焉耆盆地绿洲区地下水硝态氮污染空间变异性研究及成因分析

为了研究焉耆盆地绿洲区地下水硝态氮污染状况,通过野外采样及室内分析,运用地统计学方法中的普通克里金(Or-Kriging)法对绿洲农区207个地下水进行了硝态氮空间变异分析,并以河流、农田排渠水中的硝态氮量分析了硝态氮污染的原因。结果表明,绿洲区地下水体硝态氮量总体水平较低,平均值为3.32mg/L,属国家地下水Ⅱ类质量标准,但不同区域地下水的硝态氮量差异明显;采用普通克里金插值对绿洲区未测区域进行估值并按照国家地下水质量标准进行分区表明,绿洲农区大部分区域地下水硝态氮量已接近世界卫生组织(WHO)的最大允许质量浓度(10.0mg/L),个别地区已处于污染警戒状态(20.0mg/L),需尽早采取有效措施防治。随着近些年集约化农业的发展,氮肥施用量的增加及利用率偏低是盆地绿洲区地下水硝态氮污染的根本原因。     

施肥量和降雨对水稻田氮流失影响的试验研究

过量且不合理的施肥作业方式,往往导致了氮肥的大量流失,引起水体富营养化等现象,造成了农业水环境的严重污染,是农业非点源污染的重要原因之一。为了能够及时监测氮肥流失的程度和原因,减少农业非点源污染,对稻田水中氨态氮和硝态氮离子浓度的快速测定具有重要意义。本研究使用德国WTW公司的氨氮硝氮在线检测传感器,采用实地取样的方式,对稻田水体环境中氨氮和硝氮离子浓度的变化规律进行了试验研究,探索了不同天气条件下,农田水中氮的流失情况。结果表明,降雨对氮的流失程度有很大的影响,降雨造成的氮流失是农田非点源污染的重要因素,同时施肥量越高,氮的流失情况也越严重。控制农田氮流失必须从施肥方式、耕种方式和灌溉方式等方面进行改善。本研究对于如何减少农业非点源污染,探索合理的氮肥施用方式以及在农田作业中实施最佳管理措施提供了有益参考。     

辽宁省三种类型作物产区饮用水硝态氮污染状况研究

对辽宁省水稻、玉米、蔬菜3类作物产区189个地下水饮用水井的硝态氮含量进行调查分析。结果表明,辽宁省平原农区饮用水硝态氮含量平均为4.63 mg/L,其中10.6%的饮用水井硝态氮含量超标(硝态氮含量≥10 mg/L),2.1%的饮用水井硝态氮含量严重超标(硝态氮含量≥20 mg/L),超过国家Ⅲ类饮用水质量标准。3种类型作物产区中,玉米产区饮用水硝态氮污染情况最轻,硝态氮平均含量为2.49 mg/L,超标率为4.2%,无严重超标率,87.5%采样点井水水质良好;蔬菜产区饮用水质量相对较差,硝态氮平均含量为4.48 mg/L,超标率和严重超标率分别为7.1%和1.8%,71.4%采样点井水水质良好;水稻产区饮用水硝态氮污染情况最为严重,20.8%采样水井硝态氮含量超标,3.8%水样严重超标。化学氮肥的施用对辽宁省不同作物产区饮用水中硝态氮含量有着直接且重要的影响,呈明显的正相关关系。由于氮肥施用量的增加,辽宁省水稻产区饮用水硝态氮污染呈恶化趋势,而蔬菜产区饮用水硝态氮含量在田间氮肥用量减少之后呈明显降低趋势,玉米产区饮用水硝态氮含量变化略有波动,但随着氮肥的增施已然出现了超标现象。     

暗管控制排水条件下土壤硝态氮运移转化规律的试验研究

为研究控制排水措施对土壤硝态氮运移和转化的影响,通过测坑试验分析了不同控制排水位下土壤不同深度硝态氮的含量和分布。结果表明:①控制与非控制排水条件下土壤剖面硝态氮分布规律相似,硝态氮含量集中在0～40 cm土层,深层土壤中硝态氮浓度很小在1 mg/kg左右,不会污染地下水;②排水结束后至降雨前,表层至40 cm土壤剖面硝态氮浓度变化率和各田硝态氮含量的增大率与控制排水出口的高度成负相关,降雨至排水结束后,表层硝态氮的浓度均减小,表层以下硝态氮浓度变化与地下水埋深有关,地下水位以上硝态氮浓度一般增大,地下水位以下硝态氮浓度一般减小。结论为控制排水措施减小了深层土壤硝态氮含量,且大大减少了土壤中硝态氮的含量,且控制排水能有效减少硝态氮的流失量。     

水肥耦合效应对保护地辣椒果实中硝态氮含量的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了灌水定额、氮肥和磷肥对护地辣椒果实中硝态氮含量的数学模型.研究表明:灌水、施氮和施磷对辣椒果实硝态氮含量的影响大小顺序为灌水>施氮>施磷.适量灌水少施氮肥可降低辣椒果实中硝态氮含量.     

河北平原区农田土壤硝态氮分布规律及影响因素分析

在河北省平原区开展小麦-玉米轮作区农田硝态氮田间试验,采用雷磁计测定土壤剖面硝态氮含量,并分析降雨、土壤性质及微生物等影响因素。试验结果表明:常规施肥条件下,氮肥的当季利用率较低,残留率为27.5%。施肥灌溉后土壤硝态氮的分布呈现双峰形式,分别出现在55～70cm土层和150～170cm土层。小峰值出现在土壤剖面上层,硝态氮平均含量为47.75mg/kg;大峰值出现在土壤剖面下层,平均含量为93.72mg/kg。大峰值约是小峰值的2倍,且含量随时间、土层深度变化较大。不合理的灌溉方式使硝态氮深层淋失现象明显,根层以下土壤剖面硝态氮含量占氮肥总量的85%,对地下水环境构成极大威胁。     

不同潜水埋深污水灌溉氮素运移试验研究

随着污水灌溉的迅速发展,污水灌溉对土壤环境及地下水的影响日益受到人们的关注。通过污水灌溉田间试验,探讨了不同潜水埋深条件下,污水灌溉对土壤及地下水中硝态氮和铵态氮的影响。结果表明:硝态氮的淋溶深度与潜水埋深及灌水量呈良好的正相关;相同灌水水平,地下水中硝态氮浓度与潜水埋深成负相关,地下水埋深2、3、4 m地下水硝态氮分别增加33.99%、15.49%、7.50%;相同潜水埋深,灌水水平越高,土壤中硝态氮淋溶深度越深。     

灌溉土壤硝态氮运移与土壤湿度的关系

经室内地中渗透仪实验观测和对自然界一些现象的分析证实 ,灌溉土壤硝态氮的运移与土壤湿度有良好的相关关系。据此提出了提高灌溉土壤氮素利用率和减轻硝态氮对底土及地下水污染的措施。     

灌溉土壤硝态氮运移与土壤湿度的关系

经室内地中渗透仪实验观测和对自然界一些现象的分析证实，灌溉土壤硝态氮的运移与土壤湿度有良好的相关关系。据此提出了提高灌溉土壤氮素利用率和减轻硝态氮对底土及地下水污染的措施。     

降雨与施肥对夏玉米土壤硝态氮分布影响的田间试验研究

通过在北京顺义区进行模拟降雨田间试验,研究了不同降雨与施肥水平对夏玉米土壤硝态氮分布与累积的影响。结果表明,当土壤质地相同时,土壤硝态氮含量与降雨强度、施氮量关系密切,土壤中硝态氮浓度变化随降雨强度的增加而增大,当降雨强度达到40~70 mm/h时,硝态氮会淋溶到土壤剖面110 cm以下;随着施氮量增加,各层土壤硝态氮含量也均呈升高的趋势,并向下层土壤快速移动,造成对浅层地下水的污染。     

A package of water management practices for sustainable growth and improved production of vegetable crop in labour and water scarce Sub-Saharan Africa

A package of water management practices including pitcher irrigation method and water conserving techniques of manure application and mulching is experimented for sustainable growth and improved production of cucumber crop in Makanya village in North Eastern Tanzania. The increase in total yield due to package of water management practices is 203 per cent and water use efficiency obtained is 12.06 kg m⁻³. The seasonal water requirement of cucumber crop under package of water management practices ranges from 146.30 to 198.10 mm, which is on an average 4.19 times less as compared to control treatment of can irrigation. The irrigation interval in package of water management practices is 4.9 times higher than the can irrigation method. The water and labour uses are reduced by 75.9 and 73 per cent, respectively in package of water management practices. The results showed that the self-regulative nature of pitchers and moisture retention by water conserving techniques is helpful in mitigating water stress in crop root zone. The moisture retention period in soil is increased assisting reduction of labour hours required in irrigation. In local context, the water management practices included in the package are easy to understand, adopt, operate and maintain.     

Modeling the impact of alternative drainage practices in the northern Corn-belt with DRAINMOD-NII

The hydrologic and water quality impacts of subsurface drainage design and management practices are being investigated through field and simulation studies throughout the northern Corn-belt. Six years of data from an ongoing field study in south central Minnesota (Sands et al., 2008) were used to support a modeling effort with DRAINMOD-NII to investigate: (1) the performance of the model in a region where soils are subject to seasonal freeze-thaw and (2) the long-term hydrologic and water quality characteristics of conventional and alternative subsurface drainage practices. Post-calibration model prediction and efficiency were deemed satisfactory using standard model performance criteria. Prediction errors were primarily associated with early spring snowmelt hydrology and were attributed to the methods used for simulating snow accumulation and melting processes, in addition to potential sublimation effects on ET estimates. Long-term simulations with DRAINMOD-NII indicated that drainage design and/or management practices proposed as alternatives to conventional design may offer opportunities to reduce nitrate (NO₃)-nitrogen losses without significantly decreasing (and in some cases, increasing) crop yields for a Webster silty clay loam soil at Waseca, Minnesota. The simulation study indicated that both shallow drainage and controlled drainage may reduce annual drainage discharge and NO₃-nitrogen losses by 20-30%, while impacting crop yields from −3% (yield decrease) to 2%, depending on lateral drain spacing. The practice of increasing drainage intensity (decreasing drain spacing) beyond recommended values appears to not significantly affect crop yield but may substantially increase drainage discharge and nitrate-nitrogen losses to surface waters.     

Efficiency of controlled drainage and subirrigation in reducing nitrogen losses from agricultural fields

In northeast Italy, a regimen of controlled drainage in winter and subirrigation in summer was tested as a strategy for continuous water table management with the benefits of optimizing water use and reducing unnecessary drainage and nitrogen losses from agricultural fields.To study the feasibility and performance of water table management, an experimental facility was set up in 1996 to reproduce a hypothetical 6-ha agricultural basin with different land drainage systems existing in the region. Four treatments were compared: open ditches with free drainage and no irrigation (O), open ditches with controlled drainage and subirrigation (O-CI), subsurface corrugated drains with free drainage and no irrigation (S), subsurface corrugated drains with controlled drainage and subirrigation (S-CI). As typically in the region free drainage ditches were spaced 30 m apart, and subsurface corrugated drains were spaced 8 m apart.Data were collected from 1997 to 2003 on water table depth, drained volume, nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the drainage water, and nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the groundwater at various depths up to 3 m.Subsurface corrugated drains with free drainage (S) gave the highest measured drainage volume of the four regimes, discharging, on average, more than 50% of annual rainfall, the second-highest concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the drainage water, and the highest nitrate-nitrogen losses at 236 k ha⁻¹.Open ditches with free drainage (O) showed 18% drainage return of rainfall, relatively low concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the drainage water, the highest nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the shallow groundwater, and 51 kg ha⁻¹ nitrate-nitrogen losses.Both treatments with controlled drainage and subirrigation (O-CI and S-CI) showed annual rainfall drainage of approximately 10%. O-CI showed the lowest nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the drainage water, and the lowest nitrogen losses (15 kg ha⁻¹). S-CI showed the highest nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the drainage water, and 70 kg ha⁻¹ nitrate-nitrogen losses. Reduced drained volumes resulted from the combined effects of reduced peak flow and reduced number of days with drainage.A linear relationship between daily cumulative nitrate-nitrogen losses and daily cumulative drainage volumes was found, with slopes of 0.16, 0.12, 0.07, and 0.04 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrate-nitrogen lost per mm of drained water in S-CI, S, O, and O-CI respectively.These data suggest that controlled drainage and subirrigation can be applied at farm scale in northeast Italy, with advantages for water conservation.     

Irrigation management for groundwater quality protection

Deep percolation flow below agricultural and can transport nitrate and pesticide residues to underlying groundwater. Irrigated agriculture in dry climates can also contaminate groundwater with salt from irrigation water and with trace elements such as selenium leached from the vadose zone. Groundwater contamination by agricultural chemicals can be minimized by using best management practices (BMPs) for crop production (including low-input sustainable agriculture or other source control) and for irrigation. Irrigation systems should be designed and managed for zero or minimum deep percolation during the growing seasons to keep fertilizer and pesticides in the root zone as long as possible. At other times, irrigation efficiencies can be lower to produce enough deep percolation water for leaching salts out of the root zone. Because of spatial variability and preferential flow, however, some deep percolation and movement of chemicals may still occur, even if the irrigation efficiency is 100%. BMPs should be developed to minimize such deep percolation flow.     

Development and application of a modeling approach for surface water and groundwater interaction

Investigation of the interaction of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) is critical in order to determine the effects of best management practices (BMPs) on the entire system of water resources. The objective of this research was to develop a modeling system for considering SW–GW interactions and to demonstrate the applicability of the developed system. A linked modeling approach was selected to consider SW–GW interaction. The dual-simulation scheme was developed to consider different time scales between a newly developed surface model: Dynamic Agricultural Non-point Source Assessment Tool (DANSAT), and existing groundwater models; a three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and a modular three-dimensional transport model (MT3D). A distributed and physically based DANSAT predicts the movement of water and pesticides in runoff and in leachate at a watershed scale. MODFLOW and MT3D simulate groundwater and pesticide movement in the saturated zone. Only the hydrology component of the linked system was evaluated on the QN2 subwatershed in the Nomini Creek watershed located in the Coastal Plain of Virginia mainly due to lack of observed data for MT3D calibration. The same spatial scale was used for both surface and groundwater models while different time scales were used because surface runoff occurs more quickly than groundwater flow. DANSAT and MODFLOW were separately calibrated using the integrated GW approach which uses own lumped baseflow components in DANSAT, and using the steady-state mode in MODFLOW, respectively. Then the linked system was applied to QN2 based on the parameters selected for DANSAT and MODFLOW to simulate time-dependent interactions on the entire system. The linked approach was better than the integrated approach for predicting the temporal trends of monthly runoff by improving the monthly Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index from 0.53 to 0.60. The proposed linked approach will be useful for evaluating the impacts of agricultural BMPs on the entire SW–GW system by providing spatial distribution and temporal changes in groundwater table elevation and enhancing the reliability of calibrated parameter sets.     

Managing natural resources of watersheds in the semi-arid tropics for improved soil and water quality: A review

Soil, water and production systems constitute the most important natural resources of a watershed in the rainfed agro-ecosystem; and for sustainability of the production systems they need to be in harmony with the environment. To learn from the past research, a review is made of literature on the impact of natural resource management practices on soil and water quality in the semi-arid tropical regions of India. The results from long-term on station field experiments show that an integrated use of soil and water conservation practices with balanced plant nutrition can not only sustain increased productivity but also maintain soil quality at the watershed or catchment level. Natural resource management practices that conserve soil and water also help to maintain surface and groundwater quality. The changes in soil and water quality, as impacted by natural resource management practices, need to be monitored and assessed on a continuing basis as the outcome of such research offers valuable opportunity for the implementation of corrective management practices, as and when needed.     

Economic incentives reduce irrigation deliveries and drain water volume

This paper describes the application of an economic incentive program to achieve water quality objectives by motivating improvements in farm-level water management practices. The program includes farm-specific water allotments, tiered water pricing, and low-interest loans for purchasing irrigation equipment. The implementation of this program in a California water district has resulted in significant reductions in irrigation deliveries and drain water volume. Since the program was implemented, average irrigation depths have declined by 25% on cotton fields, 9% on tomatoes, 10% on cantaloupes, 30% on seed alfalfa, and 29% on grain fields. The average volume of drain water collected each year in subsurface drainage systems has declined from 4.8 million m³ during 1986 through 1989 to 2.6 million m³ during 1990 through 1993. These results confirm that economic incentives can be effective in generating improvements in water quality.     

Hydro-physical characteristics of selected media used for containerized agriculture systems

Containerized plant production represents an extremely intensive agricultural practice with large amounts of moisture and fertilizer application. Hydro-physical characteristics such as water infiltration, texture and structure, particle size distribution affect the quality of the media used in containerized agricultural systems and the water availability to plants. Water retention characteristics depend on particle size distribution as well as the composition of the media used. Materials with coarser particles allow faster percolation of water and also retain relatively higher amounts moisture per unit weight due to higher porosity, while draining faster due to smaller surface area per unit weight. Faster drainage can result into airflow through coarser materials causing the media to dry. The objectives of this study were to characterize the selected hydro-physical properties of plant growth media that are commonly used by nurseries in South Florida. Characterization of the plant growing media can allow modeling of soil-water interactions and development of best management practices for more efficient use of water and agrochemicals by nurseries. Experimental analyses were performed to characterize the plant growth mixtures in terms of particle size distribution and hydraulic conductivity using three different methods (i.e., constant head permeability, falling head permeability test, and tension infiltrometer test). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by constant head method ranged from 0.029 to 0.042 cm/s (104-151 cm/h) and by falling head method ranged from 0.078 to 0.112 cm/s (281-403 cm/h). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by tension infiltrometer ranged from 0.02 to 0.34 cm/h. Understanding water retention and permeation characteristics of the plant growing media could assist development of best management practices (BMP) for containerized agricultural systems for efficient management of irrigation water and agrochemical use.     

Farmer participatory testing of standard and modified site-specific nitrogen management for irrigated rice in China

Rice in China receives high amounts of fertilizer nitrogen (N) that are often not used efficiently by the crop. A recently developed site-specific N management (SSNM) approach enables the application of fertilizer N to dynamically match the field- and season-specific needs of the rice crop for N. We used farmer participatory research for on-farm testing of N fertilization by standard and farmer-modified SSNM for irrigated rice. Our study was done in 14 villages in four provinces of China in 2003 and 2004. Twelve to 15 farmers were randomly selected in each study village in each year for a dialogue with the research team and for a rapid rural technology assessment (RRTA). Based on the information obtained from the RRTA, modified SSNM (MSSNM) schemes were developed through dialogue between a research team and farmers at a workshop in each village. Modification mainly involved decreasing the number of fertilizer-N topdressings and increasing the rate of basal N application. Among the 514 farmers surveyed during the workshops, 95% were willing to adopt SSNM and MSSNM technologies and 76% were willing to conduct SSNM or MSSNM experiments. More than two-thirds of the farmers preferred adopting MSSNM rather than the standard SSNM. Based on the farmers’ willingness, 144 farmers were selected to conduct an experiment to compare SSNM or MSSNM with the farmers’ fertilizer practices (FFP). The rate and distribution of fertilizer N during the growing season of MSSNM were in between those of SSNM and FFP. SSNM and MSSNM, compared with FFP, maintained rice yields with significantly less fertilizer N and no significant increase in total labour input. The reduction in fertilizer-N input averaged 48 kg N/ha for SSNM and 23 kg N/ha for MSSNM. The study suggests that there is potential for large-scale dissemination of SSNM technology in China.     

容重对土壤水氮垂直运移特性影响

为研究不同土壤容重下红壤土与黄土中水分与硝态氮垂直一维入渗运移特性差异,提高红壤与黄土地区水肥利用效率,以江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土为研究对象,采用垂直一维入渗方式模拟土壤容重对2种土壤中水分及硝态氮垂直运动规律的影响.结果表明:江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土的湿润锋运移距离及入渗速率均与土壤容重呈负相关;灌水结束时与再分布1 d后,2种土壤的含水率均与土壤容重呈负相关,西安粉壤土的含水率略大于江西壤黏土;土壤容重越大,硝态氮越集中于深层土壤中且其峰值越高,再分布过程中峰值下降,其中容重为1.25,1.35,1.40 g/cm³的峰值下降较大.灌水结束时土壤容重对40~50 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比在0.05水平下均具有统计学意义;再分布1 d后,2种土壤在0~30 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比相差甚小,在30~60 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比均较高,但西安粉壤土的硝态氮质量比更高.故江西壤黏土中硝态氮更容易淋溶,而西安粉壤土的持水持肥性较好.