基于双作物系数法的新疆覆膜滴灌夏玉米蒸散量估算

为评估双作物系数法计算干旱区部分覆膜滴灌条件下夏玉米蒸散量的可靠性,于2016—2017年在新疆阿克苏地区开展了夏玉米蒸散量测坑试验研究,试验根据定灌水周期（W1、W2、W3）和变灌水周期（W4、W5）共设置5个处理,并分别采用稳定碳同位素法和水量平衡法,对双作物系数模型计算的夏玉米蒸腾量和蒸散量进行了验证。结果表明,双作物系数法计算的蒸散量与水量平衡法测定的蒸散量呈现出较好的相关性,全生育期蒸散量模拟值与实测值的均方根误差在10mm左右。双作物系数法计算的蒸腾量与稳定碳同位素法测得的耗水量亦呈现出较好相关性,模拟值与实测值的均方根误差在20mm左右。通过回归系数（b）、一致性指数（d）及均方根误差〖JP3〗（RMSE）的分析,认为双作物系数法可以估算并区分局部覆膜滴灌条件下干旱区夏玉米蒸散量,且2016年和2017年夏玉米全生育期内估算土壤蒸发量分别占蒸散量的21.33%和23.97%,作物蒸腾量分别占蒸散量的78.67%和76.03%。     

关中地区夏大豆蒸发蒸腾及作物系数的确定

作物系数-参考作物蒸发蒸腾量法是作物需水量计算最普遍采用的方法。作物系数作为该方法的重要参数,它的确定已成为作物需水量研究的关键问题。依据2005-2007年3年田间试验资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了关中地区夏大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量,并利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,由此计算了大豆各生育阶段的作物系数,并分析了大豆作物系数变化规律。结果表明:关中地区大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量平均为524.6 mm;大豆作物系数全生育期平均为0.82,在开花~结荚阶段最大,平均为1.22,其次为结荚~成熟阶段,平均为1.05,播种~幼苗最小为0.26;在关中气候背景下,大豆作物系数与大于10℃积温具有较好的二次多项式关系。     

岷江源区Hargreaves法适用性与未来参考作物蒸散量预测

利用岷江源区1961—2010年逐日气象数据,采用FAO 56 Penman-Monteith和Hargreaves公式计算参考作物蒸散量,并以FAO 56 Penman-Monteith为标准对Hargreaves公式适用性进行评价,通过对Hargreaves公式转换系数C0进行修正,建立基于月尺度的参考作物蒸散发公式,结合Reg CM4.0区域模型生成的温度数据,对未来(2011—2099年)研究区参考作物蒸散发量变化进行预测。研究结果表明:通过通径分析发现,在岷江源区气温是影响参考作物蒸散量最重要的气象因子,采用基于温度法的参考作物蒸散发公式具有理论依据;采用未修正的Hargreaves公式明显高估了该区域参考作物蒸散量,特别是在雨季4—10月;修正后的Hargreaves公式绝对偏差与相对偏差显著减小,与FAO 56 Penman-Monteith月值之间均方根误差RMSE为3.76 mm、效率指数EF为0.39、可决系数CD为0.84,吻合系数d为0.8,能够满足研究区参考作物蒸散发估算精度;在未来气候变化情景下岷江源区参考作物蒸散量总体呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为5.6 mm/(10 a)。     

Hargreaves法在岷江源区适用性及未来参考作物蒸散量预测

本文利用岷江源区1961-2010年逐日气象数据,采用FAO 56 Penman-Monteith和Hargreaves公式计算参考作物蒸散量,并以FAO 56 Penman-Monteith为标准对Hargreaves公式适用性进行评价,通过对Hargreaves公式转换系数C_0进行修正,建立基于月尺度的参考作物蒸散发公式,结合RegCM4.0区域模型生成的温度数据,对未来(2011-2099年)研究区参考作物蒸散发量变化进行预测。研究结果表明:通过通径分析发现,在岷江源区气温是影响参考作物蒸散量最重要的气象因子,采用基于温度法的参考作物蒸散发公式具有理论依据;采用未修正的Hargreaves公式明显高估了该区域参考作物蒸散量,特别是在雨季4-10月;修正后的Hargreaves公式绝对偏差与相对偏差显著减小,与FAO 56Penman-Monteith月值之间均方根误差RMSE为3.76mm、效率指数EF为0.39、可决系数CD为0.84,吻合系数d为0.8,能够满足研究区参考作物蒸散发估算精度;在未来气候变化情景下岷江源区参考作物蒸散量总体呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为5.6mm/(10a)。     

河套灌区套种模式下综合作物系数的试验研究

依据FAO56作物需水量指南提供的作物系数计算方法,分别计算了内蒙古河套灌区磴口试验站小麦套种覆膜玉米、小麦套种未覆膜玉米、小麦套种油料向日葵3种套种模式下的综合单、双值作物系数。结果表明,3种套种模式下的作物在全生育期内均可迎来2次综合需水高峰;共生阶段的作物系数,单值方法高于双值方法的计算结果,而单一作物独立生长阶段,双值方法高于单值方法的计算结果;无论单值计算还是双值计算的套种作物田间综合ET,当单一作物处于独立生长期时差别不大,而2种作物共同生育阶段的差别较大;将3种作物在套种模式下的生育阶段划分的更加详细并分别命名,为套种模式下作物蒸散量提供更准确的计算依据。     

日光温室膜下滴灌番茄作物系数试验研究

作物系数是在没有实测需水量资料情况下,用参考作物蒸发蒸腾量来估算实际作物蒸发蒸腾量方法中重要的参数之一。根据实测气象数据计算出的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量和时域反射仪测得的番茄需水量,利用单作物系数法得到番茄作物系数Kc。通过对作物需水量和作物系数Kc的变化及影响因素进行分析,结果表明：温室膜下滴灌番茄作物需水量与温度、辐射呈正相关,而作物系数Kc与温度、辐射的线性关系不明显。对已求作物系数的可靠性进行验证,结果表明模型预测值和实测值的相对误差为8.2%,模型有效性指数达到89.3%,模型合理有效。研究成果对日光温室膜下滴灌作物需水量的计算及其灌溉制度的制定具有一定的参考价值。     

淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的变化规律研究

【目的】研究淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的时空变化规律。【方法】采用水量平衡法、涡度相关法和Bouchet互补关系理论,结合Penman-Montieth方程,计算得到1991—2018年淮北平原冬小麦的作物系数;采用线性拟合法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和突变检验法滑动t检验法,结合ArcGIS,研究了作物系数在淮北平原的时空变化规律,并对影响因素进行分析。【结果】①淮北平原冬小麦全生育期的实际蒸散量的多年平均值为429.3 mm,参考作物蒸散量为541.3 mm,作物系数为0.79;②作物系数在不同生育阶段的变化为先减小后增大再减小;③作物系数在淮北平原全生育期由西北角向周围逐渐增大,高值中心呈现北移趋势;④作物系数与气候因子紧密相关,其中气温的影响最为显著,相对湿度和降水次之,风速最不显著。【结论】作物系数存在显著上升趋势,与气候因子关系紧密,需要关注作物需水量的变化。     

双作物系数法计算华北地区桃树蒸散量的可靠性评价

为评估双作物系数法计算华北地区果树蒸散量和作物系数的可靠性,采用液流法和水量平衡法在2012—2013年对桃树蒸散量和作物系数进行了大田小区试验测定。结果表明,双作物系数法计算的蒸散强度与液流法和水量平衡法测定的蒸散强度在果树生育期内均随时间呈先增大后减小的趋势,计算值与2种实测法测定结果之间均显著相关。全生育期蒸散量计算值与实测值的相对误差小于4.5%,但土壤蒸发量计算值比测定值小59.5%~64.8%,而蒸腾量计算值则比测定值大25.6%~26.0%。双作物系数法计算的作物系数与液流法和水量平衡法测定的作物系数也均随生育期呈先增大后减小的趋势,3种方法获得的整个生育期平均作物系数分别为0.90、0.89和0.95。通过对均方根-实测值标准偏差比(RSR)和纳什效率系数(NES)的分析,认为双作物系数法是估算充分灌溉条件下干旱-半干旱地区桃树蒸散量和作物系数的一种有效方法。     

园林绿化植物灌溉需水量估算

园林植物灌溉需水量估算多是应用农业灌溉的概念和公式,计算理念和计算精度无法有效描述园林植物需水量实际情况.从园林植物需水的特殊考虑着手,通过引入园林植物腾发量、参考作物腾发量,园林系数公式、有效降雨量、运行时间倍乘数等相关概念,确定了园林植物实际需求的灌溉需水量,提出了一种园林绿化植物需水量的估算方法和估算过程.     

蝙蝠算法优化极限学习机模拟参考作物蒸散量

为提高参考作物蒸散量模拟的准确性,提出蝙蝠算法优化极限学习机的参考作物蒸散量模拟模型.基于汕头站1966-2015年月值气象数据(包括逐月最高温度、最低温度、地表总辐射量、风速和相对湿度),建立参考作物蒸散量的极限学习机模型,并采用蝙蝠算法通过交叉验证方法对极限学习机的正则化系数和径向基函数的幅宽进行优化,最后对参考作物蒸散量模拟效果进行评估.结果表明:与传统调参方法和遗传算法优化后的模型相比,蝙蝠算法优化参数极限学习机模型建立了整体性能优异并且稳定的参考作物蒸散量模型,提高了参考作物蒸散量的模拟精度.     

Crop coefficients for winter wheat in a sub-humid climate regime

Estimations of evapotranspiration (ET) from natural surfaces are used in a large number of applications such as agricultural water management and water resources planning. Lack of reliable, cheap and easy-to-use instruments, associated with the chaotic and varying nature of the meteorological and plant physiological factors influencing ET cause these estimations to be based on calculated values rather than the measured ones. The two-step approach where ET from a reference crop is calculated and multiplied by empirical crop coefficients to obtain ET from a crop has gained wide acceptance. Daily coefficients for a winter wheat crop growing under standard conditions, i.e. not short of water and growing under optimal agronomic conditions, were estimated for a cold sub-humid climate regime. One of the two methods used to estimate ET from a reference crop required net radiation (R_n) as input. Two sets of coefficients were used for calculating R_n. Weather data from a meteorological station was used to estimate R_n and ET from the reference crop. The winter wheat ET was measured using an eddy covariance system during the main parts of the growing seasons 2004 and 2005. The meteorological data and field measurements were quality controlled and discarded from the analysis if flagged for errors. Daily values of ET from the reference crop and winter wheat calculated from hourly values were used to calculate the crop coefficients. Average daily crop coefficients were in the 1.1–1.15 range during mid-season with standard deviations ranging from 0.13 to 0.23 for both years. These values exceed values used in some sub-humid climate regime studies, but agree well with values from the international literature.     

内蒙古河套灌区主要粮油作物系数的确定

根据FAO-56作物需水量指南推荐的作物系数计算方法,分别计算内蒙古河套灌区磴口试验站小麦、玉米(覆膜与未覆膜)、油料向日葵3种作物的单、双值作物系数。结果表明,磴口试验站单值作物系数较双值作物系数值计算的ET值偏低,双值作物系数计算的ET值与实测结果更为接近,验证了双值作物系数在河套灌区的适用性。     

Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain

Limited precipitation restricts crop yield in the North China Plain, where high level of production depends largely on irrigation. Establishing the optimal irrigation scheduling according to the crop water requirement (CWR) and precipitation is the key factor to achieve rational water use. Precipitation data collected for about 40 years were employed to analyze the long-term trend, and weather data from 1984 to 2005 were used to estimate the CWR and irrigation water requirements (IWR). Field experiments were performed at the Luancheng Station from 1997 to 2005 to calculate the soil water consumption and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed the CWR for winter wheat and summer maize were similar and about 430 mm, while the IWR ranged from 247 to 370 mm and 0 to 336 mm at the 25% and 75% precipitation exceedance probabilities for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively. The irrigation applied varied in the different rainfall years and the optimal irrigation amount was about 186, 161 and 99 mm for winter wheat and 134, 88 and 0 mm for summer maize in the dry, normal and wet seasons, respectively. However, as precipitation reduces over time especially during the maize growing periods, development of water-saving management practices for sustainable agriculture into the future is imperative.     

干旱荒漠草原应用Penman-Monteith与Penman修正式计算ET_0的偏差分析

甘肃天祝草原位于我国西北干旱荒漠草原,应用天祝县二道墩试验站2005年的实测气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式和Penman修正式计算参考作物腾发量(ET0)并进行了比较。Penman修正式计算的参考作物腾发量ET0值略小于Penman-Monteith公式计算的值,最大绝对偏差0.5 mm/d。分析发现生育期辐射项ETrad是导致参考作物腾发量ET0产生偏差的主要原因。2种方法计算的空气动力项ETaero差别较小,最大绝对偏差不超过0.2 mm/d。导致计算偏差的原因在于2种公式采用了不同的辐射项和空气动力学项计算公式和参数。2个公式计算的参考作物腾发量具有显著的线性相关性。     

基于增强回归树的麦-玉轮作农田蒸散影响因素分析

为探讨华北典型轮作农田蒸散(ET)变化规律,以山东禹城试验站冬小麦-夏玉米(麦-玉)轮作田为研究对象,基于涡度相关技术实测的8年观测数据与增强回归树方法,分析了农田ET逐日变化特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明：研究时段内逐日ET变化范围在0～9.6 mm/d之间,且不同阶段(小麦季、玉米季和农闲期)ET总量存在较大差异。一般而言,每年小麦季ET的峰值和总量均明显高于玉米季,而农闲期ET占全年ET总量的比例不足4%。净辐射是影响麦-玉轮作田不同阶段ET变化的首要因素,对各阶段ET的贡献率由高到低依次为小麦季(81.4%)、玉米季(52.7%)、农闲期(36.8%)。除净辐射外,其他环境因子对ET的影响则具有阶段性差异。饱和水汽压差对小麦季和玉米季ET存在一定的影响,而土壤含水率和风速对农闲期ET的贡献率相对较高。研究可为变化环境下农业水资源高效利用以及作物模型优化等提供科学依据。     

Estimating evapotranspiration in the Padova Botanical Garden

In 1996, intensive building operations near the botanical garden of Padova, the oldest botanical garden in the world, altered a long-established equilibrium between groundwater and plants and threatened the lives of some of them. To avoid water stress, an advanced irrigation system was installed. For design purposes, better knowledge of the water cycle and the monthly average evapotranspiration (ET) in the area was needed. Due to the complex canopy stand of the site, ET was estimated using the water balance method, integrating mathematical models with the Arc/Info Geographical Information System. The water balance was estimated in 1997 and 1998, and results were used to derive an empirical mean crop coefficient of the botanical garden, to simulate the long-term water requirements using the product of reference ET and the apparent crop coefficient to estimate ET from the garden. Two types of hydrological behaviour were identified: one in the central area of the garden, where reduced ground cover diminishes ET and increases runoff and percolation. In the external area, the ET was higher because of the presence of many trees. The empirical mean monthly crop coefficient ranged between 0.56 and 0.83, indicating that ET in the entire area is always less than grass reference ET.     

Simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for winter wheat and maize in seasonal frost areas

Continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer maize is the main cropping pattern in North China Plain lying in a seasonal frost area. Irrigation scheduling of one crop will influence soil water regime and irrigation scheduling of the subsequent crop. Therefore, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and maize should be studied as a whole. Considering the meteorological and crop characteristics of the area lying in a seasonal frost area, a cropping year is divided into crop growing period and frost period. Model of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer (SMHT) for the frost period and model of soil water transfer (SWT) for the crop growing period were developed, and used jointly for the simulation of soil water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for a whole cropping year. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiment of winter wheat and maize in Beijing, China. Then the model was applied to the simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling with different precipitation and irrigation treatments. From the simulation results, precipitation can meet the crop water requirement of maize to a great extent, and irrigation at the seeding stage may be necessary. Precipitation and irrigation had no significant influence on evaporation and transpiration of maize. On the other hand, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat mainly depends on irrigation standard. Irrigation at the seeding stage and before soil freezing is usually necessary. For high irrigation standard, four times of irrigation are required after greening. While for medium irrigation, only once (rainy year) or twice (medium and dry years) of irrigation is required after greening. Transpiration of winter wheat is very close for high and medium irrigation, but it decreases significantly for low irrigation and will result in a reduction of crop yield. Irrigation with proper time and amount is necessary for winter wheat. Considering irrigation quota and crop transpiration comprehensively, medium irrigation is recommended for the irrigation of winter wheat in the studying area, which can reduce the irrigation quota of over 150 mm with little water stress for crop growth.     

基于田间实际耗水的作物生产水足迹

为了衡量田间尺度粮食生产对资源的真实利用,基于水足迹及作物耗水理论,提出基于作物实际耗水的农作物生产水足迹计算方法,并以陕西关中的小麦、玉米为研究对象,对1998,2005及2010年的生产水足迹进行了计算.结果显示：同一年份同一作物不同地区间耗水量具有较大差异,同时,关中地区3个代表年份平均小麦、玉米耗水量分别比需水量小16.2%和12.4%;小麦、玉米生产水足迹有减小趋势,代表年平均值分别为0.96,0.77 m^3/kg;各地区小麦虚拟水中蓝水比例在10%-40%,玉米则在20%-50%范围内变化,且年际、地区间的蓝水占有比例均无明显变化趋势;3个代表年小麦、玉米的总水足迹之和分别为70.1,59.8及60.7亿m3,均大于当地的水资源总量,其中蓝水所占比例均值为29.1%.基于作物实际耗水的作物生产水足迹的计算对基于水足迹和虚拟水贸易的科学研究及政策制定均有重要意义.     

Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winter wheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most water stressed areas in the world. The water consumption of winter wheat accounts for more than 50% of the total water consumption in this region. An accurate estimate of the evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water productivity (CWP) at regional scale is therefore key to the practice of water-saving agriculture in NCP. In this research, the ET and CWP of winter wheat in 83 counties during October 2003 to June 2004 in NCP were estimated using the remote sensing data. The daily ET was calculated using SEBAL model with NOAA remote sensing data in 17 non-cloud days whereas the reference daily crop ET was estimated using meteorological data based on Hargreaves approach. The daily ET and the total ET over the entire growing season of winter wheat were obtained using crop coefficient interpolation approach. The calculated average and maximum water consumption of winter wheat in these 83 counties were 424 and 475 mm, respectively. The calculated daily ET from SEBAL model showed good match with the observed data collected in a Lysimeter. The error of ET estimation over the entire growing stage of winter wheat was approximately 4.3%. The highest CWP across this region was 1.67 kg m⁻³, and the lowest was less than 0.5 kg m⁻³. We observed a close linear relationship between CWP and yield. We also observed that the continuing increase of ET leads to a peaking and subsequent decline of CWP, which suggests that the higher water consumption does not necessarily lead to a higher yield.