密度和氮肥运筹对宁粳3号产量及其构成因素的影响

在大田栽培条件下,设置移栽密度和施氮量试验,分析在不同移栽密度和施氮量条件对宁粳3号单位面积产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:330 kg/hm2施氮水平单位面积产量最高,300 kg/hm2施氮水平其次;移栽密度以45×104/hm2基本苗单位面积产量最高,其次为22.5×104/hm2基本苗;总颖花量的增加是提高宁粳3号产量的决定性因素;宁粳3号最适宜移栽密度是45×104/hm2,施氮量是330 kg/hm2。     

氮素和基本苗对宁盐一号小麦籽粒产量、群体质量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

为给宁盐一号小麦品种的高产优质栽培提供依据,2003～2004年在江苏沿海地区农科所试验场,研究了不同氮肥施用量和基本苗对该品种籽粒产量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响.结果表明,在基本苗相同时,增加氮肥施用量,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量提高,而千粒重降低.在基本苗90×104～180×104/ha范围内提高氮肥施用量,可增加穗数、花后干物质积累量、抽穗期群体LAI和产量,基本苗超过270×104/ha则表现为负效应.在氮肥施用量相同时,基本苗增加,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量均呈下降趋势.在施氮量180 kg/ha条件下,增加基本苗,穗数相应增加.综合来看,宁盐一号高产优质栽培的适宜氮肥和密度组合为施氮量180 kg/ha、基本苗270×104/ha或施氮量240 kg/ha、基本苗180×104/ha.     

施氮及栽插密度对湘早籼46号产量及其构成因素的影响

为充分挖掘湘早籼46号高产潜力,进一步提高产量,采用裂区设计方法．研究不同施氮量和栽插密度对湘早籼46号产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：（1）不同施氮量及栽插密度对湘早籼46号的产量有着显著的影响．以施氮量为240kg／hm2且栽培密度为40×104／hm2的处理产量最高。（2）不同施氮量及栽插密度对产量构成因素也有着不同的影响．其中对单位面积有效穗数影响最大,每穗总粒数次之,结实率相对较小,千粒重最为稳定．     

施氮量和插植密度对超级杂交晚稻天优998产量的影响

2007—2008年2a晚季研究了不同纯N用量(0,120,165,210kg/hm2)和栽插密度(18×104,24×104,30×104穴/hm2)对超级杂交稻天优998产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:N肥用量对单位面积穗数影响较大,对每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重影响较小;插植密度对单位面积穗数、每穗总粒数和千粒重影响较大,对结实率影响较小。在中等地力条件下,超级杂交晚稻天优998高产栽培的适宜施N量为165kg/hm2,密度为30×104穴/hm2。     

不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量及群体光合物质生产的影响

以常规粳稻品种云粳41为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究不同密度下水稻一次性施用控释肥和分次施用尿素对直播稻产量及其构成因素、群体光合物质生产的影响,并探讨了不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量性状和产量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下,密度相同时,分次施肥的处理比控释肥一次性基施的处理和不施肥对照增产,产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,分次施肥处理的产量显著高于控释肥一次性基施的处理;在相同氮肥条件下,直播稻产量随着直播密度的增加而降低,以基本苗2万/667 m~2的处理产量最高,6万/667 m~2的处理产量居中,10万/667 m~2的处理产量最低。(2)在施用控释肥的处理中,密度相同时,增加施氮量能够显著提高直播稻的有效穗数和每穗颖花数;施氮量相同时,单位面积有效穗数随密度的增加而提高,每穗颖花数刚好相反。单位面积颖花量和实际产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。在形成适宜穗数的基础上提高每穗颖花量,从而增加单位面积的颖花量是提高直播稻产量的主要途径。(3)当密度相同时,抽穗至成熟期总干物质积累量、群体生长率、群体叶面积和总颖花数都随着施氮量的增加而提高。本试验中,以精确定量栽培技术为核心的分次施肥A1RPQ4处理的群体结构优于其他处理,群体茎蘖消长动态最为平稳,抽穗期至成熟期的总干物质积累量、颖花/叶比和粒质量/叶比最大,产量最高,达到875.14 kg/667 m~2。     

氮肥施入量对水稻新品种盐粳50产量的影响

采用小区对比试验方法,探讨了氮肥施入量135.0 kg/hm2、202.5 kg/hm2、270.0 kg/hm2、337.5 kg/hm2、405.0 kg/hm2对水稻新品种盐粳50产量的影响。结果表明,适宜增加氮肥施入量,可促进水稻新品种盐粳50单位面积收获穗数及颖花量、结实率及千粒重的增加,促进水稻增产;若过量增加氮肥施入量则降低植株抗病、抗倒能力,不利于单位面积颖花量及千粒重的增加而造成减产。在本试验条件下,氮肥(N)施入量337.5 kg/hm2的处理获得单产9.46 t/hm2,比4、5、2、1处理分别增产了0.6%、2.9%、5.1%、14.8%。     

不同施氮量及密度对水稻产量的影响

通过分析不同施氮量及移栽密度对水稻新品种绥粳13产量的影响,对水稻合理密植、合理施肥技术进行探讨。结果表明:当施氮量为116.5 kg/hm2、移栽密度为33万穴/hm2时,产量最高为8 935.0 kg/hm2,在此施氮量及移栽密度下种植该水稻品种较为理想。     

密度和施肥水平对双低油菜苏油1号产量及分枝习性的影响

密度和施肥水平两因子对苏油1号产量及分枝习性影响的研究结果表明：（1）移栽11．25万株/hm2，施纯氮270kg/hm2是适宜苏油1号的种植密度和施肥处理，产量达到3452.0kg/hm2.(2)产量结构因子以单位面积有效角果数对产量的影响较大，其次为千粒重和每角粒数。（3）随密度和施氮量增加，单位面积有效果数呈先增后减的趋势，千粒重与施氮量关系密切，但过量施氮则降低千粒重，（4）单位面积为枝数多，分枝角果数多和分枝籽粒多是苏油1号的高产表现。     

施氮水平对豫南地区杂交粳稻群体质量和产量的影响

以种植面积较大的2个杂交粳稻品种9优418和隆优1715为材料,设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平,研究不同施氮水平对杂交粳稻群体质量和产量的影响,以期明确豫南地区杂交粳稻适宜施氮量。结果表明,杂交粳稻产量随着施氮水平的增加而增加,以360 kg/hm2施氮量的产量最高,但其与240 kg/hm2施氮量的产量差异不大。产量增加的原因主要是随着施氮水平的提高,单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花数以及干物质积累量也随之提高;同时,提高施氮水平,抽穗—成熟期叶绿素含量衰减率降低,叶绿素含量增加,从而延缓了叶片衰老,提高了成熟期干物质积累量和比例。但是,提高施氮水平,结实率、千粒重、粒叶比以及茎鞘物质转运、转化效率明显降低,从而限制了杂交粳稻的产量潜力。     

水稻新品种盐粳456配套栽培技术研究

采用小区对比试验方法,探讨了播量、行距、施氮量对水稻新品种盐粳456生育及产量的影响,结果表明:在大、中、小播量,小、大行距条件下,所对应各处理单位面积最高茎蘖数、收获穗数与施氮量均呈正相关,成穗率与施氮量均呈负相关。在低氮量条件下,缩小行距,通过适宜增加基本苗数,有利于水稻增产;在中氮量条件下,提高秧苗素质,通过扩大行距,移栽适宜的基本苗数,可促进水稻增产;在高氮量条件下,只有通过提高秧苗素质,扩大行距,移栽适宜的基本苗数,才能促进水稻高产与稳产。在本试验条件下,水稻新品种盐粳456可获得733.7 kg/667 m2的产量。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。