渗透胁迫下不同玉米品种叶片水分关系的研究

通过盆栽及水培试验,结果表明:参试三个品种的气孔导度与光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈直线相关,但气孔导度对蒸腾速率的相关系数﹥气孔导度对光合速率的相关系数;品种间气孔调节能力为农大60号>中单2号>陕单911;陕单911的渗透调节能力>中单2号>农大60号,陕单911能通过较低的渗透势和细胞内溶质含量的增加维持细胞吸水,从而维持叶片较高的相对含水量和叶水势,并具有较高的膨压,维持细胞的延伸生长。三个品种的耐脱水干化能力不同,失水速度为陕单911>农大60号>中单2号。     

渗透胁迫下不同玉米品种叶片水分关系的研究

通过盆栽及水培试验研究不同玉米品种在渗透胁下叶片的水分变化,结果表明：参试3个品种的气孔导度与光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈直线相关,但气孔导度对蒸腾速率的相关系数〉气孔导度对光合速率的相关系数;品种间气孔调节能力为农大60〉中单2号〉陕单911;陕单911的渗透调节能力〉中单2号〉农大60,陕单911能通过较低的渗透势和细胞内溶质含量的增加,维持细胞吸水,从而维持叶片较高的相对含水量和叶水势,并具有较高的膨压,维持细胞的延伸生长。3个品种的耐脱水干化能力不同,失水速度为陕单911〉农大60〉中单2号。     

干旱条件下氮营养对小麦不同抗旱品种生长的影响

在土壤干旱条件下，３米小麦品种叶片水势、饱和渗透势、相对含水量、净光合速率、叶片导度、干物质积累量和籽粒产量均明显降低，且施氮小麦的下降幅度大于不施氮小麦，干旱削弱了氮素营养对小麦生长和产量的促进作用。土壤愈旱，渗透调节作用愈强，适当的氮素营养可增强渗透调节强度，水地型品种对水分和氮素营养均最敏感，其水分状况、游离脯氮酸含量，光合物质生产的产量的变化均较旱地型品种大；旱地型品种受旱时水分状况较稳定     

土壤水分胁迫下小麦叶片渗透调节与光合作用

在土壤水分胁迫过程中,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐5号、北农2号与抗旱性弱的品种济南13,鲁麦5号相比,渗透调节能力高0.41Mpa~0.604Mpa;相对含水量少降7%~8%;叶片水势少降0.40Mpa~0.41MPa。水分胁迫使叶片光合能力下降,抗早性强的品种与抗早性弱的品种相比,其下降的平均百分数为;光合速率前者比后者少降17%~22%;气孔导度     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦叶片渗透调节及叶绿体超微结构的影响

土壤水分胁迫下 ,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐 5号、北农 2号与抗旱性弱的济南 13、鲁麦 5号相比 ,渗透调节能力高 0 4 1～ 0 60MPa ,相对含水量少降 6 39～ 10 74个百分点 ,叶水势少降 0 19～ 0 63MPa。水分胁迫使小麦叶片光合能力下降 ,水分胁迫全过程下降平均百分数 ,抗旱性强的品种比抗旱性弱的品种光合速率少降 17 7%～ 2 2 5% ;气孔导度少降 2 1 0 6%～2 3 75%。小麦叶肉细胞叶绿体的超微结构发生变化且随水分胁迫的加重而加剧 ,但变化程度与小麦的抗旱性及渗透调节能力成负相关。胁迫导致叶绿体外形变圆 ,类囊体肿胀 ,片层间距加大 ,基质片层模糊 ,最终叶绿体解体     

干旱胁迫对金光杏梅叶片渗透调节物质和光合作用的影响

以金光杏梅盆栽幼苗为试材,研究了干旱胁迫对金光杏梅叶片渗透调节物质含量和光合作用日变化的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,金光杏梅叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量都明显降低;细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸(Pro)的含量显著增加;叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等都随着干旱胁迫的加重而降低,细胞间隙CO2浓度随着干旱胁迫的加重而升高;轻度干旱胁迫下,气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因;严重干旱胁迫下,非气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因.     

不同供水条件下小麦不同绿色器官的气孔特性研究

为了考察小麦叶片与非叶器官气孔结构特性的差异及其对供水条件的反应，本研究设置不同灌水处理，利用电镜观察小麦灌浆期不同绿色器官的气孔分布和结构特征，并分析其与气孔特性指标间的关系。结果表明，在不同灌水处理下看到各非叶器官（穗、旗叶鞘和穗下节间）均分布着气孔，但其数目少于旗叶叶片。护颖仅在远轴面存在气孔；外稃在多水条件下（4水处理）近轴面出现较多气孔，而远轴面看不到气孔，但在水分胁迫（无水处理）条件下，气孔却出现在远轴面而不在近轴面；在不同水分处理下均观察到芒上明显的气孔分布。从气孔大小看，穗各部分（护颖、外稃、内稃和芒）略小于其他器官。随着灌水次数的减少，各器官气孔密度呈增大趋势，气孔器及气孔孔径表现出长度增加、宽度减小的特征。限水灌溉下非叶器官（穗、旗叶鞘和穗下节间）在籽粒灌浆期气孔导度、蒸腾速率和光合速率的稳定性高于叶片。相关分析表明，不同器官的气孔导度与蒸腾速率均呈显著正相关，非叶器官气孔导度与光合速率的相关程度明显低于叶片。说明在干旱少水条件下，叶与非叶器官蒸腾作用均会减弱，叶片光合速率亦相应降低，而非叶器官光合速率可能保持相对稳定，可相对提高其水分利用效率。     

土壤含水量对牡丹光合特性的影响

以盆栽牡丹朱砂磊为试材,研究了5种土壤相对含水量(SRWC)对牡丹光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫程度的增加,光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)逐渐下降,表观量子效率(AQY)、CO2羧化效率 (CE)、光饱和点降低;光补偿点及CO2补偿点升高。干旱胁迫下,光合速率的下降是气孔因素与非气孔因素双重作用的结果:轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量55％-40％)气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因,而严重干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量20％)非气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因。牡丹光合作用的最适SRWC为70％左右。     

施肥对小麦叶片光合特性的影响

为了揭示肥料对小麦光合速率的影响效应,进而提高小麦的光合生产力,以小麦品种莱农0245为研究对象,对比分析了施肥和不施肥2种处理下,灌浆期旗叶的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度以及水分利用率对光强响应特征。结果表明:正常施肥时小麦的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用率都随光强的增强而逐渐增大。不施肥条件下,蒸腾速率和气孔导度随光强的增强而逐渐增大,而在高光强(>1 200μmol/(m2.s))下,会产生光抑制现象,光合速率降低,这也造成水分利用率的降低。正常施肥条件下的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均高于不施肥条件下。因此,适量施肥可以明显改善小麦的光合能力。     

干旱胁迫对不同小麦品种花后旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

我国小麦主产区在花后常常频发干旱,对小麦产量下降和品质产生很大影响。[目的]为筛选适于山东省旱作区栽培的优良小麦品种，在大田雨养条件下，[方法]研究了干旱胁迫对5个小麦主栽品种花后旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度及产量变化的影响。[结果]结果表明：干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶叶绿素含量降低，济麦22和临麦6叶绿素含量相对较高。干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶光合速率降低，济麦22降低较多，青麦6降低较少。干旱胁迫下鲁麦13、青麦6能在较高的蒸腾速率下保持较高的光合速率。[结论]综合考虑，水分充足条件下济麦22适合本地区推广栽种，在干旱条件下鲁麦13和青麦6产量较稳定。     

土壤水分胁迫下小麦叶片的渗透调节与膨压维持

两年的试验结果表明,在土壤缓慢脱水和长期水分胁迫下,四个小麦品种叶片均产生渗透调节,孕穗期和灌浆期渗透调节能力较强,渗透调节的幅度为0.40～0.64MPa,抗旱性强的品种大于抗旱性弱的品种.由于渗透调节在土壤含水量60%左右或轻度胁迫下,叶片膨压基本不变.五个生育期四个处理水平叶水势与膨压回归分析,从水势每下降一个单位,膨压降低的单位数看,昌乐5号(0.146)<山农587(0.151)<烟农15(0.162)<济南13(0.240),抗旱性强的品种由于渗透调节能力强,膨压降低的单位数小,维持膨压的程度高.     

Atmospheric and soil water deficit induced changes in chemical and hydraulic signals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Plant responses to soil drying and the metabolic basis of drought-induced limitations in stomatal opening are still being discussed. In this study, we investigate the roles of root-born chemical and hydraulic signals on stomatal regulation in wheat genotypes as affected by soil drought and vapour pressure deficit. Twelve consecutive pot experiments were carried out in a glasshouse. Two bread wheat cultivars (Gönen and Basribey) were subjected to drought under high and low vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in a growth chamber. Total dry matter, specific leaf area, xylem ABA content, xylem osmotic potential, xylem pH, root water potential (RWP), stomatal conductance, leaf ABA content and photosynthetic activity were determined daily during 6 days after the onset of treatments (DAT). In the first phase of drought stress, soil drying induced an increase in the xylem ABA with a peak 3 DAT while RWP drastically decreased during the same period. Then the osmotic potential of leaves decreased and leaf ABA content increased 4 DAT. A similar peak was observed for stomatal conductance during the early stress phase, and it became stable and significantly higher than in well-watered conditions especially in high vapour deficit conditions (H-VPD). Furthermore, xylem pH and xylem osmotic potential appeared to be mostly associated with atmospheric moisture content than soil water availability. The results are discussed regarding possible drought adaptation of wheat under different atmospheric humidity.     

Drought‐induced osmotic adjustment and changes in carbohydrate distribution in leaves and flowers of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Research has indicated osmotic adjustment as a mechanism by which leaves and roots of cotton plants overcome a drought period. However, the relevance of this mechanism in reproductive tissues of modern cultivars under drought has not been fully investigated. The objectives of this study were to measure osmoregulation and carbohydrate balance in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves grown under water‐deficit conditions. Two cotton cultivars were grown under controlled environment and field conditions. Plants were exposed to water‐deficit stress at peak flowering, approximately 70 days after planting. Measurements included stomatal conductance, proline concentration, soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration, and water potential components. Stomatal conductance of drought‐stressed plants was significantly lower compared to control, while osmotic adjustment occurred in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves by different primary mechanisms. Pistils accumulated higher sucrose levels, maintaining cell turgor in plants exposed to drought at similar levels to those in well‐watered plants. However, subtending leaves lowered osmotic potential and maintained cell turgor by accumulating more proline. Soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration in leaves were more affected by drought than those of floral tissues, with corresponding reduction in dry matter, suggesting that flowers are more buffered from water‐deficit conditions than the adjacent leaves.     

Effects of Increasing Salinity Stress and Decreasing Water Availability on Ecophysiological Traits of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown in a Mediterranean‐Type Agroecosystem

Quinoa is a native Andean crop for domestic consumption and market sale, widely investigated due to its nutritional composition and gluten‐free seeds. Leaf water potential (Ψ_leaf) and its components and stomatal conductance (g_s) of quinoa, cultivar Titicaca, were investigated in Southern Italy, in field trials (2009 and 2010). This alternative crop was subjected to irrigation treatments, with the restitution of 100 %, 50 % and 25 % of the water necessary to replenish field capacity, with well water (100 W, 50 W, 25 W) and saline water (100 WS, 50 WS, 25 WS) with an electrical conductivity (EC_w) of 22 dS m^?1. As water and salt stress developed and Ψ_leaf decreased, the leaf osmotic potential (Ψ_π) declined (below ?2.05 MPa) to maintain turgor. Stomatal conductance decreased with the reduction in Ψ_leaf (with a steep drop at Ψ_leaf between ?0.8 and 1.2 MPa) and Ψ_π (with a steep drop at Ψ_π between ?1.2 and ?1.4 MPa). Salt and drought stress, in both years, did not affect markedly the relationship between water potential components, RWC and g_s. Leaf water potentials and g_s were inversely related to water limitation and soil salinity experimentally imposed, showing exponential (Ψ_leaf and turgor pressure, Ψ_p, vs. g_s) or linear (Ψ_leaf and Ψ_p vs. SWC) functions. At the end of the experiment, salt‐irrigated plants showed a severe drop in Ψ_leaf (below ?2 MPa), resulting in stomatal closure through interactive effects of soil water availability and salt excess to control the loss of turgor in leaves. The effects of salinity and drought resulted in strict dependencies between RWC and water potential components, showing that regulating cellular water deficit and volume is a powerful mechanism for conserving cellular hydration under stress, resulting in osmotic adjustment at turgor loss. The extent of osmotic adjustment associated with drought was not reflected in Ψ_π at full turgor. As soil was drying, the association between Ψ_leaf and SWC reflected the ability of quinoa to explore soil volume to continue extracting available water from the soil. However, leaf ABA content did not vary under concomitant salinity and drought stress conditions in 2009, while differing between 100 W and 100 WS in 2010. Quinoa showed good resistance to water and salt stress through stomatal responses and osmotic adjustments that played a role in the maintenance of a leaf turgor favourable to plant growth and preserved crop yield in cropping systems similar to those of Southern Italy.     

Effect of Drought and Nitrogen Availability on Osmotic Adjustment of Five Pearl Millet Cultivars in the Vegetative Growth Stage

Growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is affected in areas with limited and erratic rainfall, often combined with nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, effects of severe drought and nitrogen availability on mechanisms of dehydration avoidance were investigated. Five pearl millet genotypes were cultivated in soil differing in nitrogen availability, low (N1), medium (N2) or high (N3) in a climate chamber. Thirty‐five days after sowing, the plants were exposed to drought for 12 days. Drought decreased leaf area and stomatal conductance strongly and caused leaf rolling. In the youngest fully expanded leaves, drought led to an osmotic adjustment from around ?0.5 to ?0.9 MPa, in N1 and N2 substantially achieved by potassium accumulation. Nitrate contributed to the osmotic adjustment in N2 and N3, proline only slightly, increasingly from N1 to N2, whereas the sum of glucose, fructose and sucrose did not play a role. The dehydration independent osmotic force for water uptake (osmotic potential at full turgor) was under drought strongest at N2 and in the landrace Dembi Yellow stronger than in the cultivars Ashana and Ugandi. This contributed to the higher relative water content (RWC) of ‘Dembi Yellow’, whereas due to other factors nitrogen had no effect on the RWC.     

水分胁迫条件下高粱叶片的渗透调节及其对气孔导度和蒸腾速率的影响

两个抗旱性不同的高粱品种“3197B”和“三尺三”,在水分胁迫条件下,抗旱品种3197B渗透势降低,渗透调节能力较强.正常灌水时,两品种的气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随光照增强而增加,品种间差异不大;水分胁迫条件下,上午3197B气孔导度和蒸腾速率高于三尺三,午后水分胁迫严重时又低于三尺三,但其叶水势和膨压比三尺三高.     

石新733小麦的水分生理特点及节水灌溉效应

石新733是一个高产优质小麦新品种,为探明其是否适用于节水高产栽培,于2003—2004和2004—2005年度进行了节水灌溉对其水分生理性状和产量影响的田间试验。结果表明,石新733的叶片渗透调节能力比邯麦9、石麦9和衡7228的平均值高71.6%,叶水势比衡7228约高0.1 MPa。石新733的离体叶片失水速率较高;蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度与石麦9和邯麦9接近,均高于衡7228;胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾效率品种间没有明显差别。与灌5水处理相比,灌2水处理的叶水势和叶片气体交换参数均相近而灌浆盛期的光合功能和蒸腾效率较高。石新733的产量高于其他3个品种,其中,不灌水和灌2水处理分别比其他3个品种平均产量增加11.3%和7.0%。全生育期只灌拔节和抽穗开花期2水的节水处理比灌4水的常规灌溉处理增产5.6%,说明该品种可在节水高产栽培上应用。