浅谈城市园林绿化

作为城市基础设施建设中重要一部分的城市园林绿化,有助于城市市政公共设施的建设和环境的保护,城市园林绿化中完整的园林植被和绿色草地,优美的景观和完备的设施都为城市的生态环境做到最大程度的美化,也为广大的人民群众带来了休息游玩的场地,促进了当地旅游事业的发展。     

寒地城市商业空间公共设施与植物景观设计研究

现代城市商业空间是人们进行生产交互不可缺少的公共场所之一,商业空间的公共设施与植物造景在城市规划中起着不可缺少的生态化与人性化作用。文章阐述寒地商业空间公共设施与植物景观的实用性、循环性、美观性、生态性、创新性和美学功能性,指出其各自特点,提出现代寒地城市商业空间公共设施与植物景观的设计原则与策略。     

基于景观生态化设计的城市公共设施创新设计

随着社会的不断发展,人们逐渐意识到保护生态环境的重要性,一直在强调人与自然之间的和谐发展和社会的可持续性发展。在此过程中,城市公共设施的生态化设计显得极为重要,景观生态化设计一直以来都是城市公共设施设计的一个基础,这种设计的方式在城市之中可以时刻提醒人们要融入到自然,在进行社会快速发展的同时,也要注重对于环境生态的保护,对于城市的生态化建设发展有着重要的意义。本文笔者就主要以景观生态化设计为基础,对于城市的公共设施创新设计进行简要的探析。     

解析艺术美在公园公共设施中的应用——以南昌市动物园为例

随着城市的发展和人民生活水平的提高,人们对人居环境质量的要求越来越高,如何提高城市公共基础设施的设计水平,从而满足人们的审美需求和功能需求,是一个值得探讨而且具有深远意义的话题。以南昌市动物园为例,对其公共设施进行分析和总结,并得出一些设计规律,希望能对我国公园公共设施的发展有所帮助。     

屋顶花园植物的选择与运用

屋顶花园的建设为日益紧张的城市空间提供了一个具有休憩的绿色空间,更为整个城市的社会效益、经济效益、生态效益创造了不可估量的价值。本文就屋顶花园植物的选择与运用做了重要论述。     

基于城市环境的公共艺术设计

随着科技的发展和时代的进步,世界城市设计的发展方向也发生了巨大的变化,公共艺术开始成为一个新的名词,在现代化的城市建设中,更多的被需要,并且参与城市形态以及公共设施形态整体规划与设计中。它不仅仅是一个城市建筑,更多彰显的是人们精神文明的提升。     

城市街头绿地景观设计方法探讨

在现代化城市建设中,街头绿地属于城市公共设施的重要组成部分,本文详细介绍了街头绿地的作用,并研究了城市街头绿地景观设计有效措施,以及能够优化现代化城市街头绿地景观设计质量。     

平度“马家沟芹菜”通过国家地理标志产品保护认证

据悉,平度“马家沟芹菜”顺利通过国家地理标志产品保护认证,获得了跟国际接轨的“身份证”和“护身符”。这是我国第一张叶类蔬菜地理标志产品保护证书,也是山东省2007年唯一获得蔬菜类地理标志产品保护的农产品,将对山东省平度市做大“马家沟芹菜”这一品牌,推动马家沟芹菜产业的长足发展起到巨大推动作用。     

关于园林设计过程的浅识

园林既是城市公共设施的重要组成部分,又是供人们休闲游览的集聚地.它不仅体现城市的文化口味,点缀美化1个城市的形象,而且也是展示民族传统文化的窗口.文章拟就园林的设计过程浅谈自己的认识.     

马家沟芹菜优质形成与环境因素的关系

马家沟芹菜是中国芹菜空心类型中具有浓郁地方特色的优良农家品种,是山东省著名农特产品之一,距今已有1000多年的栽培历史.其特点是:叶梗嫩黄、空心棵大、鲜嫩酥脆、味道鲜美、营养丰富,深受广大消费者的喜爱.马家沟芹菜优良品质除取决于品种特性外,还与环境因素密切相关.调查研究结果表明,温度、光照、水分、土壤和矿质营养等对马家沟芹菜品质均有不同程度的影响.     

The green walk—An analysis for evaluating the accessibility of urban green spaces

The importance of urban green spaces in providing ecosystem services to the population is increasingly being recognised by scientists, policy makers and the general public. Across cities, urban planners are seeking to reconcile the location of urban green spaces and accessibility of the public. The main aim of our paper is to assess the accessibility of urban green spaces and to identify perceived benefits along the travel route to urban green spaces, starting from a selected case study in Romania. We started from a spatial analysis of a service area for an urban park in Bucharest (Tineretului). With the help of network analyst in ArcGis Pro we established the boundaries of the service area (using urban park boundaries, street network, traffic restrictions) and applied two methods of travel to the park (walking and cycling). We applied a survey to 202 respondents, collecting information on the routes and methods of reaching the park, as well as the perceived benefits and disservices of selecting the preferred method and route. The main results revealed different patterns delimited by a number of criteria: age (elder population preferred public transport and shaded routes), income (people with higher incomes selected travelling by car and accessing elements with parking facilities), group structure (people with children selected routes perceived as safe). This type of analyses can represent useful instruments for urban planners in developing and managing urban green spaces in close relation with neighbouring spaces and facilities.     

Citizens’ perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space: Results from selected Southeast European cities

In this paper the results of the first comprehensive study on perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space in seven Southeast European cities are presented. The aims of the paper are to analyse 1) citizen perceptions of the current state of urban forests and green space in their cities, 2) to what extent current urban forests and green space meet their needs and how this can be improved. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a common face-to-face survey questionnaire. Respondents were selected based on census data though a stratified sampling procedure by taking into account age, gender and city district (n = 384 in each city). The results showed that citizens genuinely care for urban forests and green space in their cities, but are not satisfied with their current state. The respondents found issues related to misbehaviour of other users, the presence and quality of facilities, as well as the presence and quality of management or maintenance the most pressing. There were more statistically significant differences than similarities between cities. Socioeconomic variables explained perceptions only to some extent. Citizens were very supportive of educational campaigns about the importance of urban forests and green space as well as of better enforcement of the existing regulations though having more community wardens that were expected to tackle current unsatisfactory situations. Urban planning and urban forest and green space management in these cities are facing many problems characteristic for post-socialist countries. Study findings are expected to contribute to decision making in urban planning and natural resource management.     

Visual structure of landscapes seen from built environment

Vegetation in cities keeps climate warming down and improves the health of people and ecosystems while making for a pleasant urban setting. Contemporary urban planning promotes sustainable green cities. Green and blue infrastructures, which help maintain an eco-friendly environment, are the primary instruments of this movement. This paper attempts to show the relative weight of plant life (trees, grass, orchards, etc.) seen from buildings in different urban settings (local urban patterns of high or low density of buildings). Landscapes open to view are identified by combining a digital elevation model and an 11-class land-use layer (including buildings, facilities, grey infrastructures, green and blue surfaces) in a computational tool that calculates viewsheds. The results show that vegetation is very much present in urban landscapes. In high-density built areas of city centres, the landscape is varied although not open and is dominated by trees, low-rise residential buildings and grass. Grey infrastructures and bushes are also very common. In low-density built areas the rank order of objects in view is similar but the landscape is more panoramic.     

Urban permeability for birds: An approach combining mobbing-call experiments and circuit theory

The urban matrix was recently shown to be a mosaic of heterogeneous dispersal habitats. We conducted a playback experiment of mobbing calls to examine the probabilities of forest birds to cross a distance of 50 m over urban matrix with different land-cover types in an urban area. We treated the reciprocal of the crossing probabilities as a movement resistance for forest birds. We drew resistance surfaces based on the land-cover maps of urban Sapporo. We applied a circuit theory to examine the relative role of a detour route consisting of a riparian corridor and urban matrix for dispersing forest bird individuals from continuous forest to an isolated green space in the midst of an urban area. Our results showed that wood cover had the highest crossing probability, while open land (grassland and pavement) had the lowest probabilities. Buildings and water surface displayed an intermediate probability. Resistance surfaces and flow maps at 25- and 50-m resolutions were very similar and suggested that dispersing individuals are likely to use the intervening building areas that dominate the urban matrix rather than detour through riparian corridors. Our results showed the useful combination of experimental approaches and circuit theory, and the importance of the spatial configuration of corridors, as well as the composition and management of dispersal habitats, to landscape connectivity.     

Investigating the spatial distribution of urban parks from the perspective of equity-efficiency: Evidence from Chengdu,China

Urban parks play a crucial role in urban public green infrastructure, providing recreational places for urban residents while carrying values of aesthetics, ecology, humanities, economy, life, and society. However, achieving an equitable and efficient spatial layout of urban parks is a challenging task due to limited urban space resources, which requires further exploration. This study employed multisource big data and GIS technology to constructed an indicator system for evaluating the equity-efficiency of urban park spatial distribution. We examined the spatial distribution of 85 parks across 62 sub-districts in the main urban area of Chengdu, the largest city in western China and the first Park City of China. The results demonstrated that equity was polarized, with an indicator value ranging from 0 to 0.77 and an average value of 0.32. The sub-district of Sansheng had the highest equity, while Wenjia and Kanghe had the lowest equity. Twenty-one sub-districts had no parks, and the equity of park spatial distribution in these areas was low. The efficiency indicator ranged from 0.20 to 0.62, with an average value of 0.40. The efficiency of the main urban area was high in the southwest and low in the northeast. The sub-district of Huangtianba had the highest efficiency, while Jinguanyi had the lowest efficiency. In the two-dimensional quadrant of equity-efficiency, 24 sub-districts had high equity and high efficiency, 13 sub-districts had high equity and low efficiency, 4 sub-districts had low equity and high efficiency, and 21 sub-districts had low equity and low efficiency. At the district level, only Chenghua District’s park was spatial equitable and efficient, surpassing the average level of the main urban area. Finally, we discussed the findings in the context of planning policies for Chengdu in recent years. We proposed that strengthening the construction of small urban parks and green spaces, improving park facilities to meet the diverse social needs of people, and enhancing the quality and attractiveness of the parks are crucial for the future development of park green spaces in the main urban areas of Chengdu.     

The multifunctionality concept in urban green infrastructure planning: A systematic literature review

Urban green infrastructure is critical for providing a wide range of ecosystem goods and services that benefit the urban population. Past studies have suggested that multifunctionality concerning urban infrastructure services and functions is a prerequisite for targeting effective and impactful urban green infrastructure. Moreover, urban green infrastructure with multiple functions can offer socio-economic and environmental benefits. However, there has been a knowledge gap in the planning literature to elaborate multiple ecosystem functions in urban green infrastructure. In particular, existing methods and approaches are lacking for quantifying and monitoring such ecological services and biodiversity in urban green infrastructures at different spatial scales. Therefore, this research aims to review studies focusing on the multifunctionality concept in urban green infrastructure planning. The study highlights the current status and knowledge gaps through a systematic review. Our analysis revealed that current studies on green infrastructure multifunctionality have focused on five main themes: 1) planning methods for urban green infrastructure, 2) assessment approaches of urban green infrastructure, 3) ecosystem services and their benefits, 4) sustainability and climate adaptation, and 5) urban agriculture. The study found that the five themes are somewhat connected to each other. The study has revealed a knowledge gap regarding incorporating multifunctional green infrastructure in the planning principle. The results suggest at least five critical elements to ensure multiple functions in urban infrastructure. The elements are spatial distribution, optimal distance, integrated network, accessibility, and public participation and engagement. The study further recommends research directions for future analysis on green infrastructure multifunctionality that are critical for urban planning.     

城市绿地减灾功能及防灾植物选择

在城市综合防灾减灾体系中,城市绿地占有十分重要的位置。城市绿地是城市规划和建设中的重要组成部分,它不仅具有美化城市环境、净化空气、平衡城市生态系统、为城市居民提供休憩游乐场所等作用,同时,还具有防震、防火、防洪、减轻灾害的功能。详细分析城市绿地在城市综合防灾减灾中的作用,并介绍城市防灾减灾植物的选择。     

Global patterns in urban green space are strongly linked to human development and population density

Urban green space is important for alleviating high temperatures, pollution, and flooding in cities. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that urban green space is important for the mental and physical health of humans residing in cities and that urban green space may harbor unique biodiversity. Understanding the extent and drivers of urban green space is thus important. While urban green space has been mapped and studied at local to national scales, the global patterns and drivers of urban green space remain unknown, potentially hampering effective planning and allocation of resources toward reaching sustainable development goals. Here, we quantified the effect of environmental and socio-economic drivers (temperature, precipitation, human development, and population density) on urban green space globally by focusing on national capital cities. We used satellite imagery to map urban green space using two measures: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the fractional cover of “green” land cover classes. NDVI is useful as it includes all vegetated surfaces, also small ones like gardens. However, land cover classes allow the exclusion of certain classes such as sports fields or cropland. We used boosted regression trees to show that climatic variables accounted for 75 % of the relative influence in urban green space, with a positive effect of precipitation and a negative effect of temperature. Importantly, socioeconomic variables accounted for 25 % of the influence on global urban green space, with a positive effect of human development index (HDI) and a negative effect of population density. HDI in relation to urban green space has not previously been tested globally, and our study shows that significantly affects urban greenspace. The results demonstrate that cities where development status is low and population densities are high, typically in the Global South, have less urban green space than the climate would predict. The results therefore suggest that human wellbeing does not only benefit directly from increasing human development and decreasing population densities in urban areas, but that these effects may be compounded by also improving nature’s contribution to people.     

靖边县建设“千里绿色长廊”精品工程的经验与措施

"千里绿色长廊"工程是2011年省政府站在战略的高度提出的一项重点林业工程,要求在全省境内已建成和2012年前建成的高速公路、国道、省道、铁路两侧,道路沿线直观坡面宜林荒山,坡面25°以上坡耕地营造樟子松、油松、侧柏等常绿树种.根据靖边县政府部署,县财政2011年投资1570万元全力打造"千里绿色长廊"绿化工程,完成24km的绿化任务,栽植常绿树种25万株。初步检查成活率均在80%以上。"千里绿色长廊"工程实施,既使公路、铁路两侧成为固水保土的生态线、环境优美的风景线,又可以成为调整种植结构的致富线和展示风采的形象线。     

Challenges of urban green space management in the face of using inadequate data

Effective urban planning, and urban green space management in particular, require proper data on urban green spaces. The potential of urban green spaces to provide benefits to urban inhabitants (ecosystem services) depends on whether they are managed as a comprehensive system of urban green infrastructure, or as isolated islands falling under the responsibility of different stakeholders. Meanwhile, different urban green space datasets are based on different definitions, data sources, sampling techniques, time periods and scales, which poses important challenges to urban green infrastructure planning, management and research. Using the case study of Lodz, the third largest city in Poland, and an additional analysis of 17 other Polish cities, we compare data from five publicly available sources: 1) public statistics, 2) the national land surveying agency, 3) satellite imagery (Landsat data), 4) the Urban Atlas, 5) the Open Street Map. The results reveal large differences in the total amount of urban green spaces in the cities as depicted in different datasets. In Lodz, the narrowly interpreted public statistics data, which are aspatial, suggest that green spaces account for only 12.8% of city area, while the most comprehensive dataset from the national land surveying agency reveals the figure of 61.2%. The former dataset, which excludes many types of green spaces (such as arable land, private and informal green spaces), is still the most commonly used. The analysis of the 17 other cities confirms the same pattern. This results in broader institutional failures related to urban green infrastructure planning, management, and research, including a lack of awareness of green space quality (e.g. connectivity) and benefits (ecosystem services), and the related political disregard for urban green spaces. Our comparison suggests that a better understanding of green space data sources is necessary in urban planning, and especially when planning urban green infrastructure.