mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, nearly all the sterile wild oat accessions were susceptible (97%), with only 3 of them classed as developing resistance. Therefore, there is an opportunity to effectively control sterile wild oat by selecting from a wide range of herbicides and other cultural practices. Early post-emergence herbicide application is strongly suggested, since it could decrease the number of resistant seeds in the field and slow down the dispersal of this major problem.     

马铃薯青枯病菌生化型研究及菌株接种方法的比较

试验测定了我国山东、广东和广西3省的马铃薯青枯病菌生化型,结果表明:被测菌株包含了生化型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4种生化型,其中生化型Ⅱ和Ⅲ为优势生化型,均占被测菌株的40%,被测菌株中未测定出生化亚型。同时,比较了通过伤根灌注法和刺茎法这两种方法在番茄幼苗上接种马铃薯青枯病菌的接种效果,结果表明:与刺茎法相比较,伤根灌注法操作简便,幼苗发病快,发病级数高,是理想的青枯病菌接种方法。