国外社区林业发展新动态

对世界社区林业的发展历程作了较为系统的论述。林业技术是社区林业发展的基础性工作，结合社区林业的特点提出了林业技术推广的主要原则。社区林业属于广大社区居民参与性活动，分析了不同类型参与的特点以及参与式管理的优势与不足。在社区林业管理的过程中存在各种各样的冲突，如何协调冲突成为社区林业发展的关键性问题之一，对冲突产生的原因以及解决方法提出了建议。     

社区林业：林业发展与生态良好的完美结合

文中对社区林业的概念及其产生和发展的过程进行了概述，并从生态系统的角度对生态良好的概念进行了界定，在此基础上，从社区林业的参与主体、实践内容、科研与管理、发展目标等方面阐述了其与生态良好之间的密切联系，指出社区林业提供了一条确保林业发展与生态良好完善结合的途径。     

社区参与在世界银行贷款林业项目中的应用及案例分析

目前社区参与在国家公园、自然保护地、生态旅游、生态补偿等领域均有所涉及,且有利于提高林业管理的主动性、积极性。在林业项目中应用社区参与可促进传统林业向现代林业、社区林业的转变。文中以我国实施的世界银行贷款林业项目为例,总结了社区参与的现状,社区参与的步骤、方法和组织实施路径,及社区参与的效果;在此基础上,分析典型案例中的经验,并建议我国在管理林业项目过程中应建立社区参与的长效机制,加强各级管理部门开展社区参与工作的基础,同时培养农户社区参与的意识和能力,以期为我国各级林业部门开展社区参与工作及林业项目管理提供参考与借鉴。     

浅论乡镇林业站在社区林业中的支撑作用

文章从社区林业的理念出发，对传统型林业存在问题进行了分析，依据山区林业的特点：讨论了加强乡镇林业站机构的参与性能力建设，以及提高其在社区林业中的参与能力和技术支撑能力的必要性。作者认为，应当充分发挥乡镇林业站在社区林业中的支撑作用，更加完善其服务功能。     

浅谈社区林业中的培训

近年来,发展社区林业(乡村林业)已成为林业发展中的一个热点问题,社区林业在中国的一些省区也得到了迅速发展。社区林业是村民自主参与林业生产、经营、管理的活动,是一种森林经营管理方法和手段,它打破了传统林业所固有的种种弊端,如何使这种新观念、新理论、新方法在社区得到推广应用,技术培训是最重要的手段。 一、加强社区林业培训工作的必要性     

从社会林业到社区林业

30多年前出现的社会林业 ,以其与传统林业的概念和模式不同的参与性特点而为广大群众接受和理解 ,如今随着这种经营管理形式的不断完善 ,深入发展和对参与主体的更为关注 ,以及出于对词义正确性的考虑 ,国际上已普遍使用“社区林业”来表达和称谓。除此之外 ,社会林业向社区林业转变的内涵和本质还包括管理机制的转变 ;管理技术的转变 ;观念的转变。     

中国村社林业的发展与政策立法

文章根据中国村社林业40年来的发展情况,尤其是十一届三中全会以来的发展情况,概括地从村社林业与社区经济发展、村社林业与环境、村社林业的组织形式以及一系列林业政策法规的颁布执行对村社林业发展的促进等几个方面对我国村社林业进行了比较系统的总结。     

村社林业活动与自然保护区森林资源管理

村社林业是指在一个具体的村社或农村生态系统内 ,以农户为主题 ,旨在解决农户自身生存和发展所需的林业活动 ,是林业发展的重要组成部分。高黎贡山东坡百花岭村农户在社区与保护方面做了有益的尝试 ,多形式、多内容的林业经营管理活动促进了社区林业的发展与自然保护区森林资源和生物多样性保护 ,为周围村社提供了有益的经验。文中以高黎贡山东坡百花岭村所开展的各项村社林业活动为例 ,叙述了农村社区林业活动的公众参与对高黎贡山森林资源的有效管理与周围农村经济持续发展的作用和意义     

参与式科技示范机制的效果分析

根据中荷扶贫项目社区林业中科技示范机制效果的调查，从参与科技示范农户的性别、年龄、化素质以及示范带动效果等不同方面进行统计分析，以深入探讨性别、年龄和农户化素质对于农民参与科技示范的影响。霍山中荷扶贫项目在开展社区林业到户活动中建立的符合其特征的科技示范机制及其示范推广体系，成为了社区林业有力的科技支撑，不但有利于满足农民对于科学技术的迫切需求，更重要的是有利于社区林业的可持续发展。     

参与式方法在林业项目实施中的应用初探

参与式方法充分尊重农户的选择，调动了各种生产要素的参与，参与式方法成本低、效果好，是对传统林业观念的挑战。它注重以人为本的林业思想，实现了从传统林业向现代林业的转变，从传统林业向社区林业的转变，从传统林业向社区明建设发展的3个转变。     

参与式林业——参与式发展在森林管理中的实践

介绍了参与式林业的基本内容和执行参与式林业项目的基本过程.参与式林业的关键是实现群众参与,需要分析森林与社区和群众生产及生活的联系,重视社区和群众在森林管理中的作用.我国参与式林业的实践历史悠久而富有成效,我国林业的可持续发展不能离开乡村群众的参与.为了实现森林的可持续经营,需要把森林的社区管理和森林的国家管理有机结合起来.合适的参与式途径、合理的利益分配机制和正确的林地林木权属关系是引导当地群众参与林业活动的基本要素.     

Factors affecting participation of user group members: comparative studies on two types of community forestry in the Dry Zone, Myanmar

Drawing on the example of community forestry in Myanmar’s Dry Zone area, this paper conceptualizes and empirically assesses key factors for obtaining the participation of user group members, with emphasis on the implementation stage. More specifically, the study clarifies the commonalities and differences in influential factors between two types of community forestry: agroforestry and natural forest types. Field data were collected by semi-structured interviews with 54 households in four selected user groups, by key informant interviews, by informal interviews, and by direct observations. Our analysis was conducted in accordance with a framework in which selected social/institutional, economic, and physical factors affect participation. The results show that social/institutional factors are the most influential factors in both types, while economic factors are directly related to participation of user groups in the agroforestry type alone. Results indicated that preconditions, such as selection of leaders, should be considered in accordance with the local context in which the people have a shared recognition of what confers legitimacy to leadership. We recommend collaboration of the Forest Department with user group members in providing information regarding the use and selling of forest products from agroforestry-type community forest, as well as frequent communication with user groups to provide incentives regarding property rights stability for future benefits to continue participation of user group members in managing the dry forest.     

社会林业现状及发展趋势

概述了社会林业的概念及产生的背景,评述了社会林业发展的现状。在此基础上,分析了社会林业的基本发展态势与研究重点,提出了我国社会林业今后重点研究的课题:农民主动性与参与性、产权、少数民族与社会林业等。     

Social Heterogeneity and Community Forestry Processes: Reflections from Forest Users of Dhading District, Nepal

Community forestry has been characterized as a successful model of community-based forest governance in Nepal that shifts forest management and use rights to local users, often socially heterogeneous in caste, gender and wealth status. This heterogeneity forms the basis of social groups, which differ in their needs, priorities and perceptions regarding community forestry implementation processes. This paper explores the dynamics of three community forestry processes—users’ participation, institutional development, and decision-making and benefit-sharing—among forest user groups as perceived by three social groups of forest users—elite, women and disadvantaged—from eight community forests of Dhading district, Nepal, using qualitative and quantitative techniques. It is found that social groups have differing levels of perception about community forestry processes occurring in their user groups. In particular, social elites differ from women and disadvantaged members of the group in users’ participation in community forestry activities and institutional development of forest user groups. An important policy implication of the findings is that social inclusiveness is central to the effective implementation of community forestry processes, not only to safeguard its past successes but also to internalize the economic opportunities it poses through reducing deforestation and forest degradation in the future.     

Incentives and Community Participation in the Governance of Community Forests in Nepal

Increased participation of local users in decision-making about forests and gaining benefits from these forests are major goals of the community forestry program in Nepal. However, there is a lack of real participation in community forest governance amongst users, particularly by poor and marginalised members. By employing a mixed-method approach, this research explores the issue of participation in the governance of community forests, and in particular the role of incentives in increasing participation. A partial least square approach is undertaken to link the participation indicators to the various incentives. Access to benefits, enforcement of legal property rights and social cohesion through building of local institutions are identified as the key influential incentives that determine the effective participation of users in community forest governance. Other incentive—including income supplements, community infrastructure development or payment for environment services—are insufficient to counter the opportunity cost of participation, and hence have a weak but still significant influence on users’ decisions to participate. Power inequality due to socio-cultural norms, together with poor economic capabilities and weak bargaining power, could undermine the meaningful participation of poor and disadvantaged groups in the governance of community forests, unless the community forestry institutions are strengthened in order to be able to deal with the issues of inequitable access and restricted opportunities at the local level.     

村级林业项目规划中妇女的参与和实践

以村级林业项目规划为载体,进行社会性别分析,对林业规划人员进行参与式社会林业与社会性别分析培训,使其掌握新的工作方法和理念.在村级林业项目规划中注重妇女参与和作用,并得到政府相关部门支持,将规划落到实处,以促进农村经济的发展.     

进一步做好社区林业研究

本文指出了社区林业的信心是农户参与，多部门配合、多学科结合的重要意义，分析了社区林业方法能够迅速被四川农民接受的历史根源，指出了今后社区林业工作应考虑的问题。     

参与式发展理论在纲纪村集体林权制度改革中的应用

集体林权制度改革是国家、集体和林农三方利益协调的过程,在改革中应用参与式发展理论能够使三方协调起来,实现“共赢”．纲纪村是福建省中部一个典型的林业山村,改革起步较早,因此以它为例来分析改革过程中如何发挥当地村民的参与性以及集体林权制度改革给林业持续经营、村集体和林农带来的益处．提出改革中存在的问题,并对继续应用参与式理论推动和完善改革提出了建议．