稻曲病菌Six1类效应蛋白UvSix1-1的功能研究

 稻曲病菌在侵染过程中会分泌大量的效应蛋白来帮助其侵染。本研究鉴定到一个稻曲病菌效应蛋白UvSix1-1,同源序列比对及系统发育分析发现其具有Six1蛋白保守的氨基酸位点,并与多个病原菌中的Six1蛋白具有同源性。进一步研究发现UvSix1-1可以抑制Bax、XEG1和INF1引起的烟草叶片细胞坏死,并且其预测的信号肽区域具有分泌功能,在烟草上瞬时表达UvSix1-1可以促进辣椒疫霉的定殖。对不同稻曲菌株中的序列进行分析,没有发现序列多态性,说明该基因非常保守。以上研究结果表明,UvSix1-1在病原菌侵染过程中发挥作用,研究结果为稻曲病菌效应蛋白的研究提供参考。     

辣椒疫霉CRN编码基因的克隆、转录特征及在与寄主互作中的作用

 CRN (crinkling and necrosis-inducing protein)蛋白是一类卵菌特有的效应分子,然而目前对其功能和分子机制知之甚少。为分析CRN效应分子在辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)与植物互作中的作用,本研究利用前期转录组测序结果,对辣椒疫霉基因组数据库进行序列比对分析,获得了7个CRN编码基因的全长序列;采用RT-PCR方法分析其在辣椒疫霉生长发育阶段(菌丝、游动孢子囊、游动孢子、萌发的休止孢)和侵染寄主阶段(本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)灌根1.5、3、6、12、24、36和72 h后)的转录水平,发现3个基因在辣椒疫霉生长发育阶段和侵染阶段上调表达;将这3个基因克隆测序,发现其编码蛋白均含有保守的LFLAK和HVLVVVP基序;在本氏烟上的基因瞬时表达结果表明,Pc559084和Pc570403能够抑制由致病疫霉elicitin蛋白INF1或老鼠促凋亡蛋白BAX诱发的植物程序性细胞死亡,并且Pc559084能够促进辣椒疫霉侵染植物。这些研究结果为理解CRN效应分子在辣椒疫霉致病过程中的作用提供了重要的实验数据。     

利用酵母双杂交筛选与致病疫霉菌效应蛋白PITG_07586互作的寄主蛋白

 致病疫霉是引起马铃薯晚疫病的病原菌,其分泌的效应蛋白是侵染寄主的重要毒力因子。本研究在致病疫霉转录组中筛选到一个侵染早期表达的效应蛋白基因PITG_07586(GenBank:XM_002904522.1)。该基因全长447 bp,其编码蛋白包含1个信号肽,1个核定位信号序列(RRRRKRRKKKK)。在本氏烟草中,瞬时表达该基因显著促进病原菌侵染。亚细胞定位表明GFP-PITG_07586定位在细胞核中。利用酵母双杂交技术并以PITG_07586为诱饵筛选马铃薯cDNA文库,最终获得3个靶标蛋白。经序列比对分析,这3个靶标蛋白分别是马铃薯POM30蛋白、电压依赖阴离子通道蛋白VDAC以及SRC2类蛋白。研究结果为致病疫霉菌效应蛋白PITG_07586及其靶标蛋白如何调控植物免疫提供重要依据。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌效应子PITG_16427.2的基因序列分析及功能验证

 马铃薯晚疫病的病原是致病疫霉菌(Phytophthora infestans),该病原菌在侵染马铃薯过程中分泌大量RxLR型效应子,但目前绝大多数RxLR效应子的功能和作用机制尚不明确。本研究成功克隆了致病疫霉菌的一个RxLR效应子PITG_16427.2,在本氏烟中瞬时表达PITG_16427.2,发现该效应子能够抑制6种激发子(INF1、PsojNIP、BAX、SIF2、Avh238、Avh241)激发的植物免疫反应。进一步研究发现,效应子PITG_16427.2在晚疫病菌侵染马铃薯早期上调表达。在15个致病疫霉菌株和3个同属菌株中克隆该基因,克隆到氨基酸序列一致性超过93%的同源基因,这些同源基因均能在本氏烟中抑制INF1和Avh241引起的HR,揭示了该效应子在病原卵菌中序列和功能的高度保守性。在本氏烟和马铃薯感病品种Désirée中瞬时表达PITG_16427.2,发现该效应子能够显著促进晚疫病菌的侵染。通过qRT-PCR方法检测发现,乙烯信号的相关基因ERF1显著上调,而水杨酸信号相关基因PR1b显著下调,表明PITG_16427.2在晚疫病菌侵染过程中可抑制寄主的SA信号途径,促进晚疫病菌侵染。因此,RxLR型效应子PITG_16427.2是致病疫霉菌中一个重要的侵染致病因子。     

葡萄座腔菌候选效应子抑制了Bax诱导的PCD反应并促进烟草疫霉的侵染

 轮纹病是苹果生产中发生严重又难以防治的病害。为探究致病机理,本研究选择葡萄座腔菌的3个候选效应子进行研究。农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达显示,Bdo_01520、Bdo_11198、Bdo_11545都能够完全抑制Bax诱导的烟草PCD反应。酵母分泌系统测试表明3个候选效应子的信号肽都具有外泌活性。qRT-PCR测定候选效应子在葡萄座腔菌ZY7有伤接种苹果果实后的相对表达量,结果显示3个基因在病菌侵染36~72 h上调表达。在本生烟中瞬时表达Bdo_11198显著促进了烟草疫霉的侵染,并降低了疫霉菌侵染后本生烟中活性氧的积累。结果表明,葡萄座腔菌候选效应子可以通过影响植物的PCD反应和过氧化氢积累促进病原菌的侵染,研究结果为进一步研究葡萄座腔菌的致病机制提供了基础。     

小麦条锈菌效应蛋白HASP2抑制寄主免疫反应

 由小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici,Pst)引起的小麦条锈病是小麦上的重要病害。研究小麦条锈菌在致病过程中分泌的毒性效应蛋白分子的功能,对揭示小麦条锈菌致病机理,进而研发病害防治新方法具有重要意义。前期在小麦条锈菌吸器转录组中筛选到一个高丰度表达的分泌蛋白基因HASP2。HASP2基因全长240 bp,其编码的蛋白质N端包含22_aa的信号肽,无跨膜区,无结构域。qRT-PCR显示HASP2在条锈菌CYR32侵染早期上调表达;农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达实验表明HASP2能够抑制由小鼠凋亡蛋白BAX诱导的烟草细胞坏死;利用细菌三型分泌系统(T3SS)将 HASP2在小麦中过表达,发现其可以抑制寄主PTI(PAMP-triggered immunity)相关胼胝质积累;同时对HASP2过表达的小麦接种无毒性菌系CYR23后,发现HASP2可以抑制寄主ETI(Effector-triggered immunity)相关活性氧积累和减少细胞坏死面积,但HASP2过表达对条锈菌的生长发育没有显著影响。     

利用环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术快速检测辣椒疫霉菌

<正>辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)是一种重要植物病原菌,能造成植株坏死、果实腐烂,严重影响产量[1]。辣椒疫霉侵染植物的早期病症并不明显,易被忽视。因此,对辣椒疫霉早期快速、准确检测显得尤为重要。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)为动植物病原物检测的重要方法,但需要较昂贵的仪器、试剂与耗材,后期的电泳检测也费时费力,致使这一技术很难在生产一线普及推广。Notomi等2000年研发了环介     

禾谷炭疽菌CFEM效应子的生物信息学鉴定与转录分析

植物病原真菌效应子是指可以改变寄主植物细胞结构或者细胞功能的分泌蛋白或其他小分子物质。效应子对病原真菌的侵入、扩展以及致病发挥着至关重要的作用,是植物病原真菌与寄主的互作不断演化的必然结果。真菌特有的CFEM(common in several fungal extracellular membrane protein)蛋白对于病原真菌的致病性起重要作用,一些能够被分泌到胞外的CFEM蛋白被证明是病原真菌效应子。由禾谷炭疽菌(Colletotrichum graminicola)引起的玉米炭疽病是玉米上的重要病害,常年造成严重损失。本研究运用生物信息学工具对禾谷炭疽菌中的CFEM蛋白进行信号肽分析和亚细胞定位分析,进而通过转录分析明确禾谷炭疽菌CFEM蛋白的表达时期。分析结果表明,该病原真菌编码32个CFEM蛋白,其中22个具有信号肽并可分泌至胞外,为分泌蛋白。转录分析表明,10个CFEM分泌蛋白于病菌侵染时附着胞形成期表达,2个CFEM分泌蛋白于侵染后的活体寄生阶段表达,1个于死体寄生阶段表达,其余9个CFEM分泌蛋白在病菌侵染时期的3个阶段均稳定表达。结合生物信息学和转录分析结果,我们预测这22个CFEM分泌蛋白为禾谷炭疽菌致病相关的效应子(简称CFEM效应子)。明确禾谷炭疽菌中CFEM蛋白数量,预测病菌致病相关的CFEM效应子组成,可为开展病原真菌CFEM蛋白介导的病菌—寄主互作研究奠定基础,并为玉米炭疽病的防治和抗性育种研究提供参考。     

辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）对辣椒的致病力分化研究

 辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici Leonian）是具有重大危害性的病原卵菌,其寄主范围较广,可引致辣椒、番茄、茄子、黄瓜、南瓜等多种重要蔬菜作物的疫病。由辣椒疫霉引起的辣椒疫病是一种毁灭性病害,在世界各地的辣椒种植区普遍发生,我国尤以江苏、浙江、安徽、上海等长江中下游地区发生严重。迄今国内关于辣椒疫霉致病力分化的研究较少,且存在分歧。有报道指出辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力差异与菌株地区来源直接相关［1］;也有研究认为辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力与地理来源不直接相关［2］。此外,辣椒疫霉菌株致病力分化和菌丝生长速率是否相关尚属未知。本文对采自安徽合肥、淮南、和县、潜山、岳西、江苏南京和四川邛崃7个县市的23个辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力和菌丝生长速率进行了测定,旨在明确辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力是否存在分化现象及致病力与菌株地区来源及菌丝生长速率之间的关系,为辣椒疫霉所致辣椒疫病的抗病育种和综合治理提供依据。     

辣椒疫霉菌PiAvr3a-like基因的鉴定及功能分析

疫霉菌分泌的RxLR效应子能干扰寄主植物细胞的正常生理代谢和功能。我们通过同源序列搜索在辣椒疫霉菌中鉴定到9个PiAvr3a的同源基因(PiAvr3a-like),同时发现PiAvr3a-like在大豆疫霉菌中也有分布,表明该类基因可能在疫霉菌致病过程中发挥重要作用。从辣椒疫霉菌中成功克隆了5个PiAvr3a-like基因,表达模式分析发现PcAvh128/132/134这3个基因在疫霉菌侵染早期诱导表达,暗示它们可能在侵染前期发挥功能。接种实验表明在本氏烟中瞬时表达其中的PcAvh128可以显著促进辣椒疫霉菌的侵染,而PcAvh132活性相反,其他3个基因没有明显活性。这5个基因均不能抑制INF1和效应因子诱导的细胞死亡,也不能诱导可见的过敏反应。上述结果表明PiAvr3a-like基因不同成员之间功能存在分化,这为疫霉菌和寄主的分子互作研究提供了材料和参考。     

Identification of wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma effectors targeting plant proliferation and defence responses

The identification of effectors from pathogenic microbes is one of the most important subjects for elucidating infection mechanisms. Wheat blue dwarf (WBD) phytoplasma causes dwarfism, witches' broom, and yellow leaf tips in wheat plants, resulting in severe yield loss in northwestern China. In this study, 37 candidate effector proteins were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plants expressing the SAP11‐like protein SWP1 exhibited typical witches' broom. Interestingly, another protein, SWP11, induced both cell death and defence responses, including H₂O₂ accumulation and callose deposition. Analysis by qRT‐PCR was used to show that a marker gene of the hypersensitive response, HIN1, and three pathogenesis‐related genes, PR1, PR2 and PR3, were significantly up‐regulated in leaves of N. benthamiana expressing SWP11. In addition, SWP12 and SWP21 (TENGU‐like) were shown to suppress SWP11‐, BAX‐, and/or INF1‐induced cell death. These results indicated that SWP21 has a distinct role in virulence compared with TENGU and that WBD phytoplasma possesses effectors that target plant proliferation and defence responses. The ability of these effectors to trigger or suppress plant immunity provides new insights into the phytoplasma–plant interaction.     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌全基因组分泌蛋白的预测与分析

为深入了解玉米弯孢叶斑病菌致病的分子机制,采用信号肽分析软件Signal P 4.1与PSORTb 3.0.2、跨膜螺旋结构分析软件TMHMM 2.0与THUMBUP、GPI锚定位点分析软件big-PI Predictor和亚细胞器蛋白定位分析软件Target P 1.1这6款软件综合预测该菌全基因组中10 372条蛋白序列,并对筛选出的分泌蛋白信号肽基本特征进行分析。结果表明,在玉米弯孢叶斑病菌全基因组编码蛋白中共发现804个具有典型信号肽的分泌蛋白,占全基因组蛋白总数的7.8%;编码这些蛋白的开放阅读框最小为219 bp,最大为7 113 bp,平均为1 252 bp;引导它们的信号肽长度分布在13~37 aa之间,平均为19 aa。信号肽中出现频率最高的氨基酸依次为丙氨酸、亮氨酸和丝氨酸。信号肽切割位点与根癌土壤杆菌、粗糙脉孢霉和马铃薯晚疫病菌一样,同属于A-X-A型。70个具有功能描述的分泌蛋白主要是和细胞代谢与转运、信号转导有关的酶类;还有一些降解细胞壁组分及与致病相关的酶类,可能与玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的毒性有关。     

SGT1 and HSP90 are essential for age-related non-host resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans

The oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, is the causal agent of potato late blight, which is one of the most destructive and economically important plant diseases. We investigated the interaction between P. infestans and Solanaceous model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Mature N. benthamiana plants were resistant to 8 isolates of P. infestans, whereas relatively young plants were susceptible to all isolates. Analysis with virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) indicated that NbSGT1 and NbHSP90, genes essential for the function of R proteins, are required for the resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans. NbSGT1 was also required for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypersensitive cell death and expression of NbEAS, a gene for phytoalexin biosynthesis, induced by INF1, a secretory protein derived from P. infestans. These results suggested that N. benthamiana possibly possesses a broad-spectrum R protein against P. infestans, which requires an SGT1/HSP90-dependent mechanism, for the recognition of a conserved molecular pattern of P. infestans.     

Involvement of NbNOA1 in NO production and defense responses in INF1-treated Nicotiana benthamiana

During defense responses, plant cells produce nitric oxide (NO), which may control many physiological processes. In a previous study, we reported that nitrate reductase (NR) is responsible in part for INF1 elicitor-induced NO production in Nicotiana benthamiana, but the possibility remains that other NO-generating system(s) contribute to NO production. In mammalian cells, NO production is catalyzed by NO synthase (NOS). However, NOS-like enzyme(s) have never been identified in plants, and only the gene for Arabidopsis thaliana nitric oxide-associated 1 (AtNOA1) has been identified as a putative regulator of NOS activity in plants. In this study, we cloned NbNOA1, a homolog of AtNOA1, from N. benthamiana and investigated its involvement in NO production induced by INF1. The NbNOA1 gene was silenced by a virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) technique. NbNOA1-silenced plants had yellowish leaves. Silencing NbNOA1 partially decreased INF1-induced NO production, while overexpressing NbNOA1 did not affect NO production. Silencing NbNOA1 suppressed INF1-induced PR1a gene expression and increased susceptibility to Colletotrichum lagenarium. These results suggest that NbNOA1 is involved in INF1-mediated NO production and is required for defense responses. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB303300.     

Involvement of nitric oxide generation in hypersensitive cell death induced by elicitin in tobacco cell suspension culture

Recent studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling and defense molecule in mammals, plays a key role in activating disease resistance in plants. We characterized NO production by tobacco Bright Yellow-2 cells pharmacologically after treatment with INF1, the major elicitin secreted by the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, prepared from Escherichia coli. NO production rapidly occurred within 1h and reached a maximum level 3–6h after the addition of INF1. Carboxy-PTIO, a NO-specific scavenger, abolished INF1-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and protein kinase inhibitor K252a blocked NO production 3–12h after INF1 treatment, indicating that NO production requires de novo protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation. In an investigation of the relations between NO generation and several defense responses induced by INF1, carboxy-PTIO completely suppressed activation of a 41-kDa protein kinase and cell death by INF1. Carboxy-PTIO also suppressed the induction of hypersensitive-related (hsr) genes HSR515 and HSR203J, the expression of which is strongly correlated with the hypersensitive response in plants. The results suggest that NO plays a crucial role in the induction of hypersensitive cell death.     

HrpG regulates type II secretory proteins in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

HrpG, a two-component response regulator-like protein, is a key regulator of the type III secretion system (T3SS) in Xanthomonas spp. In X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, HrpG with a single amino acid substitution (HrpG*) gains the ability to induce the expression of T3SS-related genes even under nutrient-rich conditions. In this study, we investigated the role of HrpG in the synthesis of the secretory protein using HrpG* in strain NA-1 of X. axonopodis pv. citri (Xac NA-1), a causal agent of citrus canker. Eleven proteins secreted via a type II secretion system (T2SS) were induced by HrpG*. In proteomic analyses, six of the 11 proteins were identified as extracellular enzymes, and the others as a fimbrial biogenesis-related protein, a type IV-related protein, two hypothetical proteins, and a conserved hypothetical protein. Further analysis of these proteins revealed that the genes coding all 11 proteins were upregulated by HrpG*, even though they had different expression patterns for HrpXct-dependency. The data indicated that HrpG, a key regulator of T3SS, also acts as a positive regulator of certain proteins secreted via a T2SS in Xac NA-1.