利用Biopro型设备转化废弃油脂制备生物柴油

为开发适应中国废弃油脂生物柴油转化的成套技术与装备,结合美国Biopro 380型设备,对中国的4种典型废弃油脂生物柴油转化工艺进行了系统研究,结果表明,甲醇回流温度65℃下,酯化反应时间2.5h、浓硫酸加入量0.5%、甲醇与游离脂肪酸摩尔比2.7∶1时,酯化混合物的酸值降至1～2?mg/g;转酯化反应在醇油摩尔比6∶1、催化剂NaOH的加入量1.0%（与废弃油脂的质量百分比）、反应时间60 min时,转酯化效果最佳;将该工艺条件应用于Biopro 380型设备中进行验证试验,获得的生物柴油产品质量指标基本符合中国生物柴油标准GB/T 20828-2007。     

菜籽油碱催化法制备生物柴油的工艺参数

以碱催化剂为媒介的转酯化反应制备生物柴油方法因其转化率高而倍受重视。该文以菜籽油为原料,在小型试验装置上,采用均相碱催化法,研究了菜籽油在碱性催化剂NaOH的作用下与甲醇经酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。考察了醇油摩尔比（4︰1～8︰1）、催化剂用量（0.5%～2%）、反应温度（30～60℃）和反应时间（30～150 min）等工艺参数对酯交换反应的影响,对生物柴油的组成成分进行了气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)分析。结果表明,在醇油摩尔比6︰1,催化剂用量为油质量的1%,反应温度为50～60℃,反应时间为60 min时,酯交换反应转化率最高可达到96.7%。该生物柴油主要由油酸甲酯、芥子酸甲酯、9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯、11-二十碳烯酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯等脂肪酸甲酯组成,其中油酸甲酯含量最高,相对质量分数高达50.30%。     

Ba(OH)2催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油

为简化酯交换法制备生物柴油工艺过程,实现生物柴油绿色生产.采用正交试验的方法研究了Ba(OH)2催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油过程中油醇摩尔比、Ba(OH)2用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对生物柴油转化率的影响,并将Ba(OH)2与KOH的催化效果进行了简单比较.实验结果显示:最佳的工艺条件为油醇摩尔比1:6、Ba(OH)2用量2%、反应温度60℃.在此条件下以大豆油为原料90 min生物柴油转化率达到94.27%,花生油、亚麻油、菜籽油等相应转化率均超过95%,同时对比实验证明Ba(OH)2与KOH具有同样高的催化活性,反应产物成分相同,且Ba(OH)2可通过BaSO4沉淀的形式简单、完全回收.Ba(OH)2可作为一种有潜力的生物柴油制备催化剂.     

短程蒸馏处理菜籽毛油和碱催化制备生物柴油工艺研究

生物柴油是一种环境友好型生物质燃料。为了获得较高纯度的生物柴油，该研究采用短程蒸馏技术处理菜籽毛油以脱除自由脂肪酸和色素，并以氢氧化钾为催化剂，与甲醇进行转酯化反应制备生物柴油。通过单因素和响应曲面分析获得较好的生物柴油制备工艺条件，醇油比6.3∶1(mol/mol)，催化剂碱量1.01%(m/m)，反应时间为47.5 min，反应温度60℃，生物柴油的转化率达到94%，制备所得的生物柴油性质与0#柴油相似，为生物柴油的大规模生产提供技术基础。     

利用动物脂肪酯交换反应制备生物柴油的试验研究

该文以牛油为原料,在KOH的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油.采用正交试验与人工神经网络相结合的试验方法,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,得到了最优工艺条件,即反应温度 70°C,醇油摩尔比10.5:1,催化剂用量1.1%(占油脂质量的百分数),反应时间90 min.经试验验证,利用神经网络优化后的酯交换率达到94.16%,高于正交试验的结果93.17%.     

固体催化剂催化牛油制取生物柴油工艺优化

利用固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油可以实现催化剂的重复利用、降低原料成本,从而提高生物柴油的市场竞争力。该文以牛油为原料,在自制固体催化剂Cs2O/γ-Al2O3的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。采用响应面法对反应过程进行了优化,试验考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,并得到了最优反应条件,即反应温度66℃,醇油摩尔比10.5：1,催化剂用量5.3%,反应时间120 min,生物柴油的酯交换率达到95.5%。反应后固体催化剂在400℃下灼烧4 h后可以重复利用,重复利用8次后酯交换率下降不到6%。研究结果将为固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油的连续和产业化生产提供试验基础,为提高生物柴油的市场竞争力提供参考。     

超声波辅助离子液体组合物直接制备微藻生物柴油

微藻生物柴油能够解决目前植物原料生物柴油面临的耕地不足、气候变化影响产量并引起农作物价格上涨等突出问题,但传统微藻生物柴油生产过程能源与化学品消耗大,将微藻油脂的提取-酯交换耦合成一个单元,具有较大应用潜力.该研究采用小球藻、甲醇为原料,离子液体组合物作为提取剂、催化剂,超声波辅助催化微藻直接提取-酯交换制备生物柴油.考察超声波频率、超声波功率、离子液体类型、离子液体用量、反应温度、反应时间、醇油摩尔比等因素对酯交换率的影响,并与传统水浴加热机械搅拌法比较,结果表明,超声波和离子液体对生物柴油的制备有协同促进作用,离子液体具有催化、提取与增溶的作用,能较好地消除醇油界面接触,超声波的引入强化了传质传热过程,与传统加热方式水浴加热机械搅拌法相比,可以缩短酯交换反应的时间,降低反应温度,减少离子液体、甲醇的用量.离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]为提取剂,微藻油脂提取率最高;酸性离子液体催化效果明显高于碱性离子液体,离子液体[SO3H-BMIM][HSO4]为催化剂,微藻油脂转化率最高.当超声波功率240W,频率28kHz,甲醇用量和藻粉质量比为61:,离子液体组合物和藻粉质量比为51:,离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]与[SO3H-BMIM][HSO4]体积比为12:1,反应温度为50℃,超声反应时间50min条件下,生物柴油的转化率可达69.6%.该方法将离子液体溶解提取性能、催化性能及超声波的空化效应相结合,将油脂的提取与油脂的转酯化合二为一,不需先从微藻粉中提取油脂,缩短了工艺,能够实现含油微藻到生物柴油的一步转化.     

固定化细胞磁稳定流化床反应器制备生物柴油

为了探索生物酶法制备生物柴油新工艺,克服现有工艺的不足,采用超顺磁性全细胞催化剂在自制的磁稳定流化床中对废油脂连续生产生物柴油进行了试验研究。考察了改变磁场强度、进料醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量及流量等因素对连续酯交换反应的影响,进而得到单级磁流化床酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件：磁稳态操作,醇油摩尔比为1∶1,催化剂用量为原料油质量的12%,进料流量为42.6?mL/min。四级磁流化床连续系统最终转酯化率达到85%以上,连续反应200 h后四级出口的甲酯产率仍在80%以上。这说明全细胞催化剂在磁稳定流化床中活性较高,使用寿命较长,该系统具有良好的操作稳定性。     

非均相固体碱催化剂制备生物柴油的工艺优化

以菜籽油为原料,运用Mg/Al复合固体作为碱性催化剂制备生物柴油.采用五因子二次正交旋转组合设计,研究醇油比,催化剂用量,反应时间,反应温度,搅拌强度五个因子对生物柴油得率的影响,利用SAS8.1中的响应面分析程序RSREG建立并分析了五个因子对得率影响的数学模型.结果表明,所得回归方程达显著水平,拟合情况良好;五个因子对得率的影响大小依次是催化剂用量>醇油比>搅拌速度>反应时间>反应温度.最佳反应温度为70℃,催化剂用量为6%,醇油比5:1,反应时间8h,搅拌强度500r/min,生物柴油的得率可达90%,其指标基本达到美国的ASTM标准和德国的DINE标准.     

叔丁醇体系脂肪酶催化菜籽油制备生物柴油

为了在生物柴油制备中改善酶的催化环境，该文通过对脂肪酶LVK催化菜籽油乙醇解反应几个主要影响因素的研究，得出其最佳反应条件为：醇油摩尔比5∶1，催化剂用量10%，叔丁醇用量10%，反应温度40℃，反应时间为30 h，转酯率达到94.7%。研究表明10%的叔丁醇体系能完全解除乙醇对脂肪酶LVK的催化抑制作用；还消解除副产物甘油对脂肪酶LVK的失活。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.