苦菜中可溶性多糖提取工艺研究

苦菜具有治疗痢疾的作用。经研究发现,苦菜的茎叶及其浸出物还有较强的抗便秘作用。为了确定苦菜浸出物中抗便秘有效成分,对苦菜中可溶性多糖的提取工艺进行了研究,对料液比、温度、时间分别进行了单因素试验和L₉(3³)正交试验,并通过极差、方差分析对提取过程中显著影响提取率的因素进行了统计分析。结果显示最佳工艺为料液比1∶20、温度100℃、6h,用改良的苯酚-硫酸法测定最佳提取工艺时多糖提取率,其提取率(相对于被提取的苦菜质量)达到2.58%。     

马兰水溶性粗多糖提取工艺的研究

该文首次报导了马兰水溶性多糖的水提醇沉工艺。采用单因子试验和L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计，研究了料水比、提取时间、提取温度和乙醇浓度对马兰水溶性多糖提取的影响。结果表明，影响多糖得率的主次因素为乙醇浓度、料水比、提取时间及提取温度；马兰水溶性多糖最佳提取工艺条件为：料水比1∶30，提取时间2 h，提取温度100℃，95%乙醇醇析。在此最佳工艺条件下，马兰水溶性多糖的得率为4.12%。     

条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取

该文探讨条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取方法，优化得到的最佳工艺参数为：超声脉冲的工作时间2 s，间隙时间3 s，超声功率800 W，提取时间60 min，提取温度20℃，料液比30 mg/mL，料液循环泵转速5 r/s。在最优工艺参数下，藻红蛋白的得率为3.249%、纯度(OD₅₆₁/OD₂₈₀)为0.365。与传统提取方法相比，该方法提取时间大大缩短。     

饲料添加剂用黄芩甙提取工艺条件的优化

为了优化饲料添加剂用黄芩甙提取工艺，采用L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计方法，对浸提和酸沉工艺进行了优化试验研究，采用紫外分光光度法对提取物黄芩甙进行含量测定。结果表明：浸提较优工艺为A₃ B₃ C₂，即浸提时间1.5 h，浸提温度100℃，浸提pH 7.0；酸沉较优工艺为A′₂ B′₃ C′₁ D′₃，即保温时间1.0 h，保温温度80℃，保温pH 1.0，静置时间12 h。经两次正交试验设计所得优化提取工艺可行，提取率为91.56％，含量为94.12％。     

肥液浓度对单膜孔入渗NO-3-N运移特性影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内入渗试验，研究了不同浓度的单膜孔肥液入渗NO^-₃-N的分布特性。研究表明：不同浓度的膜孔肥液入渗土壤NO^-₃-N浓度的湿润锋运移距离与土壤水分运动的湿润锋一致；肥液浓度越大，相同入渗时间的NO^-₃-N浓度锋运移距离越大，土壤剖面NO^-₃-N浓度最大值越大，相同深度处土壤NO^-₃-N浓度也越大。肥液入渗土壤NO^-₃-N浓度分布特征与湿润体深度符合分段函数模型。供水入渗过程中，NO^-₃-N浓度锋运移距离和浓度最大值均随时间的延长而增大；再分布过程中，NO^-₃-N浓度锋运移距离继续增大，而NO^-₃-N浓度最大值逐渐减小。     

凤尾兰中抗果蔬病原菌成分的提取工艺优化

以不同极性的提取溶剂制备凤尾兰提取液，研究提取液对几种果蔬病原菌的抑制效果，通过单因素试验和L₉(3⁴)正交试验，确定抑菌成分的较佳提取条件。结果表明：不同溶剂的凤尾兰提取液对供试菌的抑制作用明显不同。石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯提取液及对照对各供试菌均无抑制作用，而正丁醇、95%乙醇提取液和水提取液对蒜薹灰葡萄孢、指状青霉和葱腐葡萄孢均有明显的抑制作用，其中95%乙醇提取液抑菌效果最好，但它们对意大利青霉无抑菌圈，对葡萄灰葡萄孢有抑菌圈不明显。凤尾兰抑菌成分的较佳提取条件为：以45%乙醇溶液作为提取溶剂，料液比1∶20(g/mL)，提取温度70℃，提取时间3 h。     

柿子单宁的制备及其抗氧化活性研究

利用含有1％盐酸的无水甲醇提取柿子果肉中的单宁，粗提液经大孔树脂AB-8初步纯化后，再经超滤膜法制得柿子单宁两级分：高分子量单宁(High Molecular Weight Tannin，HMWT)以及小分子量单宁(Small Molecular Weight Tannin，SMWT)。HMWT具有良好的水溶性，凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析表明其分子量分布范围为1.16×10⁴～1.54×10⁴。抗氧化试验表明：HMWT对2-脱氧-D-核糖、甲基紫、水杨酸体系产生的羟基自由基均具有很强的清除能力，其最大清除率分别为90.47%、96.46%、87.77%，；HMWT对邻苯三酚自氧化和亚油酸脂质过氧化亦有较强的抑制作用，其最大抑制率分别为56.57%、69.63%。在所有体系中HMWT抗氧化能力呈明显的剂量效应关系，且效果均强于相同浓度的葡萄籽原花青素(OPC)及SMWT，同时表明HMWT是柿子单宁的主要抗氧化活性组分。     

采用微波技术提取紫菜多糖的工艺研究

在微波浸提与热水浸提比较的基础上,进行了紫菜多糖微波提取工艺L₉(3⁴)正交优化试验和微波不同提取方式对紫菜多糖提取率的影响研究。结果表明：微波提取优于热水提取,微波冻融提取效果最佳,提取率最高达7.45%,而热水提取率为2.05%。影响微波浸提的主要因素为浸提时间,其次是微波功率和液固质量比。优选方案为微波功率200 W、提取时间8 min、水与紫菜液固质量比40∶1。真空冷冻干燥紫菜多糖质量明显优于减压热风干燥和常压热风干燥。     

黑大豆种皮花色苷的提取及其抗氧化作用研究

以黑大豆皮为材料,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对其花色苷的提取工艺进行了优化研究。结果表明,最佳提取参数为温度60℃、时间1 h、乙醇浓度60％、料液比1∶40。对黑大豆种皮花色苷含量与总抗氧化能力之间的相关性分析表明,二者之间存在极显著的线性关系(P<0.01),且黑大豆种皮花色苷提取物表现出较强的清除OH·、O^{-₂·及有机自由基DPPH·的体外抗氧化作用,其清除能力是维生素C的1.6倍、2.2倍、1.4倍。}     

牦牛“曲拉”精制干酪素工艺研究

由传统牦牛“曲拉”制得的干酪素品质不佳的主要原因是脂肪氧化、杂质过高，该文用改良的工艺流程，通过L₉(3⁴)正交试验，研究酶制剂和离心条件对“曲拉”所制干酪素品质的影响。结果表明：酶制剂最佳应用条件为料液温度38℃，pH值4.2，胰蛋白酶浓度1.0 g/kg(处理时间5 min)，脂肪酶浓度0.01 g/kg，乳糖酶浓度0.03 g/kg；最佳离心工艺参数为，转速16000 r/min、时间10 min、温度50℃。高速离心法和酶处理过程，既能除去料液中脂肪、乳糖、尘埃等杂质，又使制品溶解黏度、色泽、气味等明显改善。红外光谱检测，制品质量优于传统产品。     

Silicon Effect on Nutrient Acquisition of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Under Aluminum Stress

Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents one of the main yield-limiting factors for crops in acid soils. Silicon (Si) is known to increase tolerance in higher plants. This study was conducted to determine whether treatment with Si could improve nutrient uptake by peanut under Al stress. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv Zhonghua 4) was raised with or without Si (1.5 mM) in the growth chamber under 0 and toxic Al (0.3 mM) levels. Aluminum stress significantly decreased the root- and total-dry weight by 52.4% and 32.0%, respectively. The content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was significantly decreased, but that of Al increased markedly in shoots and roots after Al exposure at seedling, flower-needle, and pod-setting stage. Silicon alleviates Al toxicity in peanut plants in relation to Al distribution and allocation of tissue P, K, Ca, and Mg by favoring the partitioning of dry mass to roots.     

强度耕作对^137Cs、^210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道。我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性。我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照。在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减。0～30cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征。与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%。坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48Bq/kg降低到0.29Bq/kg,坡中部从2.53Bq/kg减少到0.33Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48Bq/kg提高到2.81Bq/kg。210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71Bq/kg下降到6.15Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46Bq/kg和25.53Bq/kg降低到1.57Bq/kg和19.40Bq/kg。137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91。实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex在黄     

Irrigation Module and Sowing Date Affect Seed Cotton Yield,Quality, Productivity Indices,and Economics of Cotton in North-western India

ABSTRACT

Delayed sowing and imprecise application of irrigation water to cotton has been the major hurdle in sustaining cotton yield in north-western India. Therefore, studies were initiated to ascertain the impact of heavy or normal level of presowing irrigation (PSI), scheduling time of first postsowing irrigation (POSI) under two sowing dates (SDs) on cotton arranged in a split block design replicated thrice. PSI_h (100 mm) recorded 23.2% higher seed cotton yield over PSI_n (70 mm) owing to better yield attributes and higher stand. First POSI at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted the highest yield (3072 kg ha^?1), while one at 6 WAS (POSI₆) recorded least due to poor population and reduced yield attributes. Water productivity under POSI₆ was lesser by 29.1%, 25.2%, and 16.2% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively. April sown crop out yielded the May sown cotton crop by 939 kg ha^?1 due to better yield attributes. Nitrogen factor productivity (NFP) among SD remained higher by 23.3% for April as compared to May sowing. PSI_h exhibited better NFP over PSI_n. POSI₆ recorded least NFP by 24.4%, 28.5%, and 16.3% as compared to POSI₃, POSI₄, and POSI₅, respectively and was indicative of relatively poor utilization of N under delayed schedules. Therefore, planting in April after heavy PSI and scheduling first POSI at 4 WAS is best strategy for sustaining cotton yield and maximizing farmer profitability.     

Trace Metal Contamination During Grinding of Plant Samples

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopic (ICP-MS) analysis of leaves from 22 cabbage crops in the Sa P? and B?c Hà districts of Láo Cai Province, North-Western Vi?t Nam, revealed unexpectedly high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). The concentrations were strongly linearly related (r² = 0.94), indicating sample contamination during grinding through a stainless-steel hammer mill. We tested this hypothesis in two ways. First, brown rice ground through the same mill was contaminated not only by Cr and Ni, but also cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo). Second, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (SEM/EDS) of the ground samples revealed small fragments with co-located Fe, Cr and Ni, consistent with stainless steel wear fragments. Other grinders may perform differently and we suggest that quality assurance protocols for trace metal analysis of plants should include testing for grinder wear metals. Lastly, brown rice appears to be convenient for investigating contamination of plant tissues during grinding.     

Predicting the Classes and Distribution of Salt-Affected Soils in Northwest Libya

Sodicity and salinity can adversely affect soil structure and are common constraints to plant growth in arid regions. Current remote sensing techniques cannot distinguish between the various classes of salt-affected soils. Field and laboratory measurements of salt-affected soils are time-consuming and expensive. Mapping of the salt-affected soils can be used in soil conservation planning to identify regions with different degrees of limitations. There is a need to use existing field and laboratory measurements to create maps of classes of salt-affected soils. The objectives of this study are to classify salt-affected soils, use existing field data to interpolate and validate geospatial predictions of the classes of salt-affected soils using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and create maps showing the different classes and distribution of salt-affected soils. The classification framework for salt-affected soils is based on electrical conductivity (ECe), soil pH and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and provides four degrees of limitations to salt-affected soils: slight (normal soils), moderate (saline soils), severe (sodic soils), and extreme (saline-sodic soils). Spatial interpolation of the field data from northwestern Libya was verified by cross-validation, and maps of the salt-affected soils in the region were created. The majority of soils in this region of Libya are normal (slight degree of limitation). Twenty percent of the topsoil is saline-sodic (extreme degree of limitation). Land use recommendations and rehabilitation strategies can be developed from such maps of salt-affected soil classes. The methodology followed in this study can be applied to other arid regions around the world, particularly in developing countries where budgetary constraints limit detailed field and laboratory measurements of sodicity and salinity.     

模拟降雨条件下污染土壤中重金属元素径流迁移特征

探明污染土壤中重金属元素随地表径流迁移特征,对于防控重金属污染物的迁移扩散具有重要意义。通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下(55,100,120mm/h)污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Cr随地表径流迁移的特征。结果表明:径流中3种重金属元素总量在产流的前20min内逐渐降低,随后趋于稳定;产流初期(产流10min内)颗粒态重金属占径流重金属总量的比例均在80%以上;随产流时间延长,颗粒态Cd和Cr对径流重金属的贡献率快速降低,其颗粒态/溶解态的比值范围分别为47.0～0.4和12.9～0.4,而Pb则主要以颗粒态的形式存在,溶解态Pb对其随径流迁移的贡献率可忽略不计;随降雨强度增大,径流中总Cd和Pb含量显著降低,而径流中总Cr含量以及溶解态重金属含量无明显变化规律。     

外源胡敏酸对土壤有机质组分变化的影响及其与茶树铅有效性的关系

盆栽试验分析了胡敏酸输入土壤6个月后茶树根际和非根际土壤有机质SOM及其组分,包括水溶性物质WSS、富啡酸FA、胡敏酸HA以及土壤微生物生物量SMB的变化,并对不同土壤有机质组分碳含量和茶树不同组织铅含量作了相关性分析。外源胡敏酸设置3个浓度水平（0、300、600 mg kg-1）,铅设置2个浓度水平（0、300 mg kg-1）,试验共有6个处理。茶苗置于温室培养,6个月后分新叶、老叶、新茎、老茎、根收获。结果表明：根际并非总是富含有机质,未加铅处理根际SOM含量低于非根际;而加铅处理根际SOM含量高于非根际。HA加入土壤能够显著增加根际和非根际SOM和SMB的含量,但是加铅处理和不加铅处理增加幅度不同。高浓度HA显著增加了根际FA的含量,可能是HA部分裂解所致。非根际有机质各组分与茶树铅含量无显著相关关系;根际SOM、HA和茶树不同组织铅含量没有显著相关关系。根际WSS、FA与茶树嫩叶、老叶、嫩茎、老茎以及根部铅含量均存在显著或极显著正相关关系;而根际SMB与茶树各个组织铅含量存在显著负相关关系。总之,胡敏酸施入土壤改变了土壤有机质及其各个组分的含量,而根际某些土壤有机质组分的改变又显著影响了茶树不同组织铅的吸收和分布。     

华北平原灌溉农田的土壤水量平衡和水分利用效率

华北平原农业面临的主要问题是水资源短缺,地下水位持续下降。通过一维土壤水量平衡模型模拟了华北平原不同灌溉方式下农田耗水量和土壤水分深层渗漏的变化,并分析了作物的产量和水分利用效率。结果显示在正常的灌溉条件下,冬小麦季地下水的采补差额超过了200mm,某生育期一定程度的水分亏缺(返青期、拔节期或灌浆期)能明显减少冬小麦的耗水量,但没有明显减少作物的产量。因此,在一定程度上减少灌溉是可行的,但仍不能达到地下水资源的采补平衡。从长远来看,华北平原维持可持续的地下水灌溉开采,应减少冬小麦的种植面积、增加低耗水经济作物的比例。     

Effects of humic acid on remediation of the nutritional deficiency of gerbera in hydroponic culture

Information is scant on the effect of humic acid (HA) on physiological, antioxidant and photosynthesis attributes of gerbera plants undergoing nutrient deficiency in culture solution. Gerbera plants cv. Malibu were grown in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, using 3 different nutrient solutions [complete nutrient solution (NSc), 25% NSc (NS1), and 50% NSc (NS2)] treated with 2 levels of humic acid [0 (HA0) and 500 mg/l (HA1)].The interaction effect of HA and NS showed that HA improved the flower number in NSc, the transpiration in NS1+HA1, photosynthesis rate in NSc+HA1, stomatal conductance (gs) in NS2, mesophyll conductance of leaves in all NS levels and photosynthetic water use efficiency in NSc+HA1. The interaction effect of nutrient solution and HA on antioxidant activity was inconclusive, malondialdehyde content was the highest in NS2 and the lowest in NS1+HA1. The peroxidase activity increased in complete nutrient solution with and without HA and there were no differences among other treatments. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in NS1 and complete nutrient solution with HA and reached the highest in NSc. Humic acid was more effective in nutrient uptake, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, and iron (N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe) in complete nutrient solution compared to NS1 and NS2. Conclusively, humic acid can compensate the nutrient deficiency stress of the culture solution in regards to protein synthesis, photosynthesis attributes regardless of the nutrient uptake of gerbera.     

(A)ngstr(o)m-Prescott系数选取对参考作物蒸散量的影响-以黄河中游站点为例

利用黄河中游三个站点近50a的气象资料,研究了(A)ngstr(o)m-Prescott系数不同取值对参考作物蒸散量的影响.结果显示,当ngstrm-Prescott系数as和bs分别相差56%和93%时,引起的ET0差异月值在0.6%～26.2%,年值在173.1～197.4mm(18.2%～21.9%).ngstrm-Prescott系数不同取值对ET0的影响程度随地点而变化,即随海拔和日照时数的增加,对ET0的影响程度相应增大.因此在高海拔和高辐射地区,应对ngstrm-Prescott系数进行校正.尽管FAO56 PM推荐的(A)ngstr(o)m-Prescott系数在世界各地广泛应用,但依据本文结果尚不能确定其在中国能否直接使用.随着辐射数据的不断积累,有必要对这些系数进一步研究、验证和校正.