枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916防治番茄青枯病

采用室内MS平板植物组培法、温室盆栽试验和微生物特异性平板分离检测技术,评估了枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916对番茄的促生、防治青枯病的作用,研究了菌株Bs916对番茄根表及茎内青枯菌种群数量的影响和对番茄根围可培养微生物含量的影响。在植物组培MS平板中,枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916对番茄植株鲜重具有促生作用,播种15 d后,其鲜重达79.8 mg,比未处理对照增加9.61%。盆栽试验显示,枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916灌根处理番茄后14 d,对番茄青枯病的防治效果达55.6%;菌株Bs916处理番茄后,番茄根表、茎内青枯菌含量和未处理对照的青枯菌含量变化趋势一致,均呈现随着时间的改变而逐渐下降的趋势,菌株Bs916处理的根表青枯菌含量约为未处理对照的1/100~1/10,而茎内青枯菌含量为未处理对照的1/50~1/2。此外,菌株Bs916的施用对番茄根围土壤中细菌种群具有先抑制后促进的作用,对真菌具有先促进后快速抑制的作用,而对根围放线菌则无显著性影响。以上结果表明,芽孢杆菌Bs916具有潜在的防治番茄青枯病的田间应用前景,也为其田间应用提供了理论基础。     

哈茨木霉对烟草青枯病田间控制效果及生物学性状的影响

针对我国西南烟区烟草青枯病愈发严重的问题,选取了地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtitlis)和哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)3种生防菌剂,通过田间小区试验,探究3种生防菌剂对青枯病的田间控制效果及烟草生长情况的影响.结果表明:与地衣芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌相比,哈茨木霉对烟草青枯病的防控效果较好,在团棵期、旺长期和打顶期的相对防治效果分别可达66.7%、62.5%和56.8%.另外,3种生防菌剂对烤烟前期株高和茎叶的生长均有很好的促进作用.本研究为生物防治方法在烟草上的应用提供了新的思路和理论依据.     

枯草芽孢杆菌B-332菌株对稻瘟病的防治效果及定殖作用

为了进一步明确枯草芽孢杆菌B-332菌株对稻瘟病的生防作用,分别对盆栽水稻的防治效果、防治适期、标记菌株在水稻上的定殖作用及田间的防治效果进行了考察。结果表明,在盆栽水稻活体生物测定中,B-332的芽孢菌体悬浮液及发酵上清液对稻瘟病均表现出较好的防治效果(50%以上),且当菌液与上清液混合后其防治效果有加和作用。该菌株对稻瘟病的防治作用主要体现在预防,其预防叶瘟的效果与接种稻瘟病菌时叶面已定殖的B-332菌株的数量有关,接种时水稻叶面上定殖的菌量为1.25×104cfu/mm2时,其防治效果可以达到45%。在人工大量引入的情况下,该菌能够在水稻叶面上有效定殖达21天以上,并且在叶面有10%病斑的情况下,检测到的标记菌株数量会更多。田间试验结果表明,芽孢浓度在1×108cfu/mL时,该菌株对水稻穗颈瘟的防治效果达57.2%,增产率达9.6%,且浓度在5×108cfu/mL时对螃蟹无毒性。     

育苗基质中添加不同微生物菌剂对烟草抗病性及产质量的影响

土传病害给烟草的产质量造成严重损失,而在大田施用生物菌剂进行生物防治往往因生防菌剂在土壤中适应增殖困难而效果不理想.本研究采用基质拌菌的方法,选取4种常用拮抗微生物菌剂(枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂、荧光假单胞杆菌菌剂、解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌剂和多粘类芽孢杆菌菌剂),探究不同微生物菌剂早期根际定殖对烟草青枯病的防控效果及对烟株农艺性状和产量的影响.结果表明:在育苗基质中加入微生物菌剂可以优化烟草苗期和团棵期农艺性状,提高烟草对青枯病的抗病性,其中以培育1 000株烟苗的育苗基质中加入多粘类芽孢杆菌500g(有效芽孢量5×10~3亿cfu)效果最好.本试验结果为育苗基质拌菌技术在烟草促生和抗病方面提供理论支撑.     

生防菌与茄病镰刀菌在黄瓜根际动态变化

应用荧光定量PCR和稀释分离法检测了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis和木霉菌Trichoderma spp.与茄病镰刀菌Fusariumsolani f.sp.cucurbitae在黄瓜根际动态变化及其对黄瓜根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,施用500×木霉菌肥、100×枯草芽孢杆菌7d后对黄瓜根腐病的防效分别为100%和92.5%,14和28d的防效分别为96.71%、86.76%和85.35%、79.24%;100×枯草芽孢杆菌初始拷贝数为130787 copys/μL,7d内枯草芽孢杆菌拷贝数下降到51161 copys/μL,14和28d时数量开始上升到295139和680556 copys/μL。木霉菌肥的变化趋势与枯草芽孢杆菌相同;用枯草芽孢杆菌和木霉菌肥防治黄瓜根腐病后,茄病镰刀菌变化趋势一致,初始拷贝数分别为2.61和15.34 copys/μL,7d内茄病镰刀菌DNA拷贝数增加明显,100×枯草芽孢杆菌和木霉菌DNA拷贝数分别为11.22和20.9 8copys/μL,之后茄病镰刀菌数量保持平稳。经过稀释分离法分离2种生防菌和茄病镰刀菌的数量,变化趋势与荧光定量PCR检测趋势相似。因此使生防菌快速定殖是提高其对土传病害防治效果的重要因素之一。     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌L1特性的初步研究

通过对峙培养,测定出枯草芽孢杆菌L1的抑菌谱较宽,特别是对水稻纹枯病菌、大豆菌核病菌、禾谷镰孢菌、辣椒灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌抑菌效果明显;枯草芽孢杆菌L1不同发酵时间经湿热灭菌处理后,5 d发酵液中抑菌活性物质含量最高,对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长抑制率达83.23%,发酵液随时间延长抑菌效果不再增加;枯草芽孢杆菌L1抑菌活性物质对温度不敏感;枯草芽孢杆菌L1发酵液用硫酸铵梯度沉淀法提取粗蛋白在硫酸铵饱和度达60%～70%(不含60%)沉淀的活性物质抑菌效果最好,对水稻纹枯病菌平均抑菌半径达1.15;枯草芽孢杆菌L1对玉米、大豆、小麦、番茄、菜豆、黄瓜、水稻无致病性,而且还有保鲜和促生作用。     

小麦纹枯病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选及鉴定

从河南、北京等地采集小麦植株,分离得到202株内生芽孢杆菌,平板拮抗测定获得27株对小麦纹枯病菌拮抗效果明显的菌株。温室盆栽测定了27个菌株对小麦纹枯病的生防效果,其中菌株M-1、W-2和W-3的防治效果分别为60.4%、59.4%和56.6%。对3株生防菌株进行了分类学鉴定,M-1为多粘类芽孢杆菌,W-2为地衣芽孢杆菌,W-3为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

烟草育苗基质拌菌对烟草生长及青枯病的影响

土传病害的发生多给作物生产带来不可预估的损失,而针对烟草青枯病的生物防治往往因为微生物菌剂不能在土壤中扩繁而达不到预期效果.本研究在烟草育苗基质中分别混合苗强壮微生物菌剂、枯草芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌,以不添加微生物菌剂作为对照进行试验.试验结果表明,混合了微生物菌剂的育苗处理可明显促进烟草苗期和团棵期的农艺性状的提升,提高烟草对青枯病的抗性.其中,以多粘类芽孢杆菌对烟草苗期的促生效果最佳;苗强壮微生物菌剂、多粘类芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌在"防"和"控"两方面效果较好.本研究从侧面说明了育苗基质拌菌技术为微生物菌剂的有效定殖提供了充足的时间与位点,为该技术在烟草促生长和防病害方面提供了理论依据.     

烟草内生细菌Itb57的鉴定及其对烟草黑胫病的防治效果

Itb57是一株分离自健康烟草植株的内生细菌,室内测定表明,该菌株对烟草黑胫病菌Phytophthora nicotianae具有很强的拮抗作用.为了进一步明确其分类地位和生物防治潜力,结合形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列(GenBank登录号GQ153538)比对分析,鉴定Itb57菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis;浸种和灌根接种测定结果显示,Itb57可定殖在烟草植株体内,且在不同部位的含菌量不同,以根部最高(3.72×104cfu/g FW),茎部次之,叶片中最少;Itb57发酵液对烟草黑胫病的温室防治效果为69.28%;2007和2008年的田间小区防治效果分别为61.25%和72.49%,与对照化学药剂58%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉刺的防治效果无显著差异(P>0.05).     

内生菌B47的定殖能力及其对番茄青枯病的防治作用

从番茄茎分离的内生枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B47对番茄青枯病有较好的防治作用,利用该菌株的抗链霉素突变菌株,研究其在土壤和番茄植株根、茎中的定殖能力及其对番茄青枯病的防治作用。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B47可在土壤和番茄植株中定殖。B47施到土壤中后的15~45天,其数量逐步增加,45天后,其数量逐步下降。B47在土壤中的定殖能力随土壤的种类和土壤的处理情况而异。施入菜地土后的第45天,B47在非灭菌土中的数量是9.91×105cfu/g土壤干重,而在灭菌土中的数量是9.84×107cfu/g土壤干重。接种后,番茄植株根和茎中的B47数量,从苗期到结果期逐渐增加,但到了成熟期呈下降趋势。B47和番茄青枯病菌混合施入土壤后,随B47的数量增加番茄青枯病菌的数量显著降低。当番茄植株根和茎中B47的含量分别为1.17×104cfu/g鲜重和3.33×104cfu/g鲜重时,接种番茄青枯病菌后的第20天,对番茄青枯病的防治效果达79.79%。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.