地杨树刺槐人工混交林的改良土壤功能及养分互补关系

杨树刺槐混交林是我国北方地区沿河及滨海沙地上成功的固氮树种和非固氮树种人工混交林.本文在简单介绍混交林生长情况的基础上,主要对林地土壤养分改良及其种间N、P养分互补关系进行了阐述.指出杨树刺槐混交林生产力提高主要是因为林地土壤养分(特别是N素养分)的极大改善及树种间N、P养分的互补.混交林土壤N素养分水平提高的根本原因是林地土壤微生物活性高,加快了含N较高枯落物分解速度,增强了土壤氨化及硝化强度.而杨树刺槐种间的N、P养分互补则主要表现在混交林中杨树可将吸收入体内的P素通过根系接触转移给相邻的刺槐,而刺槐则可将固定的N素通过根系接触转移给杨树,而且N、P 转移的强度很大.这种奇妙的树种间养分互补机制对杨树刺槐混交林幼林期生产力提高是有重大意义的.     

固氮树种在混交林中的作用

豆科及非豆科固氮树种是重要的生物固N资源。作为混交树种,在混交林中发挥着改善林地养分及水分状况,维持地力,提高林地生产力,很好地促进主要树种生长的重要作用。     

沙棘促进杨树生长机制的研究

通过对杨树沙棘混交林中杨树的生长量,生理生化指标,根系分布状态,林地土壤理化性质,沙棘固氮供氮效果的调查、测试与分析,阐明了沙棘促进杨树生长的机制,由于沙棘的固氮供氮作用,改善了林地土壤的理化性质,致使杨树的生长速度加快,沙棘与杨树相辅相成形成了一个良性循环的生物体系。     

苏北沿海围垦区刺槐和柽柳林地土壤养分研究

以栽植的固氮树种刺槐及土著树种柽柳为研究对象,对苏北东台围垦区柽柳、刺槐林下根区(冠幅内)与非根区(冠幅外)土壤养分及含盐量和pH值进行了对比分析。结果表明:刺槐和柽柳根区土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解氮和有效磷含量均显著高于非根区土壤(柽柳有机质和全磷含量除外),刺槐根区土壤有机质、全氮和水解氮含量显著高于柽柳根区土壤,但两种林地根区土壤全磷和有效磷含量没有显著差异。柽柳和刺槐根区土壤盐分含量均显著低于非根区土壤,但两种林地土壤pH值并没有显著差异。由此可见,无论是自然演替植被还是人工恢复植被均有助于围垦区土壤质量的改善,但相对于土著树种而言,人工栽植的刺槐更有利于土壤有机质和氮的积累。植被恢复降低了土壤盐分含量,同时可能促进了土壤微生物活性,进而有利于土壤养分状况的改善,但土壤质量变化与树种密切相关。研究发现,固氮树种刺槐比土著树种柽柳更有利于提高土壤养分状况。     

杨树刺槐混交林细根养分动态研究

对两树种细根在北京市潮白河沿河沙地加拿大杨 (2 7a生 )刺槐 (2 2a生 )混交林中的分解情况进行了研究 ,从细根养分循环角度探索了两树种混交协调生长的机理。结果表明 :(1)加拿大杨和刺槐林木细根的分解特点不同 ,杨树细根在分解前期的N、Ca、Mg元素浓度逐渐升高 ,P、K元素浓度则逐渐降低。刺槐细根分解过程中N、P、K元素浓度逐渐降低 ,杨树刺槐混交林细根混合分解中各元素含量变化介于两树种细根单独分解之间 ;(2 )细根的N、K、Mg年归还量以刺槐纯根最大 ,两树种混根次之 ,杨树纯根最小 ;(3)混交林中N素归还量的增加有利于改善杨树的N素状况 ,杨树细根的P素归还量大于刺槐细根 ,有利于改善刺槐的P素营养 ,混交林杨树与刺槐在细根N、P养分方面形成协调互补的关系     

杨树刺槐混交理论初探

我国人工纯林已暴露出越来越多的问题,特别是杨树作为我国北方主要造林树种,其纯林面积超过1亿亩,超过全世界杨树人工林面积之和,它的缺点尤其是生态缺陷越来越引起重视。通过混交林经营实现人工林天然化,是改变树种单一、结构简单、病虫害严重、生物多样性差、林地生产力退化的唯一出路。杨树刺槐混交能实现这一目标,并能提高杨树和刺槐的生长量,已被大量实践和国内外学者所证实。通过从基础理论入手,阐述杨树刺槐混交的必要性、紧迫性和可行性。     

马尾松混交林生产力及其丰产机理初探

初步研究了马尾松与刺槐、栎类、枫香三个树种不同混交比例林分的生产力状况，从根系的分布和根量，凋落物营养元素含量，土壤养分含量三个方面初步探索了混交林较马尾松纯林丰产的机理，为马尾松混交林的经营改造提供依据。     

马尾松阔叶树混交林土壤理化性质比较研究

研究马尾松与6种阔叶树行间混交13 a后的土壤理化性状,结果表明:6种混交林相对马尾松纯林而言,土壤物理性质与养分特征得到不同程度的改善,其中马尾松固氮树种混交林土壤理化性质优于马尾松非固氮树种混交林。土壤容重、坚实度表现为:马尾松杨梅混交林<马尾松南岭黄檀混交林<马尾松江南桤木混交林<马尾松木荷混交林<马尾松红锥混交林<马尾松火力楠混交林<马尾松纯林,土壤孔隙状况则相反;而6种混交林中土壤养分含量则以马尾松杨梅混交林最高,马尾松火力楠混交林最低。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地主要造林树种的动态生长与生态效应

各树种的胸径随着林龄增加而增长,白蜡的树高随林龄延长也呈递增趋势,而其他树种的树高变化则没有明显规律性,在林龄13年内,杨树的胸径和树高生长要明显优于其他4个树种。刺槐、白蜡、白榆和臭椿的长期人工林可以显著降低土壤盐分,增加土壤的养分,从而培肥土壤,但对土壤pH稍有提升作用,碳汇量大小顺序为:白蜡刺槐白榆臭椿;刺槐人工林更新为杨树林后,林地土壤含盐量有所增加,但土壤肥力得到改善,明显提高了人工林的固碳性能。     

固氮树种与非固氮树种混交林研究现状

本文概述了国内外固氮树种和非固氮树种混交林的研究现状。指出在贫瘠缺氮立地上,固氮树种可改善林地小气候,提高林分稳定性,改良土壤,改善非固氮树种氮素营养状况,促进其生长,增加林地产量;而在肥沃富氮立地上,混交效益不能充分体现,树木生长不变或反而下降。同时,对混交林树种间存在的复杂关系（特别是特殊的营养关系）及其造林技术进行了讨论。最后指出这种类型的混交林由于在贫瘠地造林及在林业中部分代替无机氮肥方面的巨大潜力,必将在世界范围内得到长足的发展。     

Nutrient Dynamics of Fine Roots in the Mixed Plantation of Poplar and Black Locust

The mixed plantation of poplar (Populus spp.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is one of the typical mixed stands with nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing species. Interaction between the two species in the mixed stand is harmonious and productivity is high, making this kind of mixed plantation a very successful pattern on poor sandy sites in north China. In this study, the fine root decomposition of the two species was investigated in the mixed plantation of 27-year-old Canadian poplar (P. canadansis) and 22-year-old black locust on sandy sites along the Chaobai River in Beijing. Mechanism of harmonious interaction between the two species was observed in the view of the nutrient cycle of fine roots. Results showed that: (1) the fine root decomposition of Canadian poplar and black locust trees was different. Concentrations of N, Ca and Mg gradually increased and those of P and K gradually decreased in the fine roots of poplar during the period of decomposition. Concentrations of N, P and K gradually decreased in the fine roots of black locust during decomposition. The speed of nutrient decomposition in mixed fine roots of the two species fell between the speed of the two pure samples. (2) During decomposition, the annual return amount of N, K and Mg in fine roots of black locust was highest, followed by the mixed fine roots of the two species, and then the fine roots of poplar. (3) The increased return amount of N in mixed fine roots could improve the N nutrient condition of poplar trees. The return amount of P in poplar fine roots was greater than that of black locust, which could improve the P nutrient of black locust trees. The interaction of mutual supplements of N and P nutrient cycle of fine roots between these two species formed. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 4(4) (in Chinese)     

杨树刺槐混交林下沙质土壤腐殖物质特性

研究了沙质土壤种植杨树、刺槐纯林和混交林后土壤腐殖物质特性变化的状况。研究结果表明：与无林地相比，沙地土壤种植树、刺槐纯林和混交林后土壤有机C和腐殖质C增加，土壤胡敏酸的光密度值增大，胡敏酸／富啡酸比值上升，E4和Ec值提高，色调系数（△logK）降低和相对色度（RF）升高，土壤松结合态腐殖物质（Ⅰ）和紧结合态腐殖物质（Ⅲ）以及松／紧（Ⅰ／Ⅲ）比值均有不同程度的增加，土壤稳结合态腐殖质（Ⅱ）的含C量占土壤全C的比例有不同程度的下降，表明土壤腐殖物质的聚合程度提高，腐殖物质的芳香核原子团增多，芳化度和芳化分子复杂程度以及腐殖化程度均得到提高，腐殖物质的品质变佳，土壤熟化度增大，土壤供肥保肥的能力增强，土壤肥力得以提高。培肥土壤的效果以种植杨树枣槐混交林为,其次为刺槐纯林，再次为杨树纯林。     

Prevalence of interspecific competition in a mixed poplar/black locust plantation under adverse climate conditions

Key message

In a mixed poplar/black locust plantation in central France, adverse conditions have led to a prevalence of interspecific competition, resulting in a poorer performance than monocultures.

Context

In mixed tree plantations, the presence of woody N₂-fixing species is thought to reduce N needs by fertilization. However, benefits associated to soil nitrogen enrichment have to outweigh the negative effects of interspecific competition. To do so, co-occurring tree species have to be chosen carefully to promote niche sharing between species and reduce competition. Black locust and poplar mixtures therefore seem promising since both species are fast growing and have potentially complementary crown shapes.

Aims

Our objective was to evaluate the impact of the poplar/black locust mixture on the growth, above- and belowground biomass production, and nitrogen allocation of the two species, as compared to their respective monocultures.

Methods

An experimental plantation mixing poplar and black locust was set up in central France. For five growing seasons, growth, nitrogen allocation, and carbon allocation were monitored for the two species growing either in mixture or in monoculture.

Results

After a couple of promising growing seasons, black locust growth and survival slowly declined, mainly in the mixture. At the stand level, biomass production in the mixed plots was nearly 50% below the most productive monoculture (poplar) by age 5 years.

Conclusion

Under adverse conditions, interspecific competition in the mixture was the preponderant interaction, resulting in higher mortality and lower biomass production than the two monocultures.

     

杨树混交林地土壤微生物与酶活性的变异研究

对北京大兴县林场和河南省民权国营林场２块试验林，面积分别为１．８６ｈｍ￣２和３．２ｈｍ￣２，连续四年（１９９２－１９９５）进行土壤微生物与酶活性定位观测和定量分析，研究杨树不同混交模式土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的变异及其对土壤营养元素含量和林木生长的影响。结果表明：（１）杨树混交可以提高林地土壤微生物数量，５种处理间存在差异（Ｐ＝７９％）。（２）不同混交处理，土壤酶活性存在差异（Ｐ＝８７％），其中转化酶、磷酸酶在Ａ、Ｃ处理中增长较明显；５种酶活性之间差异极显著（Ｐ＞９９％）。（３）杨树混交林的土壤营养元素、土壤微生物、酶活性与林地生产力关系密切。     

匈牙利刺槐((Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的经营研究(英文)

匈牙利刺槐((RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第一个森林树种。在匈牙利,刺槐是非常重要的速生树种,为经济和生态目的,可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施,可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果,提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林,并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时,刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种,本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

用土壤养分系统研究法评价杨树人工林土壤养分状况

A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach(SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P,K, Zn), -N(P, K, Zn), -P(N, K, Zn), -K(N, P, Zn), Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), -Zn (N,P,K), 2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), 2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N 2P 2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar.The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform perfectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.     

黄泛沙地毛白杨不同整地规格造林试验

在黄泛沙地上进行毛白杨不同整地规格造林试验。结果表明：带状、穴状2种整地方式，8种不同整地规格，毛白杨幼林的胸径、树高生长量无明显差异，大规格整地对土壤容重和土壤含水率也无明显影响。但大规格整地显著增加造林成本，以挖60～80cm见方的植树穴为宜。     

北京石质山地燃料型能源树种刺槐无性系筛选

刺槐因其抗性强、生长速度快、薪材产量和热值均较高而成为许多地区的重要燃料型能源树种.针对北京石质山地优良高产燃料型能源刺槐无性系的筛选进行了较为深入的研究,从造林成活率、林木萌芽物候期、两个采薪周期树高和地径生长、两个采薪周期产薪量等方面对鲁刺12个无性系、豫刺6个无性系以及当地刺槐的差异进行了比较.研究结果表明,豫8059号、豫8033号和豫8017号等是适应北京石质山地立地条件的优质高产无性系,豫8026号、豫8062号和鲁9号也有潜力.建议在华北石质山地通过试验推广所选出的豫8059号、豫8033号、豫8017号和鲁9号等刺槐无性系,并推广其优化栽培配套技术.