秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放时空动态分析

为了分析2000—2011年秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放的时空变化,研究根据省级温室气体清单编制指南,采用排放因子法,对秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放进行了估算。结果表明:秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放量自2000年的27.4 Gg CO2-eq增长到2011年的34.1 Gg CO2-eq,整体呈较平稳的增长趋势。在三类温室气体中,畜禽肠道发酵甲烷排放量所占比例最大,平均值为25.4 Gg CO2-eq;牛排放贡献率最大,占排放总量的62.4%。畜禽粪便管理甲烷排放量和畜禽粪便管理氧化亚氮排放量平均值分别为4.9 Gg CO2-eq和0.7 Gg CO2-eq;猪排放贡献率最大,分别占排放总量的76.7%和39.6%。秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放在空间分布上呈现较为明显的集聚特征,主要集中在昌黎县、抚宁县和卢龙县。     

南阳市畜禽温室气体排放量评估

为了对南阳市畜禽规模化养殖的温室气体年排放量进行定量估算,试验以跨政府气候变化委员会(IPCC)温室气体(GHG)清单指南和最新文献资料公布的各类畜禽温室气体排放量数据为依据计算温室气体排放参数,并计算了畜禽温室气体甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量。结果表明:甲烷的年排放总量是2.58×108kg,氧化亚氮的年排放总量是2.74×107kg,其中生猪的甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量分别占甲烷、氧化亚氮总排放量的64.03%、70.99%,生猪的粪便源甲烷排放量占总粪便源甲烷的93.10%;年甲烷当量排放量为5.42×106kg,氧化亚氮为8.49×106kg。说明规模养殖生猪是畜牧业温室气体排放的关键排放源,其中生猪养殖的粪污处理环节又是养殖业温室气体减排工作的重心。     

内蒙古地区家畜温室气体排放量估算研究

采用《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单编制指南》提供的计算方法,估算了内蒙古自治区2007~2011年5年间畜禽养殖温室气体排放量。结果表明:甲烷年均总排放量为758.29Gg,其中,畜禽肠道发酵年均总排放量为696.60Gg,占总排放量的91.86%,畜禽粪便管理系统的甲烷平均总排放量为61.69Gg,占甲烷总排放量的8.14%。各类家畜甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量依次递减为:反刍动物猪马驴骡,其中反刍动物甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量占年均总排放量的92.82%和86.44%。结论得出:内蒙古连续5年畜禽养殖温室气体的排放量来看,有总体下降的趋势。     

青岛地区奶牛温室气体排放估算

畜牧业是农业温室气体的主要排放源,本文采用《低碳发展及省级温室气体清单编制培训教材》提供的计算方法,估算了青岛市2009~2014年奶牛养殖温室气体排放量。结果表明:青岛市年均奶牛肠道发酵甲烷、粪便管理甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量分别为10376.7t、981.1和243.3t。应结合青岛地区奶牛温室气体排放特点,尽快开展温室气体减排技术研发,提出温室气体减排策略,从而推动奶牛养殖业的健康可持续发展。     

青岛地区猪温室气体排放潜力

畜牧业是农业温室气体(Greenhouse Gas,GHG)的重要来源。根据青岛市2011-2016年猪饲养量,按照《低碳发展及省级温室气体清单编制培训教材》提供的计算方法,评估了青岛市2011-2016年猪GHG排放潜力。结果表明:青岛市年均猪肠道发酵甲烷、粪便管理甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量分别为2 139.68 t、10 869.58 t和374.44 t;2013年猪GHG排放量最高,为50.76万t(CO_2-eq);2013-2016年呈下降趋势,降幅22.91%。应结合青岛地区猪GHG排放特点,尽快开展减排技术研究,提出猪GHG减排策略。     

基于IPCC排放系数估测主要畜禽甲烷温室气体排放量

为了解我国畜禽养殖甲烷温室气体排放情况,以31个省市主要畜禽出栏数和年末存栏数为统计基数,根据畜禽甲烷排放系数,估测全国主要畜禽甲烷温室气体排放情况。结果表明, 2016年全国主要畜禽猪、牛、羊和家禽甲烷温室气体排放总量为2 500×10~4 t,其中肠道发酵甲烷排放量为1872.8×10~4 t,粪便管理甲烷排放量为627.2×10~4 t,分别占74.9%和25.1%;肠道发酵甲烷排放量最多的为牛,粪便中甲烷排放量最多的为猪;猪和牛甲烷排放量占80%左右。     

利用IPCC法分析湖南省畜禽养殖业温室气体排放趋势

本文旨在探明湖南省2001-2011年畜禽甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放量的历史变化。该研究跟据政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC,2006年）公布的畜禽养殖业温室气体排放系数和计算方法,结合我国的统计数据,估算了湖南省2001-2011年温室气体的排放总量。研究结果表明：湖南省猪、牛、羊CH4和N2O排放总量呈现先上升,后下降,最后趋于平衡的趋势,从全国畜禽生产的CH4和N2O排放情况来看,湖南省养殖业温室气体排放量一直居中国前列。     

养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素及减排措施

21世纪以来温室气体大量排放造成的全球气候变暖已经引起了全世界的高度重视,如何减少二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、一氧化二氮(N2O)等温室气体(GHG)的排放,减缓温室气体带来的全球气候变暖已经成为亟待解决的战略性问题。养殖业温室气体的排放量,约占全球温室气体排放总量的18%,寻找有效途径减少温室气体排放迫在眉睫。本文主要从养殖场管理模式和粪污处理、不同家畜种类及其饲料组成,以及反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控等三方面阐述养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素,并据此提出温室气体减排措施。     

青岛地区猪温室气体排放量评估

畜牧业是农业温室气体(GHG)的重要来源。通过开展青岛市猪GHG气体排放量估算与评价,结果表明:青岛市2013-2016年猪肠道发酵甲烷、粪便管理中产生的甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量分别为2 076.00_t、10 546.10_t和363.30_t;2013年猪GHG排放量最高,为50.76万吨二氧化碳当量(CO_2-eq),2013-2016年呈下降趋势,降幅22.91%。应结合青岛地区猪GHG排放特点,尽快开展减排技术研究,提出猪GHG减排策略。     

我国猪肉产业发展及温室气体排放量估算

生猪养殖业温室气体排放控制的重要性已日益凸显。本文描述了2001—2012年期间我国猪肉产业生产、消费和贸易进展,估算了各年度我国各省份生猪养殖业肠道发酵甲烷、猪粪便管理甲烷、猪粪便管理氧化亚氮排放量及其二氧化碳等值。得出的结论表明:我国猪肉产业温室气体排放量年均递增2.15%,低于猪肉产量年均2.48%的增长率;从整体上看,我国生猪养殖业正向环境友好型方向转变;生猪养殖业温室气体排放区域的集中度高于猪肉产量区域集中度,生猪主产区温室气体排放控制的任务较重。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.