Effect of salinity and water table on the mineral content of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity and water table on the mineral content of plum and peach were studied in lysimeters.Chloride content (Cl) in the leaves and the roots of plum and in the leaves of peach increased with salinity, whereas Cl in peach roots was not affected. Leaves of peach contained higher amounts of Cl than the leaves of plum. The opposite trend was observed in the roots.Sodium content (Na) increased with salinity in plum, whereas in peach it was not affected.The effect of salinity on calcium content (Ca) was not consistent in plum and peach.Potassium content (K) in the leaves of plum and peach decreased with salinity, whereas in the roots it was not affected.The Ca/K ratio in plum leaves increased with salinity, whereas in peaches it decreased in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment.Leaf phosphorus content (P) in the plum and the ‘Balady’ peach decreased with salinity, while in ‘Mit Ghamre’ peach it was not consistently affected. In plum root, P increased with salinity, whereas the effect was the opposite in peach.Magnesium content (Mg) was not significantly affected.The depth of the water table had no consistent effect on the Cl, Na, Ca, K, Ca/K ratio, P and Mg contents in the leaves and roots of plum or peach.The interaction between salinity treatments and water table levels was not significant in most cases.     

Ethrel studies on Petunia hybrida Vilm.

The ethylene releasing growth regulator ethrel (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid, in liquid and 5% granulated dry slow-release forms, was applied to petunias cultivars ‘Royal Cascade’, ‘Chiffon Cascade’, ‘White Cascade’ and ‘Pink Cascade’ as foliar spray, soil drenches or mixed in the soil medium. Granular and liquid forms of ethrel were effective as growth retardants and branch-including agents.Plant height and diameter were reduced and up to 300% increase in basal branches occurred, compared with control plants. The most effective and consistent results were observed with ethrel used as a soil drench.Best treatments for height control without phytotoxic symptoms were 250–500 p.p.m. as soil drenches, 500 p.p.m. foliar sprays and 0.1–0.4 g/pot soil incorporated granulated ethrel formulation. Branches forced by ethrel treatment remained functional. Flowers were delayed by ethrel treatments, but treated plants transplanted outdoors produced more flowers during the growing-season.     

Salinity tolerance of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp. L. C. Rich) cultivars and shoot Na,K and Cl contents under a high saline environment

Summary

Increasing need for salt-tolerant turfgrasses continues due to population growth in arid and semi-arid regions where potable water is limited, while soil and existing water sources are salty. Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp. L. C. Rich) is widely used in these areas. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the salt-tolerance of ten cultivars of bermudagrass under a high saline soil and water environment. Five salinity levels of irrigation water (3.30, 6.93, 10.2, 14.8 and 17.8 dS m^–1) were prepared and 30 pots were surfaced-irrigated at each salinity level for 1 year. Overall top growth, root growth, K content and K:Na ratio were reduced by 75%, 45%, 77% and 94.5%, respectively; while leaf-firing, shoot Cl and shoot Na concentrations were increased by 4%, 498% and 356%, respectively, when the salinity increased from 3.3 dS m^–1 to 17.8 dS m^–1. Regarding the salt-tolerance of cultivars, ‘Tifway’ was superior in top growth, percentage leaf-firing, Na uptake and K:Na ratio, ‘ISF2’ in root growth, and ‘Tifdwarf’ in Cl uptake. Although ‘Tifway’ showed the greatest reduction in root dry weight, it had the lowest level of leaf-firing and lowest reduction in top growth, which could be due to having the lowest Na uptake. Cultivars exhibited marked differences in their response to salinity; however, no mortality was observed, indicating that all cultivars tolerated the salinity levels used in the experiment.     

不同需冷量桃休眠相关DAM基因表达特性及激素调控的响应分析

以"南山甜桃"(需冷量200 h)、"瑞光51号"(需冷量400 h)和"春美"(需冷量600 h)为试材,从大量落叶期开始至花芽萌动期间,约每15 d采样一次,RT-PCR分析DAM基因在不同冷量积累时期花芽中的表达量,PLC-MS-MS测定相同时期吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)含量变化,以期了解不同需冷量桃休眠过程中DAM基因的表达特性及激素的调控机理。结果表明:DAM基因在不同需冷量桃休眠过程中的表达趋势一致,随着休眠的深入,"春美"中DAM基因的表达水平呈先升后降趋势;"南山甜桃"和"瑞光51号"在进入休眠期以后DAM基因表达水平急剧下降,与低温积累量呈负相关。"春美"中DAM基因表达量明显高于"瑞光51号"和"南山甜桃"。"春美"中DAM基因表达水平比"南山甜桃"和"瑞光51号"开始下调约晚30 d,但"瑞光51号"和"南山甜桃"中DAM基因下调的时间一致。IAA、ZT在不同需冷量桃休眠过程中的含量变化差异不显著,ABA含量变化差异显著,可能在休眠解除过程中起重要调控作用。     

Determination of Salt Tolerance of ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’ Strawberries Grown in Perlite and Perlite

ABSTRACT

The effects of salt (NaCl) applications of various concentrations (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/L) for 6 months on ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’ strawberry varieties grown in perlite and perlite:zeolite (1:1) media were investigated. In order to determine the salt resistance of varieties, the tolerance index (T.I.) and tolerance ratio (T.R.) were calculated on the basis of total chlorophyll content, and leaf and root dry weight. Also, the ability of keep in balance for potassium:sodium (K:Na) ratio in the aerial part and roots of plants were considered. It was determined that the highest T.I. and T.R. values calculated on the basis of leaf and root dry weight in cv. Camarosa in both media. Concerning the evaluations calculated on the basis of total chlorophyll, the results indicated that ‘Chandler’ is more resistant in perlite medium, ‘Camarosa’ is more resistant in perlite:zeolite (1:1) medium. K:Na ratio decreased with increasing salinity in both varieties. However, it was determined that K:Na ratio is higher in cv. Chandler, i.e., 0.83 than in cv. Camarosa (0.61). As a conclusion, it was determined that ‘Camarosa’ was more resistant to salt than ‘Chandler’. In addition, regarding the salt resistant performance of plants, perlite:zeolite (1:1) medium had more effective results than perlite.     

Evaluation of Salinity Tolerance of Some Selected Almond Genotypes Budded on GF677 Rootstock

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the tolerance of some almond genotypes to salinity, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors: genotypes in 11 levels (Tuono, Nonparaeil, Mamaie, Shokoufeh, Sahand, ‘Ferragnès,’ 1–16, 1–25, A₂₀₀, 13–40 budded on GF₆₇₇ rootstock, and GF₆₇₇ (without budding)) and irrigation water salinity in five levels (0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8 g/l of natural salt (equal electrical conductivity 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.8 dS/m, respectively) and with 4 replication for each treatment in research greenhouse of Seed and Plant Institute in years 2013 and 2014. The results showed that with increasing salinity concentration, growth indicators include the branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf area and leaf area ratio, relative humidity content, chlorophyll index, chlorophylls a, b, total, scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight have been reduced in the all genotypes studied, but percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves, root fresh and dry weight ratio to scion fresh and dry weight, relative ionic percentage, and cell membrane injury percentage of leaves were increased. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that salinity stress affected on the young trees by increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (F_O) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (F_m) and reduced variable fluorescence (F_v) in the plants and reduced variable fluorescence ratio to maximum fluorescence of 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in Sahand cultivar and GF₆₇₇ rootstock. The result showed that type of scion was affected in obstruction of Na⁺ absorption by the roots and their transported to leaves, as well as was affected in increasing uptake of K⁺ by the roots and their transported to leaves. In this research, GF₆₇₇ is well tolerated to water salinity to 4.9 dS/m but with higher range of salinity showed stress effects. The result showed that type of genotypes budded on GF₆₇₇ rootstock was very effective in tolerant to salinity. Overall, ‘Ferragnès’ was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. This cultivar could tolerate salinity 3.6 g/l (Ec: 7.3 dS/m). Also, Sahand was recognized as the most sensitive cultivar to salinity stress.     

Effects of high-humidity storage on quality,decay and storage life of cherry,lemon and peach fruits

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium (L.) ‘Lambert’ and ‘Blackboy’), lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. ‘Lisbon’) and peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, ‘Summerset’) were stored at 77–83, 90–94 and 95–99% RH (high humidity) at near-optimal storage temperatures after harvest and treatment with fungicides. High-humidity storage did not increase the storage life of peaches held at 0°C, but the life expectancy of cherries (both cultivars) was extended by 7–10 days at 0°C, and of lemons by at least 4 weeks at 10°C when fruit were stored at 95–99% RH compared with levels below 95%. The beneficial effects of high humidity were attributed to retardation of peel desiccation and associated reductions in fruit deformation, peel de-greening, chilling-injury and decay in lemons and to the maintenance of a fresher stalk and a firmer, less shrivelled fruit in cherries. High humidity had no effect on decay in cherries or peaches, but it significantly reduced weight loss and delayed the appearance of shrivel in peaches stored at 0°C. However, after storage at high humidity for 4 weeks, peaches ripened with low rates of C₂H₄ evolution and showed severe low-temperature injury, slight peeling-injury and a poor flavour ex-store.     

Morpho-Physiological Responses of Grape Rootstock ‘Dogridge’ to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Under Salinity Stress

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alone or in combination with bacterial consortium (AMF+BC) inoculation prior to induced salinity (NaCl @ 150 or 250 mM) were studied on root growth; plant biomass; leaf area; Na⁺ and K⁺ contents; leaf water potential (Ψ_w); osmotic potential (Ψ_π); photosynthesis rate (P_n); and contents of chlorophyll, phytohormones, and polyamines in the grape rootstock ‘Dogridge’, popular among Indian vine growers. AMF inoculation in the NaCl untreated rootstocks plants increased root growth, root and shoot biomass, and leaf area and improved leaf Ψ_w, Ψ_π, P_n, and chlorophyll content, and also countered the stress-induced decline in the NaCl treated plants. The abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins, and polyamine-spermidine and spermine contents in the leaves of NaCl untreated or treated were significantly increased by the AMF inoculation. Among the treatments, AMF with BC was relatively more effective than AMF alone with respect to changes in above morpho-physiological characters. The results depicted that AMF (AMF alone or AMF+BC) inoculation significantly improved salinity tolerance of grape rootstock and tolerance is induced by improvements in plant water balance, K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, and P_n, besides distinct accumulations in ABA and polyamines-spermine and spermidine. The above findings have potential in suggesting the AMF usefulness in improving the efficacy of ‘Dogridge’ rootstock in grape cultivation under salt affected soils.     

NaCl胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的影响

以名古屋系列、东京系列、大阪系列、鸽系列、鸥系列羽衣甘蓝为试材,研究了NaCl胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的影响.结果表明:相同浓度NaCl(150 mmol/L)对不同品种羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的抑制程度不同,耐盐性最强的是名古屋系列,最弱的是鸽系列.随NaCl浓度的增加,2个品种种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数均呈下降趋势,而相对盐害率则逐渐上升,其耐盐半致死浓度分别为213.65 mmol/L和87.32 mmol/L.NaCl浓度越高,对种子萌发的抑制作用越强.     

二十个名贵菊花品种耐盐性的筛选

采用无土栽培的方法,对20个名贵菊花品种进行了耐盐性筛选试验。结果表明:在浓度为0.6mol/L NaCl胁迫下,以植株所受的盐害指数为依据,可以对名贵菊花的耐盐性进行快速、有效筛选;根据聚类结果将20份材料的耐盐性分为极强、强、中等、弱、极弱5个级别,其中"黄松针"耐盐极强;"紫云"、"千秀银针"等5份材料耐盐性强,"炼丹炉"等9份材料耐盐性中等,"秋水芙蓉"等3份材料耐盐性弱,"彩霞"等2份材料耐盐性极弱。     

Controlling the growth and development of rose plants after planting

The effects of pinching and lateral bud removal (deshooting) on the development of structural shoots, the number of flowers, and the average flower stem length in young rose plants were examined, using the cultivars ‘Baccara’, ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’. The effect of deshooting on flower yield varied with each cultivar. It did not affect the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers, but increased ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ flower production by 50% and 75%, respectively. Leaving flowers to bloom out on plants before the start of commercial harvest resulted in a decrease in the length of the flower stems and also reduced the beneficial effect of deshooting on flower yield. Deshooting enhanced structural shoot formation (“bottom breaks”). Pinching flower buds of structural shoots increased the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers in comparison with pruning these shoots to 40–60 cm, as in common practice. Deshooting of the structural shoots of ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ increased the number of flowers in both cultivars.     

Shedding of the upper parts of grapevine shoots

Shedding of the upper parts of unlignified grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) canes is frequent during autumn. Stress conditions during the growing-season lead to similar shedding of shoot tips. The separation process occurs above a node in the boundary area between the distal part of the diaphragm and the pith.Ethephon (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) sprays, at 750 or 1500 mg l^?1, induced separation of the shoot tips of ‘Perlette’ and ‘Queen of the Vineyards’. Ethylene (C₂H₄) 200 vpm and ethephon at 10, 100 and 1000 mg l^?1 enhanced separation in shoot explants, whereas 2,4,5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-propionic acid) at concentrations above 1 mg l^?1 arrested it.This phenomenon may be regarded as a shoot abscission process which may represent adaptation of self-pruning of the grapevine.     

李树蓄水保肥建园技术试验研究

沙荒地李树栽植前,采取大穴换土、穴底及四周铺膜、树盘铺草等保墒保肥措施,可有效提高其土壤含水量。其根系集中分布区（20～40cm土层）的土壤含水量在灌水2d、11d、16d后比直接挖穴栽植高7．15～8．89个百分点,萌茅率、成活率比对照高8．5和10．5个百分点,新梢长、总枝量、树高等生育指标均高于对照。且采取沟灌方式进行灌溉,可大大缩短重复灌溉的时间,灌1次水与漫灌相比每667m2可节省73．3m3的水。     

野生欧洲李嫁接育苗技术研究

为探索野生欧洲李嫁接繁殖技术,提高其嫁接成活率,以野生欧洲李为研究对象,采用4种不同嫁接方法,研究不同嫁接砧木、嫁接时间、嫁接方法、砧木粗度和嫁接高度对接穗成活率及新梢生长量的影响。结果表明:适合野生欧洲李嫁接的4种不同砧木的优先顺序依次为:栽培欧洲李品种‘女神’>野生樱桃李>野杏>山桃。春季4月中旬以野生樱桃李为砧木嫁接时,适合采用劈接法和嵌芽接法,最高成活率达90.37%;夏季6月中旬、7月中旬嫁接则适合采用T形芽接法,成活率最高为90.93%,且新梢生长快。根据接穗嫁接成活率和成活后生长量筛选出适合野生欧洲李嫁接的砧木粗度为大于14.00 mm。野生欧洲李在7月中旬以‘女神’作砧木,采用T形芽接法嫁接后成活率最高达93.52%。     

The influence of NaCl salinity on growth,yield and fruit quality of strawberry cvs. ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Korona’

In a 2-year field study, strawberry cvs. ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Korona’ were exposed to three different levels of NaCl salinity supplied as aqueous solutions characterised by electrical conductivities of 0.3 dS/m, 2.6 dS/m, and 5.1 dS/m. Salinity in the rhizosphere reduced plant growth by up to 44% in ‘Korona’ and 90% in ‘Elsanta’. A rather distinct cultivar difference represented the reduction in leaf area per plant of 85% in the second year of experiment in ‘Elsanta’ compared to 29% in ‘Korona’. Strawberry can be regarded as a Na⁺ excluder, because Na⁺ content of both strawberry cultivars remained below 3 mg g⁻¹ dry mass at all salinity levels. Cl⁻ content increased considerably, up to 70 mg g⁻¹ dry mass in ‘Korona’ and 80 mg g⁻¹ dry mass in ‘Elsanta’ plants. ‘Korona’ retained most of its Cl⁻ in roots and crowns, whereas in ‘Elsanta’ the maximum was detected in petioles. ‘Korona’ was able to accumulate up to 33% higher Cl⁻ content in the roots than ‘Elsanta’. Macronutrient deficiency due to NaCl salinity was not observed and in comparison to ‘Elsanta’, higher Cl⁻ content in roots of ‘Korona’ did not coincide with an impairment of macronutrient uptake. Salinity stress reduced fruit yield by up to 27% in ‘Korona’ and 64% in ‘Elsanta’. Fruit quality, characterised as taste, aroma, and texture by a consumer-type panel, decreased by more than 24% in ‘Elsanta’, but in ‘Korona’ differences were insignificant. Total soluble solids (Brix) and the ratio Brix/TA (TA, titratable acid) decreased significantly by about 20% in ‘Korona’ and 35% in ‘Elsanta’. To summarise, the ability of ‘Korona’ to retain Cl⁻ in the root system more effectively than ‘Elsanta’ resulted not only in a 41% lower leaf Cl⁻ content at the highest salinity level and a better growth under NaCl stress, but also in a relatively higher fruit yield and fruit quality.     

Winter protection of container-grown nursery stock as affected by container design,hardening-off time and solar exposure

The effects of container type (round vs. square), solar exposure (100% vs. 50%) and hardening-off time (0, 3 or 6 weeks) on winter damage to Ilex crenata Thumb. ‘Hetzii’ (Hetz Japanese holly) and Buxus sempervirens L. (common boxwood) were studied. Container type and hardening-off time had significant effects on plant viability of Ilex crenata ‘Hetzii’ after exposure to freezing temperatures. Plants in square containers achieved substantially higher viability ratings than plants in round containers after freezing. Buxus sempervirens was significantly affected by hardening-off time only. Plant viability increased greatly with 3 or 6 weeks of hardening-off as compared to no hardening-off. Common boxwood plants in square containers did not achieve the same level of growth as plants in round containers during the 1980 growing-season (before freezing). Optimum growth for Buxus sempervirens occurred under full solar exposure.     

5–氨基乙酰丙酸缓解‘红颜’草莓盐胁迫伤害的时间效应研究

为了明确外源5–氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)缓解草莓盐胁迫伤害的适宜处理时间,比较了不同时间点添加外源5-ALA缓解植物盐胁迫伤害的效应,发现在100 mmol·L-1 Na Cl处理前5 d、处理同时或处理后3 d分别用10 mg·L-1 5-ALA溶液浇灌‘红颜’草莓根际,前5 d预处理的效果最佳,喻示着5-ALA的预防效应高于治疗效应。进一步于盐处理前5、10、15和20 d分别用5-ALA溶液根灌草莓苗,发现提前20 d预处理的效果最好,说明至少在20 d以内提前预处理越早,越有利于缓解盐胁迫对草莓苗的伤害。试验观察到,5-ALA缓解草莓盐胁迫伤害主要表现为:(1)缓解盐胁迫导致的草莓叶片叶绿素含量以及叶绿素b/a比值下降;(2)诱导盐胁迫下草莓叶片和根系抗氧化酶活性上升,缓解由盐胁迫导致的超氧阴离子生成速率加快;(3)有利于PSⅡ–PSⅠ之间电子传递,提高光能吸收、捕获、传递效率,减少热耗散,提高光合性能指数;(4)缓解盐胁迫对草莓植株生长的抑制作用,提高植株整体,特别是根系的生物学产量。     

耐海水菠菜种质鉴定与形态指标选择

在8个海水浓度下对14份菠菜种质进行了水培试验。结果表明：荷兰3号为耐海水菠菜品种，法莲草168强力菠菜为中等耐海水菠菜，其他品种为海水敏感品种；40%的海水浓度是菠菜耐海水坚定的适宜浓度；相对干质量、相对鲜质量、相对叶面积、相对存活叶片数为菠菜耐海水鉴定的可靠指标，盐害指数在一定浓度范围内可以作为菠菜耐海水鉴定的指标，而相对叶片含水量和根冠比不适宜作为菠菜耐海水鉴定的指标。