土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Assessment the effect of homogenized soil on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport

Soil hydraulic properties play a crucial role in simulating water flow and contaminant transport. Soil hydraulic properties are commonly measured using homogenized soil samples. However, soil structure has a significant effect on the soil ability to retain and to conduct water, particularly in aggregated soils. In order to determine the effect of soil homogenization on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport, undisturbed soil samples were carefully collected. Five different soil structures were identified: Angular-blocky, Crumble, Angular-blocky (different soil texture), Granular, and subangular-blocky. The soil hydraulic properties were determined for undisturbed and homogenized soil samples for each soil structure. The soil hydraulic properties were used to model soil water transport using HYDRUS-1D.The homogenized soil samples showed a significant increase in wide pores (wCP) and a decrease in narrow pores (nCP). The wCP increased by 95.6, 141.2, 391.6, 3.9, 261.3%, and nCP decreased by 69.5, 10.5, 33.8, 72.7, and 39.3% for homogenized soil samples compared to undisturbed soil samples. The soil water retention curves exhibited a significant decrease in water holding capacity for homogenized soil samples compared with the undisturbed soil samples. The homogenized soil samples showed also a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity. The simulated results showed that water movement and distribution were affected by soil homogenizing. Moreover, soil homogenizing affected soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport. However, field studies are being needed to find the effect of these differences on water, chemical, and pollutant transport under several scenarios.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

近地表土壤水分条件对坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

 采用人工模拟降雨实验,研究近地表土壤水分条件对安塞黄绵土和杨陵塿土土壤侵蚀过程的影响,尤其是土壤水分饱和条件下的土壤侵蚀过程。结果表明:土壤质地对入渗和径流过程有较大影响。对同一质地的供试土壤,随着前期近地表土壤含水量的增大,入渗量减少,而径流强度增大,坡面初始发生产流时间也越早。当前期近地表土壤含水量相近时,杨陵塿土的初始产流时间早于安塞黄绵土,坡面径流量和侵蚀产沙量也随前期近地表土壤水分含量的增加而增大。对于安塞黄绵土,当前期土壤含水量分别为饱和含水量的100%、75%和50%时,其径流量分别占饱和含水量的25%时的2.5、2.2和1.3倍,其侵蚀产沙量分别为50、25和1.3倍。而对于供试土壤为杨陵塿土,当前期土壤含水量分别为饱和土壤含水量的100%和50%时,其径流量分别是占饱和土壤含水量的25%时的1.1和1.0倍,其侵蚀产沙量分别为6.5和2.0倍。在降雨过程中,前期土壤含水量越大,片蚀发展为细沟侵蚀的时间越早,而且细沟侵蚀也越严重。     

Effect of soil acidification on the soil microflora

The effects of short and long term acidification on a few Alberta soils were studied with respect to bacterial numbers and total soil respiration. Significant reductions in bacterial numbers were observed in both short and long term acidified soils. Total soil activity was severely affected in an acid soil (pH 3.0, longterm) adjacent to a S block. A soil (pH 6.8) 200 m away from this S block when artificially acidified to pH 2.9 significantly reduced soil activity but not as drastically as found in the long term pH 3.0 soil. A garden soil (pH 7.7) which was also acidified to pH 3.2 showed no significant reduction in total soil respiration rate as compared to its unacidified control soil. These acid soils when amended with organic substrates demonstrated that certain physiological groups of organisms were severely inhibited by this acid condition. The importance of examining more than one parameter when assessing the effect of a potential pollutant on soil activity is discussed.     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.     

土壤调节剂对土壤物理性质的改善

Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM),anionic polyacrylamide(PHP),cationic polyacrylamide(PCAM),non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA),anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN)and polyethleneoxide(PEO)on the physical properties of three different soil stpes were studied.content of water-stable aggregates larger than 0.25mm increased to varying extents for different soils and soil conditioners,Among the six kinds of condiftioners,non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM) was the most effective for red soil while polyethyleneoxide(PEO)the least effective for Chao soil,red soil and yellow-brown soil.Water-stable aggregates with the molecular weight of PEO within a certain range.Only evaporation rate of Chao soil decreased after aplication of PAM and HPAN to Chao soil and red soil.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

紫色土坡耕地埂坎土壤抗剪性能对含水率的响应

选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎进行试验,通过室内三轴试验研究不同含水率(质量分数6%、11%、16%、21%、26%和31%)对埂坎土壤抗剪强度指标的影响,以深化紫色土坡耕地埂坎力学性质研究。结果表明:1)试验含水率范围内,紫色土坡耕地埂坎土壤黏聚力受含水率影响显著(P0.05),且随着含水率增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,明显的峰值出现在含水率质量分数11%左右,黏聚力为85.52 k Pa;2)埂坎土壤内摩擦角随含水率增加而减小,呈非线性衰减,符合一阶指数衰减规律。高含水率时,衰减缓慢;3)紫色土坡耕地埂坎抗剪强度受含水率变化影响显著(P0.05),埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率和围压的变化明显且具有规律性。相同围压下,埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率增大而迅速减小,即土体的抗剪强度降低。相同含水率下,极限主应力差随围压增大而增大,低含水率时增加明显,高含水率时增加缓慢。当含水率质量分数达到26%左右,埂坎土壤抗剪强度趋于低值;4)紫色土埂坎土壤的应力-应变曲线随含水率递增依次呈现应变软化型、硬化型和弱硬化型。研究结果可为三峡库区高标准基本农田等工程的埂坎建设提供依据和技术支撑。     

A soil fauna index for assessing soil quality

The characteristics of the faunal community in soil are closely related to soil quality. Using the soil faunal community as an indicator of soil quality is not cost-effective because of the complex taxonomic distinction and identification required, moreover; the power of the assessment is weak in relation to soil function. Recently, a functional method incorporating eco-morphological traits has been proposed, but it depends upon presence/absence data of soil arthropod community exclusively. To overcome the limitation, we designed a novel index using the diversity of the soil faunal community along with its functional traits, and the abundance of its members (Abundance-based Fauna Index, referred as FAI). The FAI method supports both the presence/absence data and its abundance. Using real and simulated data sets with eco-morphological and niche breadth traits, two taxonomic independent functional traits, we tested associations of FAI values with soil quality and found a good relationship. In addition to its usefulness for measuring soil quality, FAI may provide valuable information for linking functional traits of soil fauna and the belowground environmental condition.     

增加土壤渗透,减少水土流失

黄河会不会变清,什么时候能变清,关键就在于降雨能否渗入土层,渗入多少,何时实现。研究表明,黄河水流的透明度,与黄土层的入渗率成正相关。增加土壤渗透力的措施,主要有改变土壤质地,减小土壤容重,改良土壤结构和提高地面覆被率,特别是种植豆科牧草,效果更好。各种水土保持措施,旨在增加土壤渗透力,最大限度地减少水土流失,使全部地面径流变为涓涓沟泉,则黄河清澈见底。     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。     

Factors of soil formation in soil classification systems

The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden” form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works of N.N. Rozov.     

土壤持水力与盐含量的相关性

The soil moisture retention capability of Chao soil and coastal saline Chao soil in Shandong and Zhejiang provinces were measured by pressure membrane method. The main factors influencing soil moisture retention capability were studied by the methods of correlation and path analyses. The results indicated that < 0.02mm physical clay and soil salt content were the main factors influencing soil moisture retention capability. At soil suction of 30~50 kPa, the soil salt content would be the dominant factor.     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

面向土壤系统分类的土壤调查制图方法的初步研究

我国的土壤系统分类方案已经基本形成,但还没有相应的土壤调查方法技术研究。按照传统土壤调查的主要剖面、检查剖面、定界剖面的思想与办法,采用空间内插技术,在研究区的4条实验路线上共挖掘了64个剖面点,通过这些剖面点的诊断层和诊断特性确定了研究区的土壤类型并勾绘了土壤类型界线。再用1条检验路线对勾绘的土壤图进行检查,结果表明,在检验路线上设置的20个检查剖面点中,其中19个剖面点与实际情况相符,正确率95%,说明使用内插法进行面向土壤系统分类的土壤调查制图是可行的。再结合土壤景观可以辅助土壤调查工作者更高效地确定土壤类型、勾绘土壤界线。     

红壤调理剂的改土培肥及作物增产研究

在南方红壤地区,土壤酸化加剧、养分贫瘠化严重,研发红壤改良的技术和物化产品,对作物均衡增产和红壤可持续利用有重要意义。红壤旱地连续3年定位种植油菜-花生,花生品种为赣花5号,油菜品种为丰油730。调理剂为自行研制的专利产品,已经实现了产业化。研究了红壤调理剂对土壤微结构、物理性状、养分和pH值的影响,并对花生、油菜的产量进行了分析。结果表明:1)施用调理剂后,从微观结构来看,红壤的致密性降低、孔隙度增加,土壤颗粒直径4μm;2)施用调理剂的土壤容重显著降低,孔隙度增加到59%以上,大颗粒水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量增加幅度为1.6%~14.0%,分形维数显著降低,并且与0.25mm粒径的团粒结构含量间呈极显著线性相关;3)施用调理剂的土壤电导率、有机碳、矿质态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均提高,提高幅度在4.3%~143.7%之间;4)施用调理剂还降低了红壤的酸性,pH值从对照处理的5.28提高到5.82,差异显著;5)施用调理剂,花生和油菜增产幅度分别在13.1%~24.8%、10.3%~21.6%之间;6)应用笔者研制的红壤调理剂,可有效改善红壤旱地的理化性质,提高油菜和花生产量,其用量在2 250~3 000 kg/hm~2时较佳。     

The phosphorus composition of soil solutions and soil leachates: Influence of soil:solution ratio

Compositional differences between soil solutions obtained by different methods have frequently been reported; variations in the soi1: solution ratio may explain these results. In this study we compared the amount and composition of phosphorus (P) in soil leachates and soil solutions from a temperate grassland soil in northeast Scotland and determined the influence of soi1:solution ratio on P fractions in soil water extracts. Leachates were collected from intact soil cores over 6 months, the cores were then destructively sampled, and soil solutions obtained by centrifuging. Molybdate reactive P (MRP) represented 71% of the total dissolved P (TDP) in soil leachates but only 54% in soil solutions. The MRP component in soil water extracts increased from 71% to 92% as the soi1:solution ratio increased from 1:15 to 1:15·4, while the dissolved organic P (DOP) component decreased from 26% to 6%. As the soil:solution ratio increased the amount of MRP extracted increased; by contrast the amount of DOP and dissolved condensed P (DCP) extracted remained constant. While the MRP component is regulated by soil sorption processes, the supply and amount of DOP and DCP is probably related to biological activity. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) extracted at wide soi1:solution ratios contained a smaller proportion of P than that extracted at narrower ratios. The results indicate differences in the behaviour of P fractions in the soil at various soi1:solution ratios and that these are reflected in the P composition of soil solution and leachate.     

不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及其机制

通过室内土柱培养,采用聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide,PAM)、沃特保水剂、β-环糊精、腐殖酸等4种土壤结构改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体进行改良。结果表明:4种改良剂均可促进>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,在浓度0.05%～0.40%范围内,其改良效果表现为PAM>β-环糊精>沃特保水剂>腐殖酸,且黄绵土团聚体分形维数显著降低,尤以PAM改良效果最明显;在低浓度条件下,4种改良剂均可有效地降低土壤密度;土壤粒径分布表明,PAM改良黄绵土水稳性团聚体的机制是使<1 mm粒径的团聚体团聚为更大的团聚体,尤其是团聚为>5 mm的团聚体,PAM在4种改良剂中对黄绵土改良效果最好。阐明不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及机制,可为合理利用改良剂改良土壤结构提供理论依据。