植物根系水力提升作用研究进展综述

植物根系水力提升作用是植物深层根系吸收深层土壤水分,再通过浅层根系释放到较干燥浅层土壤中的过程。水力提升作用所释放的水分可缓解干燥土层水分匮乏,对改善自身及邻近植物的水分亏缺、促进植物养分吸收、促进土壤养分分解和矿化过程具有重要意义。随着对植物生态系统水分平衡问题的关注和研究手段的发展,水力提升作用日益成为干旱、半干旱区植物生态学与水文学共同关注的重要研究内容之一。通过回顾和分析水力提升作用的研究历史、影响因素、提升数量、研究方法、生态作用等,特别阐述了水力提升作用在半干旱区人工固沙植被恢复中的潜在应用价值,改善人工固沙植被区土壤水分条件,提高固沙植物群落的稳定性。     

浑善达克沙地不同植被下的土壤水分状况

浑善达克沙地的中东段阳坡近裸的流动风沙土 0 - 1 0cm土层整个生长季内平均含水量较低、波动也比较大 ,而在 1 0cm以下则基本稳定在 3%左右 ,尤其是深层。丘间低地草本群落下的土壤湿度随深度增加变化较大 ,2 0cm以上土层含量较高 ,40 - 5 0cm土层的含水量最低 ,波动也剧烈 ,90cm以下达裸沙含水量水平。阴坡灌丛下 ,最低土壤含水量出现在 70 -90cm土层 ,深层土壤含水量长期稳定在 1 .5 %左右。这说明植物的生长使根层土壤含水量下降 ,而且不同植物利用水的土层及利用土壤水的量不同。这可能是引起流动风沙土向固定风沙土转变过程中地表植被演替及决定地区顶级群落的主要原因。在干旱半干旱地区 ,植被影响着降水在土层中的分布及地表的蒸散条件 ,使土壤有效水向浅层分配。而降水在土壤不同深度的分配及入渗深度 ,决定着地表植被的生活型 ,从而影响地表植被的演替方向及顶级类型。需水量较大的灌丛在沙丘阴坡能形成稳定的群落 ,是由于沙丘为植物避免干旱胁迫 ,延长在干旱季节的生存时间创造了条件 ,因此 ,沙丘是沙地的重要环境资源 ,尤其是高大沙丘 ,在这类地区的防风固沙中具有重要的作用。     

Dielectric properties of saline soil based on a modified Dobson dielectric model

Soil salinization is a major concern for agricultural development in arid areas. In this paper, a modified Dobson dielectric model was applied to simulate the dielectric constant of saline soil in the Ugan-Kuqa river delta oasis of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, northwestern China. The model performance was examined through analyzing the influences of its parameters on the soil dielectric constant and the relationship between radar backscattering coefficient and the dielectric constant of saline soil. The results of the study indicate that:(1) The real part of the soil dielectric constant is affected by soil water content at low radar frequencies; the imaginary part is closely related with both the soil water content and soil salt content.(2) The soil water and salt contents are related with the coefficient of dialectical loss, which is consistent with the natural conditions of saline soil in arid areas and provides valuable references for the study of soil dielectric properties.(3) The changes of soil water content and soil salt content have instant influences on the dielectric constant of saline soil. Subsequently, the radar backscattering coefficient is affected to respond to the dielectric constant of saline soil. The radar backscattering coefficient is most responsible to the radar's cross polarization pattern with a correlation coefficient of R2=0.75. This study provides a potential method to monitor soil salinization and soil water content by using a soil dielectric model and radar techniques.     

地下水位下降对区域气候影响的虚拟试验

利用数值模拟方法,研究我国西北地区地下水位大幅度下降对干旱、半干旱气候变化的影响,并对地下水位变化和大气降水相互作用的反馈机制进行探讨.结果表明,地下水位大幅降落可以引发显著的气候效应,不仅引起降水的大幅度减少和近地面的增温,而且通过对土壤水状况的改变,引起了边界层结构和陆-气通量交换的变化.这些变化引起了局地对流层中低层大气环流的调整,进一步影响干旱气候.通过虚拟试验,反映了地下水变化对土壤水和大气降水等水分循环过程和干旱气候的巨大影响.     

干旱区土壤蒸发及水热耦合运移模式研究

干旱地区土壤蒸发模拟及水热耦合运移研究,对干旱地区水资源利用、陆面过程及气候模式研究具有重要意义.通过对土壤蒸发与内部水分传输机理的深入了解,推导出土壤水热传输与土壤蒸发模式.为了比较模式模拟结果,利用本模式对CoLM陆面过程模式进行改进,并采用黑河沙漠站观测资料,对模式改进前后土壤蒸发与土壤温度和湿度模拟结果进行了对比.结果表明:改进后模式能够更好地模拟土壤温度与土壤蒸发,干旱条件下应考虑水汽对土壤水分与温度传输的影响.     

西南高原“旱三熟”地区不同覆盖栽培措施的土壤水分效应

在西南高原季节性旱区进行田间试验,研究不同覆盖栽培条件下"旱三熟"种植模式的农田土壤水分效应。研究表明,秸秆、地膜覆盖尤其是秸秆地膜二元覆盖有明显蓄集和保存土壤水的作用,土壤保蓄水度平均提高60.63%,覆盖能有效减少田间水分的无效蒸发,平均减少181.93 mm,使作物蒸腾系数和水分利用效率提高,平均提高19.84%和23.5%,而使作物耗水系数减小,平均减少18.26%,根区是作物耗水与土壤保蓄水的关键区域;农田水分变化沿土层可划分为3个层次,即0~30 cm土层为土壤水分变化活跃层和土壤贮水变化明显层、30~80cm土层为土壤水分变化次活跃层和土壤贮水变化显著层、80~100 cm土层为土壤水分变化相对稳定层和土壤贮水变化缓慢层。覆盖栽培可促进作物耗水量由田间无效蒸发耗水向有效的田间作物蒸腾耗水转化,使农田水分的有效性显著提升。     

盆栽条件下不同供水处理对六个树种蒸腾速率的影响

在三种供水条件下，研究了六个树种的生境土壤含水量，蒸腾速率、气孔阻抗和叶温与气温差。土壤含水量和蒸腾速率随供水量的减少而下降，气孔阻抗和叶温与气温差则增加，测定分析表明，六个树种的最优水分条件都应是充分供水，旱生树种并非喜旱，仅是耐旱而已。对土壤水分的消耗，旱生灌木低于乔木，其中梭梭属最低。     

Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data

In order to cope with drought and water shortages, the working people in the arid areas of Northwest China have developed a drought-resistant planting method, namely, gravel-sand mulching, after long-term agricultural practices. To understand the effects of gravel-sand mulching on soil water evaporation, we selected Baifeng peach (Amygdalus persica L.) orchards in Northwest China as the experimental field in 2021. Based on continuously collected soil water stable isotopes data, we evaluated the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment using the line-conditioned excess (lc-excess) coupled Rayleigh fractionation model and Craig-Gordon model. The results show that the average soil water content in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is 1.86% higher than that without gravel-sand mulching. The monthly variation of the soil water content is smaller in the plots with gravel-sand mulching than that without gravel-sand mulching. Moreover, the average lc-excess value in the plots without gravel-sand mulching is smaller. In addition, the soil evaporation loss rate in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is lower than that in the plots without gravel-sand mulching. The lc-excess value was negative for both the plots with and without gravel-sand mulching, and it has good correlation with relative humidity, average temperature, input water content, and soil water content. The effect of gravel-sand mulching on soil evaporation is most prominent in August. Compared with the evaporation data of similar environments in the literature, the lc-excess coupled Rayleigh fractionation model is better. Stable isotopes evidence shows that gravel-sand mulching can effectively reduce soil water evaporation, which provides a theoretical basis for agricultural water management and optimization of water-saving methods in arid areas.     

陇东黄土塬区土壤包气带水分水势特征研究

选取陇东黄土包气带为研究对象,综合运用数理统计与对比分析相结合的方法,研究黄土地区包气带土壤水分、水势变化特征和土水势构成结构,结果发现,在陇东黄土塬区,坡头荒地等较干旱、沙质土壤中,包气带水分变化呈对数分布特征,而耕作土壤其水分含量特征则不满足这种类型.在土水势构成方面,溶质势所占比例平均约为20%,其中坡头荒地约占...     

基于高光谱与电磁感应技术的干旱区绿洲土壤含水量反演研究

为实现干旱区绿洲土壤含水量的快速、准确监测,利用采集自渭干河-库车河绿洲的84个表层(0~10cm)土壤样本,通过利用电磁感应仪(EM38)将所测解译后数据代替实测土壤含水量数据,将高光谱反射率重采样为Landsat8卫星遥感波段反射率,在选取光谱特征参数、提取敏感波段的基础上,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法建立土壤含水量模型,将最优估算模型应用于遥感影像,实现研究区土壤含水量遥感反演。研究结果表明:(1)利用EM38所测水平模式土壤表观电导率与土壤含水量拟合效果最优,能够代替实测土壤含水量进行后续建模分析。(2)相比3种单一的光谱特征指数,利用多种光谱特征指数所建土壤含水量估算模型的建模效果更优,其干、湿各季建模集决定系数R~2大于0.7,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于0.5%,RPD均大于2,能够作为有效手段估算干旱区绿洲土壤含水量。(3)不同季节土壤含水量遥感反演值与实测值决定系数R~2均大于0.6,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于0.6%,显示了较高的预测精度,证明利用电磁感应技术与高光谱相结合能够实现对干旱区绿洲土壤含水量的精准、高效监测。     

Effect of vegetation on soil water retention and storage in a semi-arid alpine forest catchment

The runoff generated from mountainous regions is recognized as the main water source for inland river basins in arid environments. Thus, the mechanisms by which catchments retain water in soils are to be understood. The water storage capacity of soil depends on its depth and capacity to retain water under gravitational drainage and evapotranspiration. The latter can be studied through soil water retention curve (SWRC), which is closely related to soil properties such as texture, bulk density, porosity, soil organic carbon content, and so on. The present study represented SWRCs using HYDRUS-1D. In the present study, we measured physical and hydraulic properties of soil samples collected from Sabina przewalskii forest (south-facing slope with highest solar radiation), shrubs (west-facing slope with medium radiation), and Picea crassifolia forest (north-facing slope with lowest radiation), and analyzed the differences in soil water storage capacity of these soil samples. Soil water content of those three vegetation covers were also measured to validate the soil water storage capacity and to analyze the relationship between soil organic matter content and soil water content. Statistical analysis showed that different vegetation covers could lead to different soil bulk densities and differences in soil water retention on the three slope aspects. Sand content, porosity, and organic carbon content of the P. crassifolia forest were relatively greater compared with those of the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs. However, silt content and soil bulk density were relatively smaller than those in the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs. In addition, there was a significant linear positive relationship between averaged soil water content and soil organic matter content (P<0.0001). However, this relationship is not significant in the P. crassifolia forest. As depicted in the SWRCs, the water storage capacity of the soil was 39.14% and 37.38% higher in the P. crassifolia forest than in the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs, respectively, at a similar soil depth.     

干旱半干旱地区地下水问题

对干旱半干旱地区地下水资源的特征，地下水的水文地质条件及相关的水文地质问题进行了分析，阐述了干旱半干旱地区地下水资源的利用现状及地下水资源管理的内容和意义。     

中国西北干旱区生态地下水埋深适宜深度的确定

干旱区影响天然植被生长的土壤水分和盐分,都和地下水埋深密切相关。地下水埋藏浅,在强烈的蒸发作用下,溶解于地下水中的盐分沿毛管上升水流于地表聚集,使土壤发生盐渍化,产生盐胁迫。地下水埋深过低,毛管上升水流不能到达植物根系层,植物生长受到水分胁迫,发生荒漠化。因此,确定既不会使土壤发生盐渍化和荒漠化的地下水埋深十分重要。本文根据地下水、土壤水及植物生长状况综合研究,把适宜的地下水埋深界定为在温带荒漠区1.5—4m,暖温带荒漠区2.0~4.0(4.5)m,即在潜水的强烈蒸发深度以下和蒸发极限深度之上的区间,为防治土地盐渍化、荒漠化和估算生态用水提供了科学依据。     

旱区间作水分高效利用机制探讨

间作系统充分利用光热水肥资源具有高产高效特征，在旱区得到了广泛应用。综合国内外间作群体水分利用的研究成果，论述了间作具有水分优势的高效利用机制。间作系统减少土壤蒸发、提高作物蒸腾、降低棵间蒸发与耗水量的比值，增加土壤水分的有效性，提高作物根系对土壤水分的吸收利用，进而提高水分利用效率。间作系统的水分利用机制包括生态位分离减少竞争以促进资源的充分利用、水力再分配调节作物及邻体作物土壤的水分条件缓解旱区作物的水分胁迫。间作系统水分利用的影响因素包括作物种类、种植密度和空间布局、水肥管理和耕作措施。针对研究中的不足，指出未来间作系统水分高效利用研究应关注以下方面：不同区域间作群体增产和节水的规律；水分与源库关系及对种间关系的响应；量化水分与根系生长的关系，建立间作作物对水分吸收的模型；地下部对间作水分优势的响应。     

GSPAC water movement in extremely dry area

Under an extremely arid condition,a PVC greenhouse was built on the top of Mogao Grottoes in gobi area.The results of 235-day constant extraction of condensed water on the greenhouse film and soil water content showed that 2.1 g/(m2·d) groundwater moved up and exported into the soil,and a phreatic water evaporation existed in the extreme dry area where the groundwater is buried deeper than 200 m.After a prolonged export,the soil water content in the greenhouse was not lower but obviously higher than the original control ones.According to the monitored parameters including relative humidity and absolute humidity of soil,and temperature outside and inside the greenhouse,it was found that there is the available condition and mechanism for the upward movement of groundwater,and also it can be sure that the exported water was not from the soil and atmosphere outside the greenhouse.Phreatic water,an important source for soil water,interacts with atmosphere moisture via soil respiration.Soil salinity also has important effects on soil water movement and spatial-temporal heterogeneity.The extremely dry climate,terrestrial heat and change of upper soil temperature are the fundamental driving forces of water transportation and phreatic water evaporation in the Groundwater-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum(GSPAC) system.     

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。     

保护性耕作下黑土水热动态研究

通过连续监测东北典型黑土耕作长期定位试验下的土壤含水量和温度,研究了保护性耕作措施下农田黑土水热动态规律。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著提高0~50 cm土层水分含量,其中免耕在0~20 cm土层平均土壤体积含水量最高值分别比少耕(RT)和传统(CT)高3%~10%,尤其是可提高作物播种期表层土壤含水量。0~10 cm土层深度范围内RT土壤温度均高于NTS和CT,其中5 cm土层土壤温度日平均最高值较NTS和CT分别高3.04℃和5.27℃。三种耕作措施下的水热动态表明,少耕是我国东北旱作黑土区最佳的保护性耕作措施。     

风沙区灌溉与非灌溉紫花苜蓿地土壤水分时空变化分析

水分是干旱、半干旱地区植被建设中最重要的生态因子,而在西部干旱地区农业灌溉中,存在水资源有效利用率低、浪费严重的问题。对比分析了风沙区有、无灌溉情况下的土壤水分,结果表明:灌溉地和非灌溉地剖面内土壤水分变异系数随着土层深度的增加均呈现出降低的趋势。灌溉只对0-60 cm土壤水分有影响。4-10月灌溉和非灌溉紫花苜蓿地0-20 cm层土壤含水量呈多"W"型,20-60 cm层土壤含水量大致呈"V"型,60-100 cm层土壤含水量为平稳型,0-1m土层储水量的变化呈"V"型。土壤水分季节动态变化可划分为3个时期:土壤水分消耗期(5-6月);土壤水分积累期(7-9月);土壤水分稳定期(10月至次年4月)。灌溉制度还有待进一步研究。     

生物炭对塿土持水能力的影响

通过连续6年定位试验，探究较长时间施用生物炭对土壤保水作用的影响，以期为塿土区水土保持和土壤改良提供理论参考。田间试验于2011年开始，设4个生物炭施用梯度：对照，不施生物炭（B0）；5 t·hm^-2（B5）；10 t·hm^-2（B10）；20 t·hm^-2（B20）。在2017年测定了土壤含水量、土壤基础理化性质和水分累积蒸发量等。结果表明：生物炭能够显著减小土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量，且随着生物炭施入量的增加，各指标变化幅度也增大，B20与B0处理相比，土壤容重减少了8.28%，毛管孔隙度增加了20.17%，饱和含水量与田间持水量分别增加了22.17%和14.86%；生物炭显著增加了土壤团聚体稳定性，B20与B0处理相比，土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加了19.00%，团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低了11.34%和9.61%；生物炭还可有效抑制土壤水分的蒸发，B10和B20处理的土壤累积蒸发量分别比B0处理减少了7.45%和10.18%。结合逐步回归分析与通径分析发现，生物炭对土壤结构的改良是其促进土壤持水能力的主要原因。土壤孔隙度和有机碳含量是影响土壤饱和含水量的主要因子，影响土壤毛管持水量的主要因子为有机碳含量和土壤毛管孔隙度，而毛管孔隙度与水稳性团聚体含量则解释了绝大部分土壤田间持水量的变化。研究表明生物炭施用可以显著改良土壤结构，提升塿土持水性能，增加干旱半干旱地区土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

季节性河道土壤水分及其渗漏特征初探

利用土壤深层水分渗漏仪和水分自动监测系统获取相应的监测数据,分析干旱区季节性河流（库姆塔格沙漠东南部崔木土沟）沟道内部的洪水入渗过程及不同深度土壤水分变化规律。结果表明：① 河道内以砂粒为主,土壤最大持水量在26.08%～31.75%。② 监测期内,每次洪水过程,水分均能入渗到200 cm以下的土层,但50 cm以下土层的水分入渗基本为非饱和入渗;每次入渗过程,湿润锋到达土层的深度与入渗时间具有良好的线性相关关系,但这一相关关系在春、夏季具有明显的分异,春季水分入渗更为缓慢。③ 监测期内,160 cm土层共出现4次明显的连续渗漏过程,渗漏总量为2 165.8 mm,最大渗漏强度为21.4 mm·（2h）^-1,160 cm土壤水分渗漏速率随土壤水分含量增加呈指数增加趋势,但每次开始出现连续渗漏的土壤初始含水率并不一致。该研究可为进一步揭示干旱区河流廊道生态系统生存、变化提供了科学支撑。