Adsorption and binding of amino acids on homoionic montmorillonite and kaolinite

The adsorption and binding of amino acids (aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, proline and arginine), ranging in molecular weight from 115 to 174 and in isoelectric point from pH 2.8 to 10.8, to montmorillonite [M] and kaolinite [K] homoionic to H, Na, Ca, Zn, La or Al were studied in unbuffered suspensions. Aspartic acid was adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to Ca or Zn but only adsorbed to K homoionic to Ca or Zn. Cysteine was only adsorbed on M homoionic to Al and adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to Zn and on K homoionic to H or Zn. Proline was adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to H, Ca or Zn and on K homoionic to H; it was adsorbed but not bound on both M and K homoionic to Al. Arginine was adsorbed and bound on M homoionic to H or Al and only adsorbed on K homoionic to Ca or Zn. Glycine was not bound on any of the clays. The amounts of amino acid adsorbed and bound (measured by the loss of amino acid from solution) and the class (Giles et al., 1974a and b) of both the adsorption and binding isotherms (retention against ultimate washing with water) were dependent on the type of amino acid, the type of clay, the type of cation predominant on the clays and the basicity or the additional function moiety (e.g. carboxyl, thiol, guanido) of the amino acid. The relative values of the non-standard free energy of clay-amino acid complexes that had isotherms of the Giles C-class were dependent on the type and molecular weight of the amino acid and on the exchangeable cation on the clay.     

Surfactants and soil water evaporation and migration

1. Water evaporation from soil and sand columns is smaller when the surfactant is placed on the surface, and larger when it is located at the bottom. Water evaporation from soil and sand mixed with the surfactant is as high as without the surfactant. 2. The fact that water evaporation from soil and sand depends on the location of the surfactant in the column is accounted for by the dominant role of migration but not by the suppressive action of the surfactant film on water evaporation. 3. Water migration from sites with surfactant towards sites without surfactant is caused by two pressures: the capillary and the additional pressure arising from the spreading of the surfactant. 4. The importance of the additional pressure on water migration is shown by experiments which rule out the existence of a capillary pressure difference.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

国外农作物秸秆利用政策法规综述及其经验启示

发达国家在农作物秸秆利用方面取得丰富的经验和研究进展。中国的秸秆利用管理政策和法规尚不完善。分析国外农作物秸秆利用政策和法规,总结其成功经验,以资中国借鉴。发达国家秸秆利用方式以秸秆还田循环利用为主。为了实现秸秆资源的充分利用,许多发达国家出台了有针对性的政策与法规。国外秸秆利用政策主要集中在目标政策、投资扶持政策（财政政策）、税收与信贷优惠政策、政策激励机制4个方面。国外有关秸秆利用的法规主要包括农业类法规和能源类法规2大类。借鉴国外先进经验,提出了完善中国秸秆利用政策与法规的建议：一是明确秸秆利用的主导方式和目标,二是加大政府投资扶持力度,三是制定并实施税收和信贷优惠政策,四是建立政策激励机制,五是完善和制定有关秸秆利用的法规和条例。     

Adsorption and binding of peptides on homoionic montmorillonite and kaolinite

The adsorption and binding (amount retained after extensive washing) of peptides (two, three or four amino acids with isoelectric points ranging from pH 3.31 to 6.81) on montmorillonite (M) and kaolinite (K) made homoionic to H, Na, Ca, Zn, Al or La were studied. The amount of peplide adsorbed or bound varied with the type of clay, the type of cation saturating the clay, and the constitutive amino acids of the peptides. Di-, tri- and tetraglycine were adsorbed to a greater extent on M than on K. A larger amount of the basic peptide, l-alanyl-l-lysine, than of the acidic peptide, l-aspartylglycine, was adsorbed. The heterocyclic peptides, l-histidylglycine and l-prolyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-lysine, were preferentially adsorbed on M homoionic to di- and trivalent cations. Only l-aspartylglycine, l-histidylglycine. l-alanyl-l-lysine and l-prolyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-lysine were bound on M, and only diglycine, tetraglycine and l-prolyl-l-phenylalanylglycyl-l-lysine were bound on K.     

The distribution and abundance of the banded and rufous hare-wallabies, Lagostrophus fasciatus and Lagorchestes hirsutus

The only substantial wild populations of banded Lagostrophus fasciatus and rufous Lagorchestes hirsutus hare-wallabies occur on Bernier and Dorre Islands, off the coast of Western Australia. Banded hare-wallabies were widespread in southwestern Australia but have not been recorded there since 1906; rufous hare-wallabies had a broad distribution across arid Australia but now have a single mainland population in the Tanami Desert.

We assessed distribution and abundance of hare-wallabies on Bernier and Dorre Islands from spotlight sightings of animals on a series of east-west transects across each island. Abundance was estimated using line transects. The banded hare-wallaby is the more abundant species on both islands with a population of about 3,900 on Bernier and 3,800 on Dorre Island. This species depends on the shelter afforded by low-spreading shrubs of Heterodendrum oleifolium, Acacia coriacea, A. ligulata, Diplolaena dampiera, and Ficus platypoda. Wallabies occur mainly on the dunes that form the spine of Dorre Island and the travertine of its west coast. On Bernier Island they occur in the north, where dense thickets of Acacia coriacea, A ligulata, H. oleifolium and D. dampiera, and a tall heath of Abutilon exoneum and Scaevola crassifolia are best developed. The rufous hare-wallaby has a population of about 2,600 on Bernier and 1,700 on Dorre Island. It occurs throughout both islands in most habitats, but is most abundant in the south of each. It burrows extensively on the inland sandplain and in the dunes.     

A long-term comparison of ploughing, tine cultivation and direct drilling on the growth and yield of winter cereals and oilseed rape on clayey and silty soils

The effects of mouldboard ploughing, shallow tined cultivation and direct drilling on yields of winter wheat, barley, oats and oilseed rape were compared over 10 years. Three field experiments were conducted on two non-calcareous clays (stagnogleys) and a weakly structured silty soil (argillic brown earth). Two spring N levels were applied to the winter wheat plots on the clay soil in three years and to the winter barley plots on the silty soil in one year. This paper reports the soil bulk density and water content at sowing and the crop growth, yield components and yields obtained during the later years of the study: 1979–1984 on the clayey soils and 1981–1984 on the silty soil.

In the years when cereals were grown, differences in yield between cultivation treatments were small and inconsistent. Oilseed rape yielded significantly more after direct drilling than ploughing because of better establishment and uniformity of growth.

The success of continuous reduced tillage depended on both burning crop residues and good weed control.     

品种和播期对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨不同品种和播期对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响，给河西地区玉米高产栽培提供依据。以主栽玉米品种先玉335、郑单958、农华101为供试材料，设置5个播期处理。结果表明，播期对玉米生长发育影响显著，播期推迟，生育进程逐渐加快，生育期逐渐缩短。播期对株高、穗位影响显著，平均播期每推迟5 d，株高增加11.6～14.8 cm，穗位高增加1.2～4.8 cm。播期对穗长、穗粗和秃尖长影响不明显，对穗粒数影响显著，最高穗粒数对应产量最高指标值。播期对玉米产量影响显著，先玉335、农华101于4月26日播种较5月6日播种产量分别提高了14.8%、7.6%；郑单958于4月21日播种产量较5月6日播种产量提高了14.0%；先玉335、农华101、郑单958在河西地区最适宜的播期分别为4月26日、4月26日、4月21日。     

论水土保持后治理与持续治理问题

水土保持后治理是指对已经治理后的水土资源的进一步治理、保护、开发与利用。水土保持持续治理是指按照可持续发展理论要求开展的持续治理过程。它应遵循可持续性、经济性、综合性的治理原则 ,积极开展生物多样性建设、庭园环境治理、技术服务体系建设和土地利用结构调整 ,通过制度创新和技术创新 ,不断促进水土保持事业向前发展。并提出了“粮草下川入沟 ,果树上岔入田 ,沟道淤泥蓄水 ,荒山封禁轮牧”的黄土高原治理方略     

水土流失与地貌侵蚀

物质的侵蚀-搬运-堆积是地貌发育的主要过程。水土流失目前主要是指第一阶段即地貌发育的侵蚀过程。地貌的侵蚀一般被分为两类:自然侵蚀和人为侵蚀,而人为侵蚀被认为是水土流失的主要原因。笔者认为,人类活动固然加剧了侵蚀过程的发生,但它是在自然侵蚀的基础上进行的,它是符合自然侵蚀规律的。在目前的社会条件下,水土流失的治理不仅仅是减少人类活动的影响,而应该是使人类活动在地貌演化过程中扮演因势利导的角色,使其向着人类有利的方向发展。     

Carbohydrate use and assimilation by litter and soil fungi assessed by carbon isotopes and BIOLOG assays

Soil fungi are integral to decomposition in forests and other habitats, yet identifying probable functional roles of different taxa is problematic. Here, we compared carbohydrate assimilation patterns derived from stable isotope analyses on cultures with patterns of metabolic activity measured on Biolog^® SF-P plates for 12 taxa of soil- and litter-inhabiting saprotrophic fungi isolated from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) ecosystems. To determine the relative assimilation of carbon from malt extract versus sucrose by ¹³C stable isotope analyses, we cultured fungi with malt extract (consisting primarily of glucose and maltose) plus either C₃- or C₄-derived sucrose as carbon sources. Rhodotorula graminis and F. oxysporum assimilated the highest proportion of sucrose, a Mortierella isolate and an unidentified sterile isolate (FPC 341) assimilated the lowest proportion of sucrose, and remaining cultures assimilated similar and intermediate proportions of sucrose. On Biolog plates, low metabolic activity of Mortierella and FPC 341 on sucrose and R. graminis and F. oxysporum on maltose were qualitatively consistent with isotopic results. Assimilation of sucrose calculated isotopically was correlated with the ratio of sucrose: maltose activity calculated from Biolog assays (r²=0.45, P=0.0145, n=12). Metabolic activity on Biolog plates for six other common soil carbohydrates were also determined: glucose, fructose, galactose, cellobiose, lactose, and glycogen. Metabolic activity was greatest overall on maltose and glucose and lowest on fructose. Two of the isolates (Aspergillus flavus and F. oxysporum) had higher metabolic activity on the glucose-containing disaccharide cellobiose than on glucose, strongly suggesting preferential uptake of cellobiose compared to glucose and suggesting the potential ability to use cellulose. The high metabolic activity of these cultures on galactose, a primary constituent of hemicellulose, also suggested cellulolytic capabilities. Our results indicated that stable isotope studies and Biolog assays may provide complementary information to characterize metabolic potential of fungi in forest litter and soil.     

草被减流减沙效应及其力学机制分析

 利用人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究不同降雨强度下20°坡面草地的减流减沙效应,探讨草被坡面固土作用的力学机制。结果表明:在45、87和127mm/h降雨强度下,草地坡面土壤的平均入渗率是裸地坡面入渗率的2.1～4.2倍;与裸地相比,草地径流流速减少77.3%～79.8%,径流量减少51.9%～99.1%,产沙量减少93.6%～99.2%;从力学角度分析坡面土壤颗粒的受力情况,建立的坡面产沙量与径流切应力的关系模型可用于草被坡面土壤流失量预测;试验条件下,草地临界径流切应力值为2.857N/m2,裸地临界径流切应力值为0.861N/m2,坡面产沙量随径流切应力的增大而增大。研究结果对定量评价草被减流减沙作用和深化土壤侵蚀力学过程有一定的参考意义。     

Seed vigor and boron and calcium nutrition influence oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth under salt stress

The beneficial effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on pea seed germinability under salinity stress have recently been shown. However, nothing is known about the influence of seed vigor status on these results, especially in oilseed rape as an important oil crop worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed vigor, boron and calcium nutrition on seed germinability, seedling growth, and some biochemical characteristics of oilseed rape seedlings under salinity. In spite of promotive effects of application of both boron and calcium nutrition on oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth, there was a more significant promotion on germination rate of high vigor seeds. Proline content and guaiacol peroxidase activity of seedlings were significantly increased by adding supplemental boron to the medium compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that boron and calcium nutrition would improve the salt tolerance capability of oilseed rape seedlings from vigorous seeds, at least in the early plant development.     

Effectiveness of palm and simulated geotextiles in reducing run-off and inter-rill erosion on medium and steep slopes

Palm‐leaf geotextiles could be an effective and cheap soil conservation method with enormous global potential. However, there are very few data on the effectiveness of palm geotextiles in reducing soil erosion by water. This study investigates the effectiveness of two types of palm geotextiles and the effect of geotextile mesh size on infiltration, run‐off and inter‐rill erosion rate and soil surface roughness on a medium and steep slope. A well‐defined protocol was developed to conduct laboratory experiments. Rainfall was simulated for 90 min with an intensity (I) of 45 and 67 mm h^?1 on an inter‐rill erosion plot, filled with an erodible sandy loam and having slope gradients (S) of 15 and 45%. Two palm‐leaf geotextiles (Borassus aethiopum and Brazilian Buriti Palm) and three simulated geotextiles (polyethylene tarpaulin) with different mesh sizes (1 × 1, 5 × 5 and 12 × 12 cm) were tested on a simulated fine tilth. Calculated k values from the Horton infiltration equation ranged from 0.025 to 0.145 and decreased linearly on both slopes with geotextile cover. Geotextiles are more effective in reducing the run‐off coefficient on a medium slope (15%) compared with that on a steep slope (45%), ranging from 76.4 to 17.9%. Mean b values from the mulch cover equation equalled 0.024 for a 15% slope and 0.045 for a 45% slope, indicating a higher effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing total inter‐rill soil loss on gentler slopes compared with commonly used mulches. Erosion‐induced soil surface roughness at the end of each experiment increased linearly with geotextile cover percentage and this increase was not significantly different between the two slope gradients.     

Sorption of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides on soil and biochar

Sorption and degradation are the primary processes controlling the efficacy and runoff contamination risk of agrochemicals. Considering the longevity of biochar in agroecosystems, biochar soil amendment must be carefully evaluated on the basis of the target agrochemical and soil types to achieve agricultural (minimum impact on efficacy) and environmental (minimum runoff contamination) benefits. In this study, sorption-desorption isotherms and kinetics of triazine (deisopropylatrazine) and organophosphorus (malathion, parathion, and diazinon) pesticides were first investigated on various soil types ranging from clayey, acidic Puerto Rican forest soil (PR) to heavy metal contaminated small arms range (SAR) soils of sandy and peaty nature. On PR, malathion sorption did not reach equilibrium during the 3 week study. Comparison of solution-phase molar phosphorus and agrochemical concentrations suggested that degradation products of organophosphorus pesticides were bound on soil surfaces. The degree of sorption on different soils showed the following increasing trend: deisopropylatrazine < malathion < diazinon < parathion. While sorption of deisopropylatrazine on SAR soils was not affected by diazinon or malathion, deisopropylatrazine suppressed the sorption of diazinon and malathion. Deisopropylatrazine irreversibly sorbed on biochars, and greater sorption was observed with higher Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of biochar (4.7-2061 mg g(-1)). The results suggested the utility of biochar for remediation of sites where concentrations of highly stable and mobile agrochemicals exceed the water-quality benchmarks.     

Effects of soil crust and crop on runoff and erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil crust formed after rainfall has a strong influence on soil erosion, water use, and crop growth on sloping farmland. To study the effect of soil crust on sloping farmland on runoff amount and erosion sediment yield, the soil crust on sloping farmland has been studied in this paper for plantings of corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat. Using an outdoor rainfall simulator, the influence of soil crust on runoff rate and sediment yield on sloping farmland covered by crops has been observed. The results revealed that soil crust thickness was increased after rainfall and soil crust coverage showed little change after rainfall. Soil crust had a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield on sloping farmland. Slopes with soil crust showed higher runoff rate and less soil loss than slopes without soil crust. On slopes planted with four crops (corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat), runoff rates on slopes with soil crust were respectively 20%, 25%, 25%, and 21% higher than on slopes without soil crust; sediment yield on slopes with soil crust was respectively 15%, 14%, 14%, and 8% lower than on slopes without soil crust. Crops enlarged the runoff difference between the two kinds of slope and decreased the sediment yield difference between them. Crop growth enhanced these differences in runoff and sediment yield between slopes with and without soil crust.     

嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成与砧木的相关性及其硅吸收分配特性

黄瓜果实表面蜡粉的多少影响其商品品质,蜡粉多少在一定条件下取决于植株对硅的吸收特性。本试验选择4个果实表面具蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z1、 Z2、 Z3和Z4）和4个果实表面没有蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z5、 Z6、 Z7 和Z8）为砧木,嫁接津优1号黄瓜,以自根黄瓜为对照,研究了嫁接和自根黄瓜果面蜡粉形成与硅吸收分配的关系。结果表明, 采用果面具蜡粉砧木Z1、 Z2嫁接的黄瓜果实表面鲜亮、 光滑,几乎无蜡粉;果面具蜡粉的砧木Z3、 Z4以及不具蜡粉的4个砧木嫁接的黄瓜果面蜡粉量多,色灰暗,与自根黄瓜之间差异显著或不显著。果面没有蜡粉的黄瓜植株各器官中硅含量显著低于果面有蜡粉的黄瓜;果实果皮中硅含量高于果肉。嫁接黄瓜果面是否具蜡粉与砧木果面有无蜡粉没有必然联系,采用去蜡粉砧木嫁接的黄瓜硅吸收量明显减少。     

Birds and green lanes: Breeding season bird abundance, territories and species richness

This study examines bird occurrence on 20 green lanes (farmland tracks with un-sealed surfaces, bordered on each side by hedgerows) and on 20 paired single hedgerows during the 2002 breeding season in Cheshire, UK. Measures of bird abundance, territories and species richness were all found to be significantly greater on green lanes than on single hedgerows. Significantly more birds were also found to occur on the inside rather than on the outside of green lanes in terms of abundance and species richness. All measures of bird occurrence on green lanes were influenced by hedge width and surrounding land use. Bird abundance on single hedgerows was influenced by the number of trees and amount of hawthorn in the hedge. Seventeen of the 18 most abundant bird species recorded in this study were found to occur in greater numbers on green lanes rather than in single hedgerows; for half of these species the difference was significant. The importance of green lanes for birds, and other wildlife is discussed, as well as their possible future within the UK landscape.     

福建省水保监督执法面临的形势与对策

在肯定 10 a来福建省水保监督执法工作所取得成绩的同时 ,深入分析了水保监督执法工作所面临的新形势和主要问题。提出了今后水土保持监督执法工作应确立正确指导思想、加强执法能力建设、拓宽工作领域、建立技术支撑体系和进一步完善水保法律法规等方面的工作取向与建议     

Water and Bromide Recovery in Wick and Pan Lysimeters under Conventional and Zero Tillage

Abstract

Quantifying in situ solute transport through soils and the landscape has been widely acknowledged as important and yet challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate water and bromide movement in no‐tilled (NT) and conventionally tilled (CT) corn using two different types of in situ lysimeters—pan and capillary wick—for single rainfall events. Four zero‐tension pan and four capillary‐wick lysimeters were installed 1.2 m deep on opposite sides of four soil pits. Two were under NT corn, and two were under CT corn. Bromide (Br) was either surface applied or applied with an initial 25 to 27 mm of irrigation (33 to 34 g Br m²). A total of 120 to 147 mm of irrigation was applied continuously at 8.8 mm h^?1. Leachate was collected on 15 min intervals for 24 h and on greater intervals for up to 350 h. Lysimeter discharge and Br concentration were determined for each interval. After drainage began and until rainfall was discontinued, the water drainage rate was, on average, greater in NT (7.2 mm h^?1) than in CT (5.6 mm h^?1) based on results from the pan lysimeters. By contrast, the water drainage rate for the wick lysimeters was, on average, greater in CT (7.3 mm h^?1) than in NT (3.0 mm h^?1). The wick lysimeter appears to have behaved as a sink under the CT conditions, likely representing water flow in smaller channels. Under NT conditions, greater discharge observed with the pan lysimeter implicates the response from larger channels as the conduit for water flow. Flow‐weighted mean Br concentration was less when Br was applied on the soil surface (17.9 mg L^?1) than when Br was applied with the irrigation water (50.6 mg L^?1). Implications from preferential flow studies are often determined based on a single method of evaluation for solute transport, which are likely subject to the limitation of the method used. This study illustrates that contrary to the conventional understanding about preferential flow in NT, water flow and Br transport to the 1.2-m depth was as great as or greater with CT than with NT based on the results from the wick lysimeters for single rainfall events.