灌溉方式和氮磷钾配比对大葱产量及水肥生产效率的影响

为了探讨不同灌溉方式和氮、磷、钾配比对大葱产量及水肥生产效率的影响,研究了3种灌溉方式(滴灌、喷灌、沟灌)下8个施肥配比(N_PK_0、N_0PK、NP_0K、NP_0K_0、N_0PK_0、N_0P_0K、N_0P_0K_0和NPK)处理对元臧大葱产量及水肥生产效率的影响。结果表明:滴灌较沟灌显著增加大葱产量,提高N、P、K吸收量与肥料利用率,同时还提高了水分生产效率及灌溉水利用效率。肥料配比以NPK处理(N 500 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 400 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 600 kg·hm~(-2))的大葱产量较高,减施其中一种肥料次之,单施N、P、K肥料则产量较低,同时NPK处理还提高了大葱各器官N、P、K积累量与肥料利用率。因此,大葱在滴灌方式下,采用全量施肥的NPK处理灌溉施肥制度最为合理。     

Influence of plant density and time of fertilizer application on growth characteristics,nutrient uptake and yield of tomato

In a factorial experiment to investigate the combined effects of plant density and time of split application of fertilizer, 4 spacings and 3 fertilizer treatments were employed. Plant populations were varied between 24,000 and 54,000 per ha. Equal amounts of NPK were applied in different split applications and at specific physiological stages.Time to 50% flowering was delayed by fertilizer application as well as by wide within-row spacing. Total leaf N and P content declined with all treatments between flowering and mature-green stage of fruits, but increased again at table-ripe stage. Leaf K content remained constant throughout the growth period.Two-split applications of NPK, one at 2 weeks after transplanting to the field and the other at fruit set, were more beneficial than either no fertilizer or 3-split applications of equal amount of fertilizer, when the third application was at mature-green stage. This was indicated by higher fruit yields with 2-split applications.Highest fruit yields were obtained when tomatoes were planted either at 30.5 cm × 91 cm single-row spacing, or at 45.5 cm × 122.0 cm, double-row spacing, both giving 36,000 plants per hectare. Fruit yields were reduced at lower and higher population densities.     

施肥水平对生姜光合特性及NPK吸收的影响

研究了Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ施用水平对生姜光合特性和ＮＰＫ吸收的影响。结果表明：中水平处理（每６６７ｍ２施Ｎ４０ｋｇ、Ｐ２Ｏ５７．５ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ４０ｋｇ）叶片叶绿素含量高，光合和蒸腾强，对ＮＰＫ吸收多；低水平（Ｎ３Ｐ７．５Ｋ４０，Ｎ４０Ｐ０Ｋ４０，Ｎ４０Ｐ７．５Ｋ０）和高水平（Ｎ８０Ｐ７．５Ｋ４０，Ｎ４０Ｐ１５Ｋ４０，Ｎ４０Ｐ７．５Ｋ８０）施肥处理，上述指标均有不同程度的降低。     

化肥有机肥配施对苹果叶片养分、品质及产量的影响

 通过连续5 年（2005—2009）田间定位试验,比较只施磷钾化肥（PK）、只施NPK 化肥（NPK）、 施等量氮磷钾养分有机肥（M）、NPK 化肥和有机肥配合施用（化肥有机肥氮各占一半,NPKM）对苹果 树叶片养分含量、果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明：萌芽期NPK 处理叶片N、P、K 养分含量高于NPKM 和M 处理,而果实膨大期至成熟期,NPKM 及M 处理的叶片N、P、K 含量显著高于NPK 和PK 处理。 连续5 年不同施肥处理使苹果平均产量提高34.6% ~ 42.3%,年均产量顺序为NPKM ＞ NPK ≥ M ＞ PK。NPKM 处理5 年平均产量高达36.88 t · hm-2。2009 年NPKM 处理果径大于80 mm 的优质商品 果数所占比例达71.34%,NPKM 处理的果实糖酸比最高（39.3）。维生素C、可溶性固形物含量及硬度均 为NPKM 处理最高。NPKM 和M 处理的土壤有机质含量提高幅度较大,较对照（PK）处理分别提高了 69.6%和58.5%。化肥有机肥配施提高了苹果产量和品质,果园土壤肥力增强,是果园简单易行的环保型 施肥技术。     

Modification of growth and yield responses of Amaranthus tricolor L. to sUV-B under varying mineral nutrient supply

The decrease in stratospheric ozone has heightened concern over the consequences of increasing solar UV-B radiation on plants. The present study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of supplemental UV-B (sUV-B: 280–320 nm) and mineral nutrients on a leafy vegetable amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L. var Pusa badi) under natural field conditions in a dry tropical environment. The nutrient treatments were recommended dose of NPK, 1.5 times recommended dose of NPK, 1.5 times recommended dose of N and 1.5 times recommended dose of K sUV-B radiation inhibited growth and biomass accumulation and altered the patterns of biomass partitioning. In K amended plants larger proportion of biomass has been translocated to roots which further increased under sUV-B treatment. The application of 1.5 times recommended dose of NPK reduced the magnitude of yield loss. The study shows that amaranthus is a potentially UV-B sensitive species and a higher NPK dose above the recommended is required to minimize the adverse impact of sUV-B.     

大蒜养分需求规律及施肥模型初探

针对大蒜施肥中存在的习惯性和盲目性,采用肥料"3414"试验,在中壤土上进行了大蒜养分需求规律及施肥模型试验研究。结果表明,大蒜在生长过程中,吸氮最多、钾次之、磷最少,吸收氮磷钾的比例为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.36∶0.70,氮、钾吸收高峰在鳞茎膨大期,磷吸收高峰在蒜苔伸长期。大蒜施用氮磷钾,均有增产效果,氮磷钾最佳施用量为N436.95kg/hm2,P2O5213.34kg/hm2,K2O336.74kg/hm2。氮肥施用方法以2/3基+1/3追为宜,钾肥以2/3基+1/3追效果最好。     

交替根区灌溉和施氮量对葡萄幼树生长特性的影响

该试验采用盆栽进行。以2年生‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,设置不同灌溉方式(传统双侧滴灌、固定根区滴灌、交替根区滴灌)和施氮水平(0.4、0.8、1.2 g/kg土,依次记为低氮、中氮、高氮),研究根区交替灌溉与不同施氮量对葡萄生长特性的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,在新梢修剪前,新梢长度表现传统双侧滴灌最长(77.22 cm)、交替根区滴灌居中(68.53 cm)、固定根区滴灌最短(64.50 cm)。交替根区滴灌和固定根区滴灌的新梢长度依次比传统双侧滴灌降低11.3%、16.5%;葡萄新梢修剪量依次降低10.8%、21.3%。同一灌溉方式下,随着施氮量的增加,新梢修剪量增加。与传统双侧滴灌相比,交替根区滴灌叶面积略有降低,固定根区滴灌叶面积显著降低,在局部根区滴灌2种方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积均呈上升趋势,中氮和高氮处理差异不显著;在传统双侧滴灌方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积先增加后降低。综合考虑不同水氮耦合处理,交替滴灌与中氮互作能够在减少灌溉量和施氮量的条件下优化树体生长。     

柑桔配施氮、磷、钾肥效应研究初报

本试验研究了在同一施氮水平下，不同水平磷、钾配施及施用不同种类钾肥对柑桔营养、产量及品质的效应。结果表明，紫色黄泥土锦橙园采用适当氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对提高单产及改善果实品质具有明显作用，以株施Ｎ４６０９、Ｐ_２Ｏ_４００ｇ、Ｋ_Ｏ５６０ｇ效果最佳，经济效益也最大。在一定范围内，叶片中的磷、钾养分含量都随磷、钾化肥用量的增加而提高。     

氮磷钾肥对莲藕产量和品质的影响

通过分别施用不同水平的氮磷钾肥,研究其对莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)产量和品质的影响.研究结果表明,施用氮磷钾肥对莲藕的产量和品质有明显的影响,施肥的增产效应为氮肥略高于钾肥,氮肥和钾肥远高于磷肥;不同水平的氮磷钾用量中,中等施肥量的处理N450、P180和K450的莲藕产量最高;合理施用氮...     

高效节能型日光温室黄瓜养分的吸收规律

高效节能型日光温室黄瓜干物质和氮、磷、钾的积累都呈“S”形曲线 ;氮、磷、钾吸收最大期为盛瓜初期至盛瓜后期 ,占总吸收量的 80 %以上 ;每形成 10 0kg黄瓜需吸收N量0 .2 0 0 2kg ,P2 O50 .0 92 1kg ,K2 O 0 .2 32 2kg ,其比例为 1∶0 .4 6∶1.16 ;每 6 6 7m2 产 130 0 0kg黄瓜 ,在盛瓜期氮、磷、钾吸收速率分别为N 190～ 2 70、P2 O577～ 135、K2 O 199～ 347g·(d·6 6 7m2 ) - 1。     

盆栽金盏菊氮磷钾肥料配方的研究

 采用"3414"不完全正交回归设计，利用盆栽试验研究金盏菊氮磷钾肥施用效果，并筛选适宜的肥料配方。结果表明，氮肥和磷肥对金盏菊的营养生长和生殖生长均有较大影响，而钾肥效果主要表现在生长后期。氮、磷间有明显的正交互作用。以金盏菊总花数、功能叶片数、株高、植株干样质量为目标，进行统计分析，得出盆栽（每盆装基质2 kg）金盏菊氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）的最佳施用量为0.4、0.2和0.3 g·kg^-1。     

长期施用氮磷钾肥对黄土高原地区苹果产量及土壤养分累积与分布的影响

对连续8 a施用氮磷钾肥的黄土高原地区‘红富士’苹果园的产量及土壤养分变化进行了研究,以探明长期施用氮磷钾化肥对苹果产量与土壤养分累积与分布的影响。结果表明,施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK处理)显著增加了苹果产量,增产率为12.8%～128.3%,增产率随施肥年限增加有增加趋势。NPK处理增加了果园土壤的有效氮、磷、钾含量,其累积量在不同土层中的分布差异较大。与对照(CK)相比较,NPK处理使0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层中的速效氮含量平均分别增加了24.9 mg·L-1、36.9 mg·L-1和49.7 mg·L-1,速效磷增加了20.1 mg·L-1,12.6 mg·L-1和4.3 mg·L-1,速效钾增加了50.9 mg·L-1、61.8 mg·L-1和31.2 mg·L-1。这表明长期施肥下,果园土壤中速效氮的累积量随着土层深度增加,速效磷的累积量随土层深度减少,速效钾累积主要分布在0～40 cm土层。相关性分析表明,20～40cm土层的速效氮和速效磷含量与当年的苹果产量呈显著正相关关系,土壤速效养分含量与上一年度苹果产量的相关性较差。     

Promotive effects of a 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fertilizer on growth of tissue culture-derived date palm plants (Phoenix dactylifera L.) during acclimatization

The low survival rate together with the slow growth rate of the survived tissue culture-derived date palm plants during acclimatization are critical problems facing the tissue culture as a commercial technique of date palm propagation. Growth parameters, pigment contents and nutrient uptake were examined in tissue culture-derived date palm plants (Phoenix dactylifera L.) c.v. ‘Khalas’ subject to different concentration of a 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fertilizer, commercially known as Pentakeep-v, during acclimatization. Pentakeep application at 0.02, 0.04 or 0.08% at 10 days interval significantly enhanced growth at both VP2- and VP3-stage of acclimatization. However, such effects were not detectable at the VP1-stage. At the end of this stage, the successful plants ranged from 66.6 to 78.3% with no significant differences between the Pentakeep treatments and the control. All successful plants at this stage survived both the VP2 and the VP3 stages of acclimatization. Plants treated with Pentakeep, especially at 0.04 and 0.08%, developed faster and were ready for transplanting to the nursery or to the open field conditions about 4–5 months earlier than the control or those treated with 0.02% Pentakeep. Pentakeep significantly increased chlorophyll a contents in all treatments which was subsequently reflected on total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio. Pentakeep application, especially at the 0.08%, significantly increased the concentration of N, Cu and Zn in the leaves of treated plants. The concentration of available P and Zn in the soil was significantly higher in the Pentakeep treatments than the control.     

Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation and deficit irrigation on phosphorus uptake in tomato plants

Summary

The comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on phosphorus (P) uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were investigated in a split-root pot experiment. The results showed that PRI treatment improved water-use efficiency (WUE) compared to the DI treatment. PRI-treated plants accumulated significantly higher amounts of P in their shoots than DI plants under organic maize straw N fertilisation, whereas similar levels of shoot P accumulation were observed under mineral N fertilisation. Thus, the form of N fertiliser, and thereby the different plant N status, affected the accumulation of P in shoots, as reflected by a higher plant N:P ratio following mineral N fertilisation than after organic N fertilisation. Compared to the DI treatment, PRI significantly increased both the physiological and agronomic efficiencies of P-use under mineral N fertilisation, while similar physiological and agronomic P-use efficiencies were found between the two irrigation treatments with organic N fertilisation. PRI-induced drying and wetting processes might have influenced the bio-availability of soil P, as the concentrations of bio-available P in both bulk and rhizosphere soils were increased compared with the DI treatment under both forms of N fertilisation. It is suggested that a relatively high soil water content in the wet zone of the PRI treatment should be maintained in order to facilitate nutrient (i.e., N and P) transport from the bulk soil to the root surface, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake by the roots.     

Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root growth,nutrient uptake,water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry

Field studies were conducted for two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions at Nauni in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh (30°52′N, 77°11′E 1175 asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols to investigate the effect of different mulches (hay: HM, black polyethylene: BP) on root growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under drip (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems. Unmulch (UM) and rainfed treatments were kept as control. Higher soil moisture content was registered under both the mulch materials during entire crop growth period. However, it was greater under BP mulch as compare to HM. The moisture conservation increased by 2.80–12.80% under BP mulch as compared to UM. HM treatment, irrespective of irrigation method increased the minimum soil temperature (2.8–5.2 °C) and reduced the maximum soil temperature (2.7–5.8 °C) as compared to UM. BP mulch increased the minimum soil temperature from 0.4 to 2.5 °C. Application of irrigation moderated the soil (minimum 2.6 and maximum 1.4 °C) temperature. Both the mulch materials were effective in enhancing root growth, nutrient uptake, WUE and yield. Application of mulch enhanced the root growth (63%), nutrient uptake (179.20%), WUE (84.40%) and yield (343%) under DI. However, respective increase under SI was 23.60, 83.80, 109.40 and 219.20%. Under DI, 51% of irrigation water was saved and about 19% higher fruit yield was obtained as compared with SI treatment. Linear regression model could significantly describe the variations in nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and WUE of strawberry under sub-temperate climatic conditions, root mass density was better indicator for estimating nutrient uptake of strawberry.     

氮素对大蒜生长及养分吸收的影响

以地方品种金乡白皮蒜为试材,研究不同氮肥处理对大蒜蒜薹和鳞茎产量的影响,以及在适宜施氮量的条件下,大蒜干物质积累及养分吸收的情况。结果表明:每生产1000kg大蒜需从土壤中吸收氮8.5kg、磷1.4kg、钾5.2kg。从播种到鳞芽花芽分化期(180d),大蒜干物质日均积累量相对较低,对氮、磷、钾的吸收量分别占整个生育期的30.7%、36.8%和46.1%;从鳞芽花芽分化期到收获(52d),蒜薹伸长、鳞茎膨大,大蒜干物质日均积累量迅速增加,对氮、磷、钾的吸收分别占整个生育期的69.3%、63.2%和53.9%,到收获前期干物质积累和养分吸收达到高峰。本试验条件下适宜氮素用量为240kg·hm-2,大蒜对氮、磷、钾的吸收分别为0.710、0.114和0.434g·株-1,吸收比例为1∶0.16∶0.61。     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

水氮处理对青花菜产量及水肥利用效率的影响

采用大田试验方法,研究了不同灌水量和不同施氮量对西北高原青花菜产量、水分利用效
率和根际土壤速效养分含量的影响。结果表明：青花菜产量以中水高氮（W2N1）处理最高,达2 035
kg·（667 m²）^-1,较产量最低的低水低氮（W3N3）处理高36.30%;而水分利用效率随灌水量的减少而显
著提高,低水高氮（W3N1）处理的水分利用效率最高。青花菜各器官的干物质积累量随着水氮施用量的
增加大体呈增加的趋势,但超过一定量后则表现为下降的趋势,以中水高氮（W2N1）处理最高。不同水
氮处理下0～20 cm 土层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量都呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,且磷钾肥的施用量
远大于吸收量,土壤残留较多。综合评价,西北高原青花菜种植以中水高氮（W2N1）处理效果最佳,即
施氮量为27.6 kg·（667 m²）^-1、灌水量为83.52 m ³·（667 m²）^-1。     

潮汐灌溉营养液浓度分段设定对番茄穴盘苗生长的影响

以中杂302为试材,将番茄穴盘苗生长发育分为5个阶段(Ⅰ:播种至出苗;Ⅱ:出苗至子叶平展;Ⅲ:子叶平展至二叶一心;Ⅳ:二叶一心至三叶一心;Ⅴ:三叶一心至四叶一心),分段设定9个营养液浓度组合,研究潮汐灌溉条件下营养液浓度分段设定对番茄穴盘苗生长发育、养分积累量及利用率的影响.结果表明:在第Ⅰ阶段,灌溉1.0×营养液,番...     

Essential and non-essential element composition of tomato plants fertilized with poultry manure

Poultry manure (PM) must be disposed of from poultry farms, but is a potentially valuable source of macro- and micronutrients for plant growth. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of poultry manure on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants. Yields of fruits and vegetative material of plants grown in soil with 0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹ PM added were measured. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cl, Si, Br, Rb, Sr and Ba in leaves at flowering and at final harvest and in fruits were determined by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). Poultry manure fertilization improved tomato shoot growth and also fruit yield and increased leaf N concentrations at the harvest stage. In addition, P concentrations of the leaves and fruits were increased as the application rate of PM was increased. Fruit Ca and Mg were significantly reduced by increased rate of PM application, but not to the extent to cause the calcium deficiency disorder blossom end rot. Applied high levels of PM slightly increased the concentrations of leaf Mo and Br at the harvest stage. Poultry manure applications had a positive effect on the concentrations of leaf Zn, Cu, Cl and Rb at both sampling stages, but leaf Si concentration was reduced by PM treatments. The concentrations of Zn and Rb were increased in the fruits by PM treatments, but the concentrations of Br were decreased. Applied PM levels had no significant effects on the concentrations of K, S, Fe, Sr or Ba in tomato plants. It is concluded that the increased fruit yield, and the increased concentration of Zn (an element required in the human diet) and the lowered concentration of potentially harmful Br in the fruit make poultry manure a valuable growing medium for tomato production.