地克珠利可溶性粉的简化制备及检测

选用适当的助剂与辅料，通过直接的简单混合法而非喷雾干燥法，即可制得0.05％～0.5％、基到2％的地克珠利可溶性粉。该法制得的地克珠利可溶性粉性质稳定，溶解性良好。以含地克珠利0.5～1mg/L(即0.5～1ppm)饮水给药，即可有效地防治禽球虫病。     

复方地克珠利可溶性粉剂抗鸡球虫病效果试验

分别以0.5、1.0和1.5mg/L复方地克珠利可溶性粉(以地克珠利有效成分计)饮水,预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染。并用地克珠利可溶性粉(1.0mg/L)饮水、地克珠利(1.0mg/kg)混饲和硫酸新霉素(50.0mg/L,以效价计)饮水为对照。结果发现,复方地克珠利可溶性粉3种浓度饮水均能有效预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染,抗球虫指数均在176.46以上,优于地克珠利混饲给药组。     

0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉的制备及检测

采用适当的助溶剂，通过喷雾干燥法制成地克珠利可溶性粉。经检测，地克珠利可溶性粉性质稳定，溶解性好。按0.5-1mg/L饮水给药，能有效防治鸡球虫病。     

0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂预防鸡球虫病试验

对0.5%地克珠利(Diclazuril)可溶性粉剂,以0.2×10-6、0.5×10-6、1.0×10-6 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫(Eimeria)混合种人工感染,并用地克珠利预混剂(商品名球佳)以1.0×10-6浓度饲喂作对照,结果发现0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂以0.5×10-6、1.0×10-6两种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在176.6以上,与地克珠利预混剂以1.0×10-6浓度混饲效果相当,证实0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.     

原虫净可溶性粉防治鸡球虫病的试验

应用中草药复方制剂原虫净可溶性粉对鸡球虫病进行治疗试验，试验方法包括建立球虫病鸡模型，采用不同剂量组应用原虫净可溶性粉对试验的球虫病鸡进行口服投药，观察症状，剖检变化，检查虫卵，通过抗球虫指数分析该药对鸡球虫病的治疗效果，同时设地克珠利对照组。结果显示，原虫净可溶性粉以0．5g／L的剂量对鸡球虫病的治疗效果较好，治愈率达98％。治愈率不低于地克珠利药物组。原虫净可溶性粉对鸡球虫病有显著的疗效，是抗球虫病的理想药物。     

马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液对防治禽球虫病效果的试验

1试验动物及分组30日龄AA快大型肉仔鸡,购自天津市畜牧兽医研究所实验动物房,平均体重1.50kg。将鸡群随机分为A、B、C、、D、E、F组,每组110只。A组为健康对照组,B组为感染对照组,C组为马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液高剂量组,D组为马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液中剂量组,E组为马杜霉素铵-地克珠利溶液低剂量组,F组为磺胺喹恶啉钠可溶性粉对照组。分组情况见表1。     

地克珠利混悬液对鸡球虫病的疗效观察

对20 g/L地克珠利混悬液,以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫人工感染,并用地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg浓度饮水作对照.结果表明,20 g/L地克珠利混悬液以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在180以上,效果优于地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg饮水.田间试验有效率81.8%,治愈率71%,证实20 g/L地克珠利混悬液是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.     

国家农业部关于兽药停药期的最新规定(二)

兽药名称执行标准停药期氧氟沙星注射液氧氟沙星溶液(酸性)氨茶碱注射液烟酸诺氟沙星可溶性粉烟酸诺氟沙星溶液盐酸二氟沙星注射液盐酸二氟沙星溶液盐酸左旋咪唑盐酸多西环素片盐酸异丙嗪注射液盐酸沙拉沙星注射液二氢吡啶土霉素片马杜霉素预混剂巴胺磷溶液四环素片甲砜霉素散甲硝唑片甲磺酸达氟沙星粉甲磺酸培氟沙星可溶性粉甲磺酸培氟沙星颗粒亚硒酸钠维生素E预混剂伊维菌素注射液吉他霉素预混剂地克珠利预混剂地美硝唑预混剂安乃近片安钠咖注射液吡喹酮片芬苯哒唑粉(苯硫苯咪唑粉剂)阿司匹林片阿莫西林可溶性粉阿维菌素注射液阿维菌素胶…     

紫外分光光度法测定地克珠利预混剂的含量

为快速测定地克珠利预混剂含量 ,作者采用紫外分光光度法测定地克珠利预混剂的含量 ,测定结果表明在 5～ 2 5 μg/ml的浓度范围内 ,吸收度与浓度呈良好线形关系 ,平均回收率99 5 9% ;RSD =0 5 0 %。并用高效液相色谱法进行对照 ,结果基本一致。本法具有简便、快速、准确、重现性好等优点。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株对4种抗球虫药敏感性检测

为了探究北京地区3种柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株S1、B4、DZ对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶(预混剂)、磺胺氯吡嗪钠(可溶性粉)、地克珠利(溶液)、托曲珠利(溶液)4种药物的敏感性,从鸡只12日龄时开始,将鸡只分为16组,每组6只鸡,同时开始喂药直至试验结束(攻虫后第8天)。在鸡只14日龄时人工感染球虫4万个孢子化卵囊,该试验重复3次。结果得出S1 E.tenlla对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、地克珠利、托曲珠利4种药物均具有极强的耐药性。B4E.tenlla对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、托曲珠利3种药物敏感;对地克珠利具有耐药性。DZ E.tenlla对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶二甲氧苄啶和托曲珠利两种药物敏感,对磺胺氯吡嗪钠和地克珠利具有耐药性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.