西南桦与高阿丁枫混交幼林生长及其混交匹配性分析

通过对普洱江城苦丁茶场及西双版纳普文试验林场西南桦与高阿丁枫不同混交模式的生长量指标进行调查分析,结果表明,(1)10年生前,西南桦的胸径较高阿丁枫速生,林木的平均胸径西南桦大于高阿丁枫;11年生后,林木的平均胸径高阿丁枫大于西南桦;(2)10年生时,普文林场混交林的西南桦和高阿丁枫胸径生长一致(11.7 cm),西南桦树高超出高阿丁枫树高3.0 m。说明混交林中西南桦为早期速生树种;幼林阶段,西南桦和高阿丁枫胸径于不同的时期呈现错峰生长。同时,西南桦和高阿丁枫的地理分布、立地的生态适宜条件和林学特征等分析结果表明这2个树种在适宜的混交模式下属混交匹配的树种。建议采用非均匀密度控制混交,以实现2个树种的良好生长和长期混交。     

西南桦造林密度与林木生长的关系

西南桦不同密度6a的试验结果显示:西南桦属速生树种,人工林初期生长很快,树高生长(1　5年生)达1 22　1 90m,胸径生长(3　6年生)达1 12　2 91cm。密度对树高生长有影响但不显著,而与胸径生长呈显著负相关。最大和最小密度林分间平均胸径相差2 88cm,3m×3m林分比1 5m×2m林分林木生长量高32 3%,比2m×2m林分高28 4%,比2m×3m林分高11 6%;单株材积生长与密度亦呈负相关关系,其关系式可用V=ax-b来表示。而林分蓄积则与密度呈正相关关系,即密度大林分蓄积量高,反之则小。随林龄增长,不同密度林分间蓄积差异逐渐缩小。要培育中大径材的西南桦人工林,造林密度不宜大,可考虑采用2m×3m及3m×3m的株行距。     

西双版纳普文实验林场西南桦人工林的生长研究

对11~13年生西南桦纯林(初植密度包括2 m×2 m,2 m×3 m,2 m×4 m,2 m×5 m,2 m×6 m,3 m×3 m和2 m×3 m×7 m)、12年生西南桦与高阿丁枫(初植密度2 m×3m)和11年生西南桦(初植密度3 m×3 m)与山桂花(初植密度3 m×1.5 m)混交林的生长分析显示,西南桦造林后迅速进入速生期。7年生前尤为速生,速生期可延续至10年生林分,在速生期内,平均木的胸径、树高和木材年平均生长量分别为1.17~2.50 cm.yr-1、1.20~3.60 m.yr-1和0.000 11~0.018 04 m3.yr-1,其连年生长量分别为0.50~2.65 cm.yr-1、0.5~4.0 m.yr-1和0.000 11~0.018 68 m3.yr-1。西南桦纯林中,2 m×5 m和2 m×4 m的初植密度较为有利于林木生长和木材生产,其13年生林分生长量分别达:(1)年平均胸径1.42 cm.yr-1和1.72 cm.yr-1,年平均树高1.77 m.yr-1和1.72 m.yr-1;(2)单位面积材积为209.807 1 m3.hm-2和208.933 8 m3.hm-2,并且胸径>16 cm的林木分别占80.00%和60.00%。混交林的木材产量:(1)12年生西南桦与高阿丁枫混交林单位面积木材产量是同林龄西南桦纯林(初植密度2 m×3 m×7 m)的1.845倍(172.363 7 m3.hm-2比94.978 9 m3.hm-2);(2)11年生西南桦与山桂花混交林单位面积木材产量是同林龄西南桦纯林的2.774倍(158.742 0m3.hm-2比57.219 0 m3.hm-2)。在西南桦与高阿丁枫混交林中,1行西南桦与2行高阿丁枫混交模式能提高西南桦高生长和木材产量。高阿丁枫和山桂花是可以同西南桦相匹配营造混交林的两个云南热带乡土树种。     

林下植被对西南桦人工林拟木蠹蛾为害的影响

【目的】拟木蠹蛾是为害西南桦的一种钻蛀类昆虫,其为害是制约西南桦种植业发展的主要因素;探究林下植被管理对西南桦人工林生长及拟木蠹蛾为害的影响,对于西南桦蛀干害虫绿色高效防控及其人工林可持续经营具有重要意义。【方法】以5年生西南桦人工纯林为对象,设置全面清除（T2）、带状清除（T1）和对照（CK）3个处理开展为期3 a的林下植被清除试验,揭示林下植被对林分生长和拟木蠹蛾为害状况的影响。【结果】试验期间,3个处理间西南桦胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅的年增长量差异均不显著（P≥0.05）,仅T2处理在整个试验期内的胸径累积增长量显著高于T1和CK处理（P <0.05）;期间西南桦胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅年均生长量分别为0.85～1.41 cm、0.86～1.72 m、0.78～1.58 m和0.20～0.35 m。西南桦林分内拟木蠹蛾为害程度在各处理间存在显著差异,而且随着林下植被清除强度的增大而加剧;试验第1年,T2处理的西南桦林分有虫株率和单株虫口密度分别为17.04%和1.70个,是对照的3.63倍和1.45倍;连续处理2 a后,T2处理的西南桦林分有虫株率和单株虫口密度分别为44....     

金沙江干热河谷3个造林树种裸根1年生苗的育苗密度研究

对川楝、新银合欢、苏门答腊金合欢3个金沙江干热河谷上段区主要造林树种不同育苗密度所培育裸根1年生苗的光生理效应、苗木的形态质量及其经济效益进行了研究。在其他育苗措施相同的情况下,苗木密度是决定其苗木质量的主要因素。随着苗木密度的增大,3树种裸根1年生苗木的总体质量随之下降,以低密度时为佳。3个树种裸根1年生苗的一级苗产量分别在其苗木密度为75株/m2、100株/m2为高,而以75株/m2时最高,虽然此时苗木的净收入不是最大值,但投入/产出比值最大。而二、三级苗木产量随其密度的增加而增加,当苗木密度为150株/m2时三级苗所占百分率接近国家标准15%的许可界限。据此3个树种的裸根1年生苗培育的苗木密度以75株/m2、100株/m2为宜,而以75株/m2为最优。     

尾巨桉萌芽林定株高度试验研究

对尾巨桉4种萌芽高度(0.5 m、1.0m、1.5 m和2.0 m)进行定株除萌,结果表明:各处理之间树高、胸径生长差异均显著;以萌芽高度为1.5～2.0 m时定株除萌林木生长较好,8个月生2m定株除萌的萌芽林平均树高、平均胸径达5.30m、4.12 cm。考虑生产成本,定株除萌高度以1.5 m为佳。     

湿地松、火炬松工业用材林间伐制度研究

在 6～ 18年生湿地松、火炬松用材林中布置了 10片间伐强度试验林 ,对不同间伐处理的林分测树因子和间伐作业经济效益进行了分析 ,最后确定了两个树种工业用材林密度调控方案。正常情况下 ,2 0 0 0株· hm-2以下密度林分 8年生后间伐即有收益 ,而首次间伐龄应在 12年生之前方能使保留木生长速率获得提高。通过间伐可使立木规格材出材率略有提高 ,但伐后 4～ 6 a间 ,立木蓄积量、规格材出材量、林分总收获量基本上随间伐强度加大而减少 ,两次间伐的间隔期至少应在6 a以上。综合考虑立地条件、生长效应和经营目的 ,认为两个树种工业用材林营建应选择立地指数14～ 18林地 ,培育纸浆材林分 ,初植密度 2 0 0 0～ 16 6 7株· hm-2 ,或 15年生主伐 ,或 8～ 10年生作中强度间伐至 12 0 0株· hm-2左右 ,18～ 2 0年生主伐 ;培育建筑材 ,初植密度 16 6 7～ 1111株·hm-2 ,10～ 12年生第 1次间伐至 110 0～ 80 0株· hm-2 ,16～ 18年生第 2次间伐至 80 0～ 50 0株·hm-2 ,2 0～ 2 5年生时主伐     

造林密度、施肥对西南桦轻基质网袋幼树生长的影响

在盈江县太平镇龙盆老寨山设计4种密度、3种施肥对比进行了试验,采用样地调查法进行调查,比较了造林密度、施肥对西南桦轻基质网袋幼树的生长影响,结果表明:苗高、地径、冠幅3项生长指标最优的种植密度为2m×2m×4m;对1.5a生西南桦轻基质网袋幼树追施尿素(50g)或复合肥(150g),对西南桦轻基质网袋幼树高、地径、冠幅生长指标均有促进作用。     

12个阔叶树种在广东云浮的生长表现

通过铺设米老排（Mytilaria laosensis）等12个阔叶树种的对比试验和调查其生长指标,评价6 a生多树种混交林分中各树种的生长表现。结果表明：除了土沉香（Aquilaria sinensis）的保存率仅为32.3%外,试验林其它11个树种6 a生时的保存率均在90%以上,表明了绝大多数树种对当地环境具有良好的适应性;不同树种的胸径和树高生长差异显著,其中西南桦（Betula alnoides）和米老排生长表现最好,胸径年均生长量为2.49和2.36 cm,树高年均生长量为1.79和1.47 m;而油楠（Sindora glabra）、土沉香和格木（Erythrophleum fordii）等珍贵树种,其胸径和树高的年均生长量均最低;通过聚类分析可知,西南桦和米老排属于速生型,红椎（Castanopsis hystrix）、山桂花（Paramichelia baillonii）、山杜英（Elaeocarpus sylvestris）以及灰木莲（Magnoliaceae glanca）属于较速生型,火力楠（Michelia macclurei）、红苞木（Rhodoleia championii）以及乐昌含笑（M. chapensis）属于中生型,油楠、土沉香和格木属于慢生型。基于上述分析,推荐米老排、西南桦、红椎、山桂花和灰木莲等5个较速生、适应性强且病虫害少的树种用于营建粤西地区的生态公益林。     

钻天柳的生长规律与特点

对吉林省八家子林业局钻天柳天然林中的平均木和优势木进行树干解析,研究其生长规律和特点,结果表明:40 a生时的树高、胸径、材积生长量分别为26.0～27.5 m、37.6～41.4 cm、1.32～1.77 m3·株-1。树高生长高峰出现得比较早,5～15 a之间生长最快,高生长每年都在1.0 m以上;胸径生长高峰出现在10～18 a之间,直到35 a生时胸径平均生长量还保持在0.8 cm左右,持续时间较长;7 a生时材积生长开始加快,直到40 a生时还未达到生长高峰。     

Tree growth and management in Ugandan agroforestry systems: effects of root pruning on tree growth and crop yield

Tree root pruning is a potential tool for managing belowground competition when trees and crops are grown together in agroforestry systems. We investigated the effects of tree root pruning on shoot growth and root distribution of Alnus acuminata (H.B. & K.), Casuarina equisetifolia L., Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br., Maesopsis eminii Engl. and Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. and on yield of adjacent crops in sub-humid Uganda. The trees were 3 years old at the commencement of the study, and most species were competing strongly with crops. Tree roots were pruned 41 months after planting by cutting and back-filling a trench to a depth of 0.3 m, at a distance of 0.3 m from the trees, on one side of the tree row. The trench was reopened and roots recut at 50 and 62 months after planting. We assessed the effects on tree growth and root distribution over a 3 year period, and crop yield after the third root pruning at 62 months. Overall, root pruning had only a slight effect on aboveground tree growth: height growth was unaffected and diameter growth was reduced by only 4%. A substantial amount of root regrowth was observed by 11 months after pruning. Tree species varied in the number and distribution of roots, and C. equisetifolia and M. lutea had considerably more roots per unit of trunk volume than the other species, especially in the surface soil layers. Casuarina equisetifolia and M. eminii were the tree species most competitive with crops and G. robusta and M. lutea the least competitive. Crop yield data provided strong evidence of the redistribution of root activity following root pruning, with competition increasing on the unpruned side of tree rows. Thus, one-sided root pruning will be useful in only a few circumstances.     

Wheat growth as influenced by application of agroforestry-tree prunings in Ethiopian highlands

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Enkoy) to application of leaf prunings of nine agroforestry-tree species was investigated in a field trial and a six-week pot trial. The tree species were Grevillea robusta, Erythrina abyssinica, Gliricidia sepium, Albizia schimperiana, Acacia nilotica, Acacia polyacantha, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena pallida and Entada abyssinica. L. leucocephala, L. pallida, G. sepium and Entada abyssinica proved to be good pruning sources in the pot trial. G. robusta, A. polyacantha, A. nilotica and E. abyssinica had adverse effects on wheat seedlings with increased pruning loads probably due to immobilization processes or allelopathic effects. N and lignin content, C/N ratio, lignin/N ratio, phenolics/N ratio and (phenolics + lignin)/N ratio of the pruning material were all significantly correlated with shoot dry matter production of the wheat seedlings. With the exception of Entada abyssinica, which performed well under field conditions, a similar ranking as in the pot trial was established in the field experiment, but at harvest differences were not as pronounced as in the pot trial. Gliricidia treated wheat produced by far the highest grain yield with 248 g/m².This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura, Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura.Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family,103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH(diameter at breast height) using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha(10 m × 1000 m).Four different tree communities were identified.The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta(mean density 464.77 trees ha-1,105 species) and Schima wallichii(336.25 trees ha-1,82 species),while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis(333.88 trees ha-1,105 species) and Hevea brasiliensis(299.67 trees ha-1,82 species).Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m 2 ·ha-1 ;the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest(26.21 m 2 ·ha-1).Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities.No significant differences were observed in number of species,genera,family and tree basal cover area.Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities.Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumulation of native oligarchic small tree species.Seventeen species were recorded with <2 individuals of which Saraca asoka(Roxb.) de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides(L.) Merr.etc.extensively used in local ethno-medicinal formulations.The present S.robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer(105 species) than other reported studies.Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests.Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur.The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T.grandis L.dominated community.     

Leaf nitrogen productivity is the major factor behind the growth reduction induced by long-term salt stress

Plant growth response to salinity on a scale of years has not been studied in terms of growth analysis. To gain insights into this topic, 2-year-old Mediterranean Fan Palm (Chamaerops humilis L.) and Mexican Fan Palm (Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl) seedlings, each with its own distinct plant morphology, were grown for 2 years in a peat soil and irrigated with water of 2 dS m(-1) (control) or 8 dS m(-1) (saline). Plants were harvested on seven occasions and the time trends in relative growth rate (RGR, the rate of increase of biomass per unit of biomass already existing) and its components were analysed. In the long term, salinity produced a slight reduction in the mean RGR, values in both species. In the short term, salinity caused a reduction in RGR. However, during the second year, plants irrigated with 8 dS m(-1) grew somewhat more quickly than the control plants, probably as a result of delay in the growth kinetics due to salinity. Regarding RGR components, leaf nitrogen productivity (the rate of biomass gain per unit leaf N and time) was the major factor causing the differences in RGR resulting from salinity. Washingtonia robusta showed a relatively high plasticity in plant morphology by increasing root and decreasing stem biomass allocation in the presence of salinity. However, the long-term response of W. robusta to salinity, based to a great extent, on this morphological plasticity, was less effective than that of C. humilis, which is based mainly on the contribution of leaf N to RGR values.     

Management of secondary tree species in agroforestry systems to improve production sustainability in Amazonian Ecuador

Three production systems (robusta coffee, cattle pastures and swidden agriculture), all associated with trees, have provided a strategy for regional development in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Feedback from more than 250 on-farm demonstrations, project evaluations and visitors have all contributed to strengthening the ability of the Ecuadorean Ministry of Agriculture's Forestry Directorate to provide colonists and indigenous groups with management guidelines for low-input sustainable agroforestry production. The existing market for 20 fastgrowing native tree species presents an opportunity for the diversification of farm income (currently dependent on robusta coffee) and for the development of a forest industrial base.The collective area of land owned and operated by these small holders constitutes a national resource and a Collective Forest Estate that can be individually managed. Commercial timber production in these extensive secondary forests can help alleviate conversion of primary forest without taking agricultural land out of production.     

9种桉树幼林营养元素累积特性研究

为了研究在相同立地和养分供给条件下,不同桉树的生物量和营养元素(N、P、K)累积量及其分配特征,以1年生9种桉树(尾叶桉、窿缘桉、细叶桉、大叶桉、赤桉、巨桉、粗皮桉、托里桉、大花序桉)为材料,通过测定树根、树干、树皮、叶片、树枝5个器官的生物量以及氮、磷、钾含量,了解养分吸收和分配情况,揭示生物量构成特点。结果表明:9种桉树总生物量最大的是赤桉,为711.20 g·株-1,其次是托里桉、粗皮桉、巨桉、大叶桉、细叶桉、尾叶桉和大花序桉,窿缘桉的生物量最小,为69.20 g·株-1。不同器官生物量分配规律为树干或叶片最大,树根、树枝、树皮次之。不同器官营养元素含量为叶片最高,树干最低。9树种营养元素累积总量由高到低排序为赤桉(29)托里桉(29)巨桉(29)大叶桉(29)粗皮桉(29)细叶桉(29)尾叶桉(29)大花序桉(29)窿缘桉,各树种对3种元素累积量均为N最多,其次是K,P最少;9树种对N、P和K的吸收效率范围为分别为0.80%~7.69%,0.11%~1.32%和0.61%~10.38%;吸收效率最高的为赤桉,最低的为大花序桉,而其他桉树对各元素的吸收效率规律各不相同。     

林分间隙形成后季节性干旱的娑罗双树原始林物种多样性及苗木再生(英文)

本文调查了尼泊尔季节性干旱的娑罗双树原始林两种生态位(间隙和全郁闭)下树种多样性及苗木再生情况,并对物种多样性指标和苗木再生属性与林分间隙特征进行了相关性分析。结果表明,间隙生态位下乔木和灌木立木度高于全郁闭。间隙生态位下娑罗双树和榄仁树的幼苗密度也高于全郁闭,但是油榄仁和海南蒲桃的比较结果恰好相反。在幼苗层物种多样性指标(complement of Simpson index,Evenness index,and species-individual ratio)在间隙生态位要低于全郁闭条件。间隙大小能够解释物种丰富度和物种建立速率。多年多样伐木形成的林分间隙下娑罗双树幼苗密度要高于同一年内单一或多样伐木。结论:林分间隙的物种多样性通过增加幼苗密度来维持,并且适于娑罗双树再生。此外,林分间隙的其它属性也会影响物种多样性和苗木再生。     

Diversity of naturally-regenerated native woody species in forest plantations in the Ethiopian highlands

Woody species diversity and ground layervegetation cover were studied in plantations ofPinus patula, Cupressus lusitanica,Grevillea robusta, and Juniperusprocera, and in surrounding natural forests inWondo Genet, Ethiopia. In the understory of theplantations, a total of 53 naturallyregenerated tree and shrub species belonging to31 families were recorded. Important indigenoustimber species were also represented. Treesaccounted for 72% of all naturally-regeneratedwoody plant species. On the average, 78% ofthe woody species found in plantations werealso found in the natural forest. There was nosignificant variation in understory woodyspecies richness among plantations. C.lusitanica plantations had a significantlyhigher abundance of woody species than those ofP. patula, but the difference wasnot significant in relation to J. procera,G. robusta and the adjacent natural forest.The herbaceous ground cover percentage in G. robusta and P. patula stands wasconsiderably higher than in C. lusitanicaand J. procera stands. Relative toplantations of other species, plantations ofthe native tree species J. procera hadhigher understory species richness, mediumwoody species abundance and low ground cover.Although there was a marked variation inoverstory plantation density, its effect onunderstory species richness and abundance wasnot significant. The density ofnaturally-regenerated woody species inplantations was over three times the usualplanting density in Ethiopia, indicating a highpotential of forest plantations for restoringthe natural forest ecosystems on degraded landsat a comparatively low cost.     

Promoting native trees in shade coffee plantations of southern India: comparison of growth rates with the exotic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grevillea robusta</Emphasis>

Traditional shade coffee plantations of Kodagu district, in the Western Ghats of southern India, harbor a high density and diversity of trees. Local farmers appreciate native biodiversity, but plantation economics and public policies drive them to gradually replace the original diversified cover with exotic shade trees such as Grevillea robusta, which grows fast and can be easily traded as timber. In order to identify and recommend native timber trees with fast growth rates, we compared the growth performance of four common native species against that of G. robusta, by fitting steel dendrometer bands on 332 shade trees. Results showed that in general G. robusta had the fastest growth rates, but large trees of the native Acrocarpus fraxinifolius had faster growth in the wet western side of the district. Computer projections of long term performance showed that most species were influenced by bioclimatic zone. Species-specific local environmental effects also occurred, including competition from coffee bushes for A. fraxinifolius, influence of aspect for G. robusta, and management block effects for Lagerstroemia microcarpa. Our results show that native species potentially could produce timber at rates equivalent to those of exotic species. However, as in many tropical countries, data on growth rates of native trees within mixed-cover plantations are scarce and this study underlines the urgent need to screen for fast-growing species. Such information provides a strong basis for recommending appropriate changes in public policies that would improve tree tenure security and encourage farmers to grow more native species.     

Assessment of small mammal diversity in coffee agroforestry in the Western Ghats,India

Coffee agroforestry is a conservation strategy that has shown promise to support the diversity of bird, bat, and insect communities, but few studies have focused on non-volant mammals in coffee farms. We assessed mammal diversity within coffee agroforestry systems in Kodagu, India and investigated the impacts of the non-native shade tree species, Grevillea robusta, on mammal diversity. Twenty farms, with varying amounts of G. robusta planted within the coffee farm, were sampled throughout three rainfall zones during the 4-month study period. We captured six species of small mammals, with indirect methods yielding an additional five species, totaling 11 mammal species. Contrary to current ecological thought, we found that increased amounts of G. robusta did not have a negative impact on either abundance or richness of mammals. Small mammal abundances were higher at farms with greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover and larger, mature shade trees, while small mammal species richness was found to increase with an increase in tree species richness as well as greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover. Additionally, small mammal abundance was higher at coffee farms closer to forested areas. Based on these findings, we suggest the maintenance or cultivation of shade tree richness, mature shade trees, and herbaceous ground cover within coffee farms and preservation of forested areas within the landscape to enhance coffee agroforestry habitat for non-volant mammals. We hope that these habitat requirements will be incorporated into conservation strategies for the promotion of biodiversity within coffee agroforestry systems.