社会林业与五指山的自然保护

五指山自然保护区是世界上现存地势最高的原始热带雨林之一，是我省目前面积最大的自然保护区，也是海南三大河流的发源地。但由于保护区横跨琼中、通什、保亭三县、市，紧邻保护区还生存着众多贫困的黎、苗族村民。因此，保护区与周边社区的联系是十分紧密的，社区的发展也直接影响到五指山热带天然林的保护。海南省林业局中德海南热带林保护和恢复项目在社会林业与五指山森林的保护上做出了有益的尝试，就在全省来说，也是首次对社会林业与森林保护上进行的探索。五指山地区社会林业的研究，对保护海南热带雨林也有着积极的意义。特对社会林业与五指山的森林保护进行了阐述、分析和设想。     

五指山的呼唤

海南是生态环境保存较为良好的地区之一。地处海南中南部、具有海南象征意义的五指山,生态环境保存较为完好,被国际组织定为全球200个关键的挽救生物的生态地区之一。 五指山自然保护区面积约10万公顷,是海南第二大自然保护区,也是海南的热带雨林最集中的地区。它是整个海南岛的绿色心脏,调节着海南中部地区及整个海岛的气候、降雨分布以及生物生态系统的变化。因此,五指山自然生态环境的保护,事关整个海南的生态省建设和海南人民的生存环境。 五指山的生态资源极为丰富。从植物资源看,有热带、亚热     

海南森林资源与经济综合核算方案

实施可持续发展战略,本质上是一个创造、积累和管理“财富”的过程;因此,把注意力从经济活动的流量标准转向与财富的存量标准的有机结合就显得日益重要。海南生态省发展战略的核心思想就是全面实现可持续发展,实现经济效益、社会效益与环境效益的统一,实现近期效益与长远效益的统一。海南省地处热带,森林资源丰富,生态环境优越。因此,确保森林资源的持续利用和生态安全,充分发挥热带森林资源巨大的生态效益潜能,促进省域社会经济可持续发展,是保证地区经济安全乃至国家经济安全的关键因素之一,同时也是重要的基础能力建设。一、核算目的1.为…     

勐腊县“天保”工程的管护措施

在分析勐腊县森林资源现状和特点的基础上 ,针对森林管护中存在的主要问题 ,提出了勐腊县“天保”工程区森林管护意见。论述了管护的组织形式、管护办法、管护制度 ,提出了建议和对策。同时特别强调了社区共管与发展社区经济对天然林保护工作的重要性。提出发展社区经济 ,搞好社区管理可从根本上杜绝森林资源的人为破坏 ,确保“天保”工程顺利完成。     

五指山国家级自然保护区建设与周边社区关系研究

采用调查问卷与参与式农村评估法,探讨五指山国家级自然保护区与周边社区关系现状及在资源保护与利用、土地权属争议等方面存在的主要矛盾,分析矛盾产生的原因包括保护区分区不合理,现行管理规定与少数民族地区传统习俗相矛盾,保护区无法为周边社区带来利益等,并提出健全现行自然保护地管理体系,将传统文化融入到保护管理中,加强保护区与社区的联系与沟通,提高周边社区居民对保护区的认识水平等缓解主要矛盾的措施。     

高黎贡山生物多样性保护与社区林业发展的研究

高黎贡山自然保护区森林资源丰富,动植物种类繁多,其物种多样性的丰富程度为国内外罕见。由于周边社区集体森林破坏严重,使保护区受到周围村社的“蚕食”,给高黎贡山的森林资源管理和生物多样性保护工作带来了巨大的压力。在对村社集体林地的管理与高黎贡山生物多样性保护相关性论述的基础上,提出加强对乡村集体森林的管理,发展社区林业,实行“以林养林”,即以发展集体林来保护国有林、保护区,使社区林业的发展既为当地农户提供日常生产、生活和经济发展所需的非木材林产品、薪材及木材,又为保护区构筑一道以集体林为主的绿色屏障,以实现自然保护区森林资源管理、生物多样性保护和周围农村经济的协调发展。     

天然林保护工程对四川西部社区影响分析

四川西部是全国率先启动实施天然林资源保护工程的地区。通过该区天然林保护工程实施及对当地社区影响调查，阐述了天然林资源保护工程实施情况和效果，分析了工程实施对农户、乡镇社区和县域社会经济影响，探讨了缓解社区经济困难的途径，提出了社区参与天保工程建设的对策和建议。     

五指山自然保护区及周边地区森林资源清查报告

为了摸清五指山自然保护区周边地区森林资源的基本状况，了解保护区及周边地区近10年地类演变概况，特对五指山自然保护区及周边地区的森林资源开展了调查，调查结果得出：区域的原始林和封闭型次生林的地类变化较小，其它地类变化较大，说明了毁林开垦现象还十分严重，同时也说明规范人类行为对保护森林资源的重要性。调查区域近年在人工造林方面有较大发展，说明中国政府在改造环境方面成绩卓越，为制订五指山保护区及周边地区土地利用规划提供了有效依据。     

3S技术在森林资源动态监测中的应用研究

用“3S”一体化技术对森林资源信息进行获取并对其图件进行快速更新的过程进行研究。将“3S”高新技术与森林资源监测相结合，发展直接服务于森林资源管理的“3S”产业化技术与方法体系；形成航天、航空遥感与地面调查相结合的森林资源动态遥感快速监测技术体系，从而分析评价森林资源，为改善环境、促进社会经济可持续发展提供技术保障。     

浅谈矿山开采对生态环境的影响

森林是陆地生态系统的主体，林地是森林资源的重要组成部分，是林业发展最基本的物质基础，加强森林资源管理和保护，是实现经济和社会以及人与自然和谐发展的重大举措。然而，新疆又是一个矿产资源非常丰富的地区，开发矿产资源走新型工业化发展道路，是目前工矿企业经济快速增长的主要途径。但是随着矿产品开采加工企业数量及经营规模不断扩大，矿产企业对林业生态环境的破坏也日益显现。为建立“资源节约型，环境友好型”社会，作为林业部门必须对森林资源进行有效的保护和管理。     

Sustaining Multifunctional Forestry Through the Developing of Social Capital and Promoting Participation: A Case of Multiethnic Mountain Communities

Communities with multicultural, ethnically diverse populations located in forest areas of the Carpathian Mountains often face serious social and economic problems, including high unemployment rates, weak social support and institutions with little stakeholder participation in decision-making. In this paper, we apply participatory scenario processes to address the development of multifunctional forestry in these mountains by taking as an example the case study of Slovensky Raj National Park and specifically focusing on the involvement of local communities, particularly the Roma minority, in sustainable forest management (SFM). The paper argues that development of local institutions and promotion of horizontal and vertical participation to increase social capital is necessary for addressing social and economic problems, managing potential conflicts and sustaining multifunctional forestry development. The results suggest that the way forward is the integration of multi-purpose forest management with community development, and that learning, repeated stakeholder interaction, trust-building and cooperation between and within multiethnic local communities are important preconditions for success. The scenario process applied turned out to be beneficial for both the majority and the minority populations, particularly allowing for discussions about future development of mountain regions, their local economies and communities, and for providing some guidance about what are the preferred actions for participation in multifunctional SFM.     

Guiding Principles for Small-Scale Forestry in a Watershed of the Venezuelan Andes: Constraints and Opportunities

In the Venezuelan Andes, some small-scale forest plantations have become an important resource basis for forest management. In this paper, the forestry management progress in the Mucujún river watershed is analyzed. Constraints and opportunities for sustainable management within national policies, local regulations, environmental features and social benefits are also examined. Plantation assessment, and biophysical, legal and socioeconomics information, are used for guiding small-scale forestry practices in this watershed, with emphasis on the main principles of landscape management. These plantations have become an important part of the socio-ecological landscapes with potential for wood production—in the context of low intensity and low environmental impact environmental services and amenity—because of the two protected areas within the watershed. Current forest stand conditions, however, reflect that management requires improvement. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that improvement of local livelihoods may be achieved with a small-scale forestry approach, taking properly into account the basic criteria of social involvement and management of planted forests, while maintaining ecosystem services including biodiversity and water supply.     

甘肃省天然林资源保护工程及森林可持续经营初探

森林环境作为社会，经济可持续发展的物质基础，是可再生的，也是可消失的。因此，科学合理地经营和管理天然林资源，可持续经营是唯一的选择。甘肃省天保工程实施区森林是本省森林环境的主体，对本省生态系统和生态安全至关重要。就天保工程实施区森林与森林可持续经营的关系以及可持续经营的部分途径进行了论述。     

森林经营与林区经济社会可持续发展

森林资源的科学经营是实现资源可持续发展的重要措施。也就是必须以科技创新为动力促进森林资源的可持续发展。但是 ,科技创新是需要相应的制度创新来保证和实施的。森林资源是林区经济社会可持续发展的物质基础 ,森林资源的科学经营不仅直接关系到产业结构的调整和农村劳动力的转移 ,也关系到城镇化建设与发展 ,从而必然地促进了林区经济社会的可持续发展。福建省是我国南方的重要林区 ,也是自然环境较为优越的林区。因此 ,如何在科技创新和制度创新基础上加强森林经营 ,便具有重要的现实意义     

九台市林业局防护林资源现状及可持续经营对策

通过对九台市林业局2011年防护林资源数据的统计分析,结合当地的森林资源特点、经营管理存在的问题,从确保公益林生态安全和优化森林资源结构等方面提出了可持续发展的经营对策。     

Sustainable Forest Management in Tropical Rain Forests

Abstract

In planning of sustainable forest management, economic, environmental and social demands often conflict. Forest management in Southeast Asian tropical dipterocarp forests has been particularly biased towards maximizing immediate economic return from extensive logging. Overexploitation and other forms of uncontrolled land use within these forests have led to the situation where the remaining natural forests, most of them in Indonesia, will be liquidated within the next 10-15 years at the current rate of deforestation. In this paper we present an approach for sustainable forest management planning in which economic, environmental and social sustainability are considered simultaneously in order to define an optimal management strategy from a set of available alternatives.

We carried out a case study within a rain forest logging concession in Indonesian Borneo by using a participatory planning approach involving interviews of the local people, environmental assessment and economic analyses. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method for resource allocation and priority setting in order to identify an optimal strategy which yields a sustained economic output from timber production, while at the same time being environmentally and socioculturally sustainable. Despite their relatively high costs, strategies involving selective harvesting combined to complete restoration of original dipterocarp stock in logged-over areas were superior in terms of economic, environmental and social sustainability. Priorities set by local communities for the strategies to meet their socioeconomic and cultural needs coincide well with those ensuring the restoration and biodiversity.     

Use of forest resources,traditional forest-related knowledge and livelihood of forest dependent communities: Cases in South Korea

The patterns of forest resource use in South Korea have been overviewed along with the forest resource availability to the forest users and in relation to the socio-economic conditions of local people. In South Korea, forest income arises more from non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and forest ecosystems services than from timber. The relationship between availability of forest resources and income of residents in mountainous villages was addressed with statistical analysis of results of household surveys conducted in Gangwon-do Province. The result indicates that the mere existence of forest resources and related cultural heritages is not enough for local communities to obtain income from forest land. Proper arrangements for local communities in accessing the forest resources and knowledge of making use of the resources is required to make the relationship constructive for people's livelihood. Joint management agreement between forest communities and the forest owner serves both parties for sustainable forest management in Korea as seen in the case of maple sap collection within Seoul National University Forests. The traditional knowledge held by local residents is of value for income generation for forest dependent communities and is considered as an integral part of sustainable forest management as seen in the case of native honey bee keeping near protected forest areas managed by the national forest authority. However, traditional cultural values may be positive or negative for ecologically sound forest management as seen in the pest management policy of the Korean government formulated based on cultural value rather than considerations of ecosystem health.     

森林认证对白河林业局的影响分析

介绍了白河林业局森林认证的背景,根据实地调研获得的数据资料和在官方网站上收集的资料分析了森林认证对该林业局经济、社会和环境的影响。结果表明:白河林业局开展森林认证在经济上可行,使当地社会受益,对当地环境负责,促进了当地森林的可持续经营。     

云南热区阔叶人工林可持续经营的相关问题探讨

从云南热区社会经济可持续发展的总体目标出发,分析了云南热区森林资源可持续经营在实现林业可持续发展中的地位及其重要性和紧迫性。根据可持续发展系统学原理,提出按照生存支持系统、环境支持系统、发展支持系统、社会支持系统、智力支持系统等5个子系统构建“可持续发展系统”的基本思路。同时,在分析了云南热区阔叶人工林可持续性经营所面临的突出矛盾的基础上,按照森林分类经营的原则,提出了树种选择的适宜性原则,并提出了云南热区阔叶人工林可持续经营中的空间适宜性指标确定和实施的7个原则。     

辽宁省本溪县森林资源可持续性评价

针对本溪县森林资源可持续状况,选取了包括森林资源健康度、森林资源丰富度、森林资源生态效能、森林资源社会经济效能及森林可持续发展的社会动力5个方面共24个指标,进行评价后计算出森林资源可持续状况值,为0.842,处于中等偏强的可持续状态。