不同栽培法和收割期对甘蔗单产及含糖量影响的分析

本研究利用1975～2008年33年间日本南大东岛甘蔗生产数据, 分析了甘蔗栽培方法[新苗种植(包括夏植和春植)、宿根]和收割时期对其产量、品质和经济性的影响.结果表明, 不同栽培法甘蔗多年平均产量依次为夏植>宿根>春植; 新植甘蔗的种植期越早产量越高; 宿根甘蔗产量与前茬甘蔗的收割期呈二次函数曲线关系, 前茬甘蔗收割过早或过迟均对宿根甘蔗生长不利; 宿根甘蔗产量随宿根次数增加呈下降趋势; 宿根甘蔗含糖量通常高于新植甘蔗, 且不同栽培法下3月下旬前收获的甘蔗含糖量随收割期后延而逐渐增加.在此基础上, 建立了依据栽培方法、收割时期预测甘蔗单产和含糖量的数学模型, 模型对我国甘蔗种植业具有理论和实际的参考价值.     

不同种植模式对甘蔗根际土壤生物学特性的影响

甘蔗多年单一化的宿根栽培导致甘蔗产量下降，而套种豆科作物能较明显地提高宿根蔗产量。本研究以赣蔗18 的新植栽培、 宿根栽培和宿根/大豆套种栽培的甘蔗根际土壤为对象，结合土壤微生物区系、 土壤酶活性，甘蔗基本农艺性状及其产量、 质量指标，揭示宿根蔗套种大豆的增产机制及生物学意义。结果表明，不同种植模式下甘蔗蔗糖含量基本一致，但宿根蔗套种大豆由于茎径粗大而较宿根连作表现出明显的产量优势。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤酶活性有显著差异，套种明显提高了宿根蔗根际土壤酶活性，尤其是与碳、 氮、 磷循环相关的蔗糖酶、 脲酶、 酸性磷酸单酯酶。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量有显著性差异，单一宿根连作甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例降低，而宿根蔗套种大豆根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例提高，使甘蔗根际土壤微生物从真菌型向细菌型转变。总之，单一的宿根连作可导致根际土壤总微生物量及酶活性下降，引起土壤微生物介导的营养循环受阻，从而使甘蔗产量下降，而宿根蔗套种大豆模式对根际土壤微生物区系具有明显的改善作用，宿根蔗具有明显的产量优势。     

“双高”基地甘蔗配套栽培管理技术及实践效果分析

广西壮族自治区来宾市象州县因其得天独厚的自然条件,成为甘蔗的重要种植区。2014—2018年,广西在全区推进33.33万公顷优质高产高糖糖料甘蔗基地(以下简称"双高"基地)建设,目的是选用良种,配合科学的栽培管理技术,提高甘蔗的产量和含糖量,降低生产成本,推动糖业的可持续发展。实践证明,"双高"基地甘蔗的配套栽培管理技术取得了良好的成效,甘蔗产量和含糖量都大幅度提升。基于此,介绍了象州县"双高"基地甘蔗配套栽培管理技术措施,并分析了该技术的实践效果,以期为相关种植人员提供参考。     

菜田土壤养分空间变异特征

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法,对55 hm2菜田耕层土壤养分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明,土壤养分主要限制因子是N、P、K和Zn,不同土壤养分的变异情况各不相同。土壤养分速效含量一般呈斑块状分布;土壤NO3--N、P、K和Zn含量在空间分布上具有明显的空间相似性。土壤NO3--N、P、K含量分别与种菜历史及肥料用量(N、P2O5和K2O)之间均呈极显著的正相关。     

我国甘蔗的气候生产力特征分析

根据广西柳州９县１９５２～１９９０年甘蔗逐年产量和７县２５年含糖量资料，在采用方差分析和滑动相关分析确定影响甘蔗产量和品质的关系发育期及气候影响因素的基础上，建立气候影响方程，并提出气候产量和气候含糖量的影响指数（Ｃｙ与Ｃｓ）。结合甘蔗产区３８站１７年气象整编资料，对我国蔗区作出气候生产力分析和区划，为今后扩大甘蔗种植面积提高单产和品质提供切实有效的分析数据。     

菜田土壤养分空间变异特征

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法，对55hm^2菜田耕层土壤养分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明，土壤养分主要限制因子是N、P、K和Zn。不同土壤养分的变异情况各不相同。土壤养分速效含量一般呈斑块状分布；土壤NO3^- -N、P、K和Zn含量在空间分布上具有明显的空间相似性。土壤NO3^- -N、P、K含量分别与种菜历史及肥料用量（N、P2O5和K2O）之间均呈极显著的正相关。     

精准农业土壤养分与水稻产量关系模型研究

采用主成分分析法对上海精准农业示范基地土壤养分要素与水稻产量的定量关系进行分析结果表明,全N等营养要素与产量呈正相关关系,其中产量对土壤P含量高低的反应最为敏感;pH值及盐分与产量呈负相关关系。对主成分因子进一步分析表明,养分主成分中速效氮起主要作用,酸碱特性主成分中以pH值最能反应土壤酸碱性状。运用土壤养分要素主成分建立的土壤水稻产量模型平均绝对误差406.5kg/hm~2,平均相对误差4.88％,效果良好。     

不同产地滇重楼根茎、须根及根际土壤中氮磷钾元素含量变化特征

  目的  探索不同产地滇重楼植物体不同部位和根际土壤中氮（N）磷（P）钾（K）元素含量分布规律,区分不同产地滇重楼植物体与根际土壤N、P、K营养元素含量差异性,为滇重楼栽培种植提供理论依据。  方法  采用常规方法测定滇重楼根茎、须根以及根际土壤中的N、P、K含量。  结果  不同产地滇重楼须根中N、P、K含量分别在0.554 ~ 2.057 mg g?1、0.616 ~ 5.498 mg g?1、1.250 ~ 14.080 mg g?1之间,根茎中N、P、K含量分别在0.137 ~ 1.610 mg g?1、0.561 ~ 2.261 mg g?1、0.768 ~ 6.496 mg g?1之间,根际土壤中N、P、K含量分别在0.071 ~ 0.711 mg g?1、3.308 ~ 23.557 mg g?1、1.991 ~ 20.795 mg g?1之间;须根对N、P、K的富集系数分别在1.183 ~ 22.471、0.049 ~ 0.884、0.207 ~ 2.325之间,根茎对N、P、K的富集系数分别在0.314 ~ 13.021、0.041 ~ 0.570、0.056 ~ 1.493之间;野生和栽培滇重楼植物体及根际土壤中N、P、K含量特征未有明显区分。  结论  不同产地滇重楼植物体中N、P、K含量大小均为K > P > N,根际土壤中N相对匮乏,P比较丰富;野生品根茎中N、K含量整体上高于栽培品,P含量则相反;栽培品须根中N、P、K含量整体上高于野生品;栽培品与野生品根际土壤中N、P、K含量大致相当;各产地滇重楼须根中的N、P、K含量都显著高于根茎。     

不同方式栽培蔬菜对土壤肥力影响的研究初探

以芹菜、生菜、萝卜、西兰花、番茄、黄瓜、毛豆、菜豆为供试作物,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究了有机、SEQ、特别与常规栽培对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培相比,有机栽培显著提高了土壤有机质、速效P、速效K的含量和土壤pH值,全N、碱解N含量差异不大;与本底值相比,常规栽培土壤的有机质、全N含量略有增加,碱解N、速效P含量明显增加,速效K含量、pH值略有降低;SEQ与特别栽培土壤的各项肥力指标变化总体上介于有机与常规栽培之间。不同方式栽培均能提高土壤肥力,其作用大小为:有机栽培SEQ栽培特别栽培常规栽培。     

土壤-甘蔗作物系统中镉的生物有效性研究

采用田间调查及ICP-MS等技术手段结合,在广西采集田间甘蔗和甘蔗根际土,分别用乙酸（HAc）、乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA-2Na）、氯化镁（MgCl2）3种化学提取方法和梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）提取甘蔗根际土中有效态镉（Cd）含量,研究其与甘蔗根、叶和茎中Cd含量之间的关系。简单相关分析表明,4种方法提取的有效态Cd含量都与甘蔗根和茎中Cd含量显著相关,但DGT的相关性优于化学提取方法。综合土壤pH、阳离子交换量（CEC）、有机质（OM%）和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标对土壤有效态Cd含量的影响,运用多元统计分析,确定两种主成分因子,建立了多元回归模型。结果表明,DGT技术模型融合了影响土壤Cd生物有效性的主要因子,预测结果几乎不受本研究所选取的土壤基本理化指标影响,因而是一种预测Cd生物有效性的较好方法。     

25年来两类植蔗土壤肥力演变及原因分析——以云南陇川农场为例

通过对2007年农场土壤养分调查和1983年土壤普查资料的比较,研究了25年连续种植甘蔗后两类植蔗土壤肥力的演变及原因。结果表明:25年来旱地和水田土壤的有机质分别减少了12.65%和25%;全N旱地的变化不大,水田比1983年减少了1.42%;碱解N旱地增加了1.53%,水田减少了22.65%;速效P旱地和水田都比1983年有所增加,增加幅度为旱地大于水田,其中旱地和水田分别增加了95.02%和6.02%;速效K旱地比1983年增加了26.36%,但水田减少了47.28%。结合糖厂历史单产、产糖率和农场蔗叶还田的情况,研究得出蔗叶还田能够持续培肥蔗区土壤养分,是蔗区甘蔗持续高产的主要原因。     

重金属铜在甘蔗体内的吸收及对甘蔗产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究重金属Cu在甘蔗体内吸收、积累规律及对甘蔗产量和糖分的影响情况。结果表明,根、茎、枯叶、梢头对Cu的积累能力总体表现为根茎枯叶梢头,甘蔗各部分器官Cu含量随外源投放的Cu浓度而增加,呈显著的正相关。少量的Cu会使甘蔗明显增产,但胁迫或过量对甘蔗的生长和生物量的影响不明显。Cu过量对甘蔗品质的影响表现在出汁率、还原糖的增加和纤维分的降低,适当地施Cu会增加甘蔗的产糖量,但过多会减低甘蔗的产糖量。     

Relationship between nutrient element content of the index leaf and cane yield and juice quality of sugarcane genotypes

Abstract

The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) content of the index leaf (whole third leaf) of eleven genotypes of sugarcane [Co 7717, CoJ 64, CoP 84211, CoH 92, and CoH 99 (early maturing); CoS 767, CoH 3, and CoH 108 (mid maturing); and Co 1148, CoH 35, and CoLK 8102 (late maturing)] were determined at the maximum growth stage of the crop. The elemental contents were correlated with cane yield and juice quality parameters [% sucrose, % commercial cane sugar (CCS), and sugar yield] at harvest. The N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents of the third whole leaf for all eleven genotypes ranged (mean in parenthesis) from 1.46–1.80 (1.62), 0.20–0.37(0.30), 1.39–1.88 (1.67)%, and 376–1095 (613), 58–155 (98), 53–99 (74), and 8–14 (11.5) ugg¹ of dry weight, respectively. Among the eleven genotypes, CoJ 64 had lowest N, P, and K contents in their index leaves as well as the lowest cane yield, % sucrose, and sugar yield, whereas CoH 35 had highest, followed by CoH 108 for these parameters. The leaf N, P, and K contents showed significant linear positive correlations with cane yield (r=0.84, 0.79, and 0.87, respectively), % sucrose (r=0.70, 0.68, and 0.65, respectively), and sugar yield (r=0.89, 0.81 and 0.90, respectively). Among the micronutrients, leaf Cu had a linear positive correlation (r=0.61) with cane yield. The multiple regression of cane yield with N, P, K, Zn, and Cu explained 93% of the variation, whereas the multiple regression of % sucrose and % CCS with N, P, and K leaf content and sugar yield with N, P, K, and Cu explained 82%, 84%, and 95% of the variation, respectively.     

Concentration Changes of Cd, Ni and Zn in Sugarcane Cultivated Soils

In the southwest of Iran over 130,000 ha of land are under sugarcane (Saccarum officinarum). In these sugarcane fields, about 400 kg ha^?1 diamonium phosphate (DAP) and 400 kg ha^?1 urea are applied annually. Four sugarcane growing sites were selected for this study: Haft-tapeh, Karoon, Shoeibieh and Ghazali with cultivation histories of 36, 20, 2 and 1 years, respectively. For each area, soil samples (0–30 cm) were taken from a transect of uncultivated, and both furrows and ridges of cultivated land. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, clay, and calcium carbonate and organic carbon (OC) contents, Cl, Cd, Ni and Zn of 101 soil samples were measured. Cadmium profile distribution to a soil depth of 300 cm was determined, and the heavy metal concentrations in sugarcane and the associated soil samples of the three sugarcane sites were measured. The Cd and Ni contents among the sugarcane sites differed where Cd was related to clay content and Ni was related to OC content of soils. Cadmium content in sugarcane cultivated soil was lower compared to uncultivated soil even after years of application of P fertilizers. Nickel and Cd contents of sugarcane were much higher than levels in top soils but there was no significant relationship between Cd or Ni contents of sugarcane and soil chemical properties. The Zn content of soils decreased as either EC or Cl concentration of soils increased. There were no significant differences in Zn contents between different sugarcane sites and also between cultivated and uncultivated soils. Results also indicated that Cd was accumulated in bagasse and Ni was primarily accumulated in bagasse and molasses, but these heavy metals of white sugar were lower than the detectable values.     

生态施肥技术对桔园土壤生态环境和柑桔产量及品质的影响

根据柑桔树体对土壤生态环境和营养元素的季节性需求变化特点,综合考虑各营养元素间的平衡、有机养分与无机养分之间的协调、土壤生物和土壤物理性状的改善,提出不同因子组合处理,进行了3年定位试验。结果表明:新型生态施肥技术,对桔园土壤生态环境和柑桔产量、品质有明显的效果,有效地提高了土壤有机质、全N、P、K和速效N、P、K含量,以速效P增幅最大,三年增26.92%~40.0%;除能提高所施用微量元素含量水平外,还提高土壤有效态Fe、Cu含量水平;土壤容重三年降低了0.04 g cm-3~0.10 g cm-3,总孔隙度增加10.4%~16.8%,通气孔隙增加19.9%~30.1%,全容水量增加7.0%~12.1%;有效地改善了柑桔的品质,增加了果实的单果重、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量以及Vc含量。     

Effect of Long-Term Sugarcane (Saccharum Spp.) Cultivation on Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils in Belize

The sugarcane industry in Belize is one of the main economic drivers in the country and is therefore of crucial social and environmental importance. This study evaluated the degree of sustainability of commercial sugarcane production in Northern Belize by determining soil parameters (physical and chemical) in three soil layers (0–15, 15–30 and 30–50 cm) and crop profitability relative to years of sugarcane cultivation (4–25 years since land conversion). The parameters evaluated were organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), pH, dry bulk density (DBD), porosity (?), and water-filled pore space (WFPS). Field interviews were conducted to document management practices, agricultural inputs, production costs, and yield. The results showed that OM and TN in all soil layers studied and CEC in the 30–50 cm layer decreased, and were negatively correlated, with years of sugarcane cultivation. This indicates that prolonged sugarcane cropping has detrimental effects on soil fertility. There was no clear pattern with years under sugarcane cultivation for P, pH, DBD, and K. Yield levels were maintained by intensification of cultivation, e.g. high inputs and regular replanting, providing short-term benefits at the expense of deterioration of soil fertility. The benefit to cost (B:C) ratio of sugarcane production in Northern Belize was marginal for American Sugar Refinery/Belize Sugar Industries (ASR/BSI), representative of intensive agriculture; and not profitable for small-scale farmers, 1.0 and 0.63 for plantation establishment and 1.2 and 1.0 average for the following six years of ratoon, respectively.     

南阳烤烟矿质元素及化学成分次适宜因子与土壤生态因子的典型相关分析

为了解南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子及其与土壤生态因子的关系,选取代表南阳不同生态类型的13个样点的土壤样品和烟叶样品,以及2个津巴布韦、14个巴西的优质烟样,测定烟样矿质元素及化学成分与土壤生态因子.对优质烟与南阳烤烟间矿质元素及主要化学成分指标的比较表明,南阳烤烟矿质元素及主要化学成分次适宜因子为磷、钾、钙、钠、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉.对次适宜因子与土壤生态因子进行典型相关分析的结果表明,在一定范围内,随着土壤锌含量提高,烟叶还原糖呈显著增加趋势而烟碱呈显著减少趋势:土壤氨化菌数减少、硝化菌数增加,烟叶烟碱显著增加而总糖、淀粉、磷含量显著减少;随土壤放线菌数减少、解钾菌数增加,烟叶还原糖含量增加;随土壤铜含量提高,烟叶钙、钠含量减少;随土壤硝化菌数减少、真菌数增加,烟叶钙含量呈增加趋势而钠含量呈减少趋势.改良土壤特别是改良土壤微生物性状可望改善烟叶质量.     

Low nitrogen availability and shallow plow layer decrease sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) productivity in Kitadaito Island,Japan

Sugarcane is the main crop in Kitadaito Island, Okinawa, Japan. The average yield in Kitadaito Island for the past 30 years (1985–2015) was 44 Mg ha^?1, 31% lower than that (64 Mg ha^?1) in Okinawa Prefecture. Among the reasons for the low sugarcane productivity in Kitadaito Island, the effects of soil and cultivation factors have not been sufficiently studied. The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate the effects of soil physical and chemical properties and cultivation factors on sugarcane yield and sugar content in 50 fields of Kitadaito Island, and ii) to clarify factors affecting the sugarcane yield and sugar content. Statistical analysis of classification and regression trees (CART) showed that the sugarcane yield was low in fields with low available nitrogen (less than 16.5 mg kg^?1) and with shallow plow layer depth (less than 29 cm). The soil available nitrogen had a significant positive correlation with soil humus (r = 0.39, P < 0.05). Two-times of subsoiling in the field before planting and during growing periods resulted in the significant increase of the depth of plow layer, compared to the fields with single and no subsoiling. A high sugar content was obtained in fields with exchangeable Mg more than 3.8 cmol_c kg^?1 and pH(H₂O) less than 7.2. Our study therefore concluded that soil management practices for sugarcane production in Kitadaito Island should primarily be focused on available nitrogen, plow layer depth, and soil exchangeable Mg and pH.     

滴灌甜菜对糖分积累期水分亏缺的生理响应

滴灌条件下,于甜菜糖分积累期设置0~40 cm土层含水量下限分别为70%、50%、30%田间持水量的3种土壤水分处理,从叶片光合特性、水分胁迫指数、恢复度、产量及产糖量方面分析复水前后甜菜的生理响应,明确甜菜糖分积累期可忍受最大程度的水分亏缺下限。结果表明:30%田间持水量处理甜菜产量及产糖量都显著高于70%田间持水量和50%田间持水量,分别比70%田间持水量提高51.34%和51.47%,比50%田间持水量提高36.72%和39.48%。复水前30%田间持水量处理的甜菜叶片净光合速率显著低于其他处理,复水后处理间的叶片净光合速率的差异随时间推移减小,胞间CO2浓度表现出相反的趋势。当土壤水分下降到既定下限时,叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量变化最为灵敏,且与缺水程度呈正相关;复水后叶片的细胞膜透性、抗氧化防御体系以及渗透调节物质均产生了正补偿效应,表现为丙二醛含量降低,抗氧化性酶活性增强,控制渗透调节的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加。因此,在糖分积累期,土壤含水量下降至田间持水量的30%时进行补充灌溉,在一定程度上补偿水分亏缺对甜菜产生的负面影响,实现干旱区滴灌甜菜节水高产优质的目的。     

砖红壤施用中量、微量元素对甘蔗产量与糖分的效应

在雷州半岛玄武岩发育的种植甘蔗砖红壤上施用Ca、Mg、B、Mo、Fe、Cu、Zn肥料，探究这些中量与微量元素对甘蔗的产量与糖分的效应。结果表明：Ca、Mg、B、Mo肥对甘蔗有显著增产效应，而Fe肥具有显著减产效应。B、Mo、Fe、Cu肥能显著提高甘蔗含糖量，而Mg肥具有降低甘蔗糖分的效应。Ca、B、Mo3种肥料相互配施的增产或增糖效果均不优于单施的效果。从对甘蔗产量和含糖量综合效果看，甘蔗施用B、Mo、Ca肥分别能产生显著经济效益。因此，在玄武岩发育砖红壤上种植甘蔗，建议施用Mo、B、Ca肥。