污灌土壤中Pb,Cd形态的研究

运用顺序提取法研究了一些污灌区土壤中Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ的化学形态分布及影响因素。石灰性污灌土壤０－２０ｃｍ土层中，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ主要以碳酸盐结合态和硫化物残渣态存在，其次是有机结合态，交换态和吸附态较少。０－２０ｃｍ土层中，Ｐｂ的吸附态＞交换态，而Ｃｄ则相反。影响Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ形态分布的主要因素有ＰＨ，有机质含量，腐殖酸组成和碳酸钙会含量等。西安污灌区土壤中的Ｃｄ明显增加，且主要为有机结合态，碳酸盐结合态则相对减     

污水灌区耕层土壤中铅、镉的空间变异特征

随着污水灌溉面积的迅速扩大 ,污灌区土壤重金属污染问题日趋严重 ,其中Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ的污染问题十分突出[1 ,2 ] ,了解污水灌区土壤重金属的空间分布特征是防治土壤污染、合理进行污水灌溉的重要前提。地统计学作为一门新的空间分析方法[2 ] ,它特别适于对区域化变量空间变异特征     

洪河污灌区土壤重金属和矿物油环境容量研究

本文鉴于对土壤生态系统的结构，功能及其稳定性的认识，综合重金属和矿物油对农作物，土壤微生物的生态效应和土壤微生物对土壤肥力与农作物的相互关系，利用以图论为工具建立的数学模型，计算了安阳市洪河污灌区重金属Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｕ，Ｃｒ和矿物油的土壤环境容量，具有广泛的实用价值。     

土壤受镉铬铅复合污染的生物效应研究

网室盆栽研究小白菜对Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ复合污染环境下吸收Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ及对产量的影响。结果表明，小白菜吸收Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ与土壤含量有很好的相关而与土壤中Ｃｒ含量无关。小白菜组织中Ｃｄ量与Ｃｒ量呈极显著正相关而与Ｐｂ无关。试验还表明Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ复合污染下Ｃｄ量是引起小白菜减产的主要因素。     

西安市污水处理厂污泥施用土壤中的探讨

利用黑麦幼苗法测定了西安污水厂污泥施用土壤中重金属总量及有效性的变化,探讨施用于土壤的可能性。结果表明除Ｐｂ、茎Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ外,Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ的含量均随尼施用量的增大而增大,除Ｐｂ、茎Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ外,其余均与污季用量呈显著、极显著相关;从有效性结果可以看出,有效性的大小顺序为Ｃｄ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｎｉ〉Ｐｂ,由地下部向地上部转移比例最高的是Ｃu,其次为Ｚｎ〉Ｃｄ〉Ｎｉ〉Ｐｂ;污泥施用于土壤后,Ｃｄ     

贵州贵阳市郊区菜园土壤重金属污染的初步调查

对贵州省贵阳市乌当、白云、花溪及清镇四个区域菜园土壤重金属Ｈｇ、Ｐｂ、Ａｓ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｄ污染现状进行了调查与分析，在分析各调查区域的环境背景特征的基础上，计算各区域菜园土壤重金属污染指数，应用对应分析技术，计算出各区域菜园土壤重金属的污染特征，结果表明：贵阳市郊区菜园土壤重金属污染相当严重，各调查区域间菜园土壤重金属污染有一定差异，总体上清镇、白云、花溪较乌当污染严重，各区域间Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ、Ａｓ污染水平差异明显，Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ污染差异不大，根据研究提出了控制贵阳市郊区菜园土壤重金属污染成因．     

Cd,Zn,Pb单因素及复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

通过Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ单因素处理和复合因素处理的对比性研究发现,无论是单因素或复因素对土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序均为Ｃｄ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｐｂ;在研究的４种土壤酶中,腺酶受重金属的抑制作用最为敏感;Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ复合污染与各单因素的影响有较大差异,同时,Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ复合污染对４种土壤酶活性的影响效应亦不同。其复合污染对腺酶表现出协国抑制负效应的特征;对过氧化氢表现出一定的屏蔽作用或拮抗作用;转化酶或碱性炮     

沈阳市郊区蔬菜污染调查

１９９６年,调查及采样分析测定了沈阳市近郊的土壤及各种蔬菜中的重金属含量,对其污染情况进行了分析研究。结果表明,土壤中的重金属含量除Ａｓ外,Ｈｇ、ＣＤ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ全部超过沈阳地区土壤背景值：大白菜中Ｐｂ超标率为１００％,Ｃｄ次之,为５８．３％、而ＮＯ３和六六六均超标２５％,并指出了Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ污染严重的区域;番茄Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ超标,黄瓜菜豆、大白菜中Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ、Ｐｂ均超标,在上述蔬菜中,Ｃｄ污染均比较严     

植物根系分泌物对锅锌尾矿污染土壤中重金属的活化效应

植物分泌的低分子量有机酸通过形成可溶性络全物而啬生金属元素在根际土壤的移动性。本文对根际分泌物如柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸、琥珀酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸对铅锌矿尾砂及其废水污染土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ的溶解怀影响进行实验,证明１６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的有机酸和氨基酸对土壤中重金属Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ具有较强的活化效应,其中柠檬酸、酒石酸和草酸的活化能力最强。     

上海市浦东新区土壤及蔬菜重金属现状调查及评价

对上海市浦东新区非污灌区的4个蔬菜园艺场和张江镇2个污灌区的土壤及其对应生长的蔬菜中的7种重金属进行检测。结果表明4个蔬菜园艺场符合无公害食品生产的园艺场环境要求,而张江镇污灌区的土壤Cd污染严重,其次是Cu、Zn和Hg污染,其上生长的蔬菜中Cr和Cd100%超标,属轻度污染。张江镇污灌区土壤和蔬菜的污染主要是由于上世纪70年代应用黄浦江疏浚底泥吹泥和污水灌溉等因素,致使土壤及农产品中重金属遭受污染。     

DISTRIBUTION AND SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION OF SOME HEAVY METALS FROM SOILS IRRIGATED WITH WASTEWATER FROM MEXICO CITY

A sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in 4 soil profiles into the designated forms of water soluble + exchangeable, organically bound, carbonate and Mn oxides bound. Soil profiles were obtained from the Rural Development District 063, State of Hidalgo, which have been irrigated with wastewater coming out of the basin of Mexico. The total heavy metal contents range as follows: Cu, 8.9 to 86.5 mg kg^-1 Cd, 0.86 to 5.07 mg kg^-1 Pb, 18.1 to 131.7 mg kg^-1 and Zn, 101 to 235.5 mg kg^-1. The highest concentrations of total heavy metals were found in the surface layers at all soil profiles. Sequential chemical fractionation indicated that the four metals were predominantly associated with the organic fraction at most soil samples. The contents in all fractions of the four metals showed a decrease with depth which has been explained by the variations in the organic matter and CaCO₃ contents in the different layers of soils. These soil properties were also the most important variables in the biological availability of the metals in these soils.     

Influence of long-term irrigation with treated papermaking wastewater on soil ecosystem of a full-scale managed reed wetland

Purpose

A large-scale managed reed wetland in Yancheng Biosphere Reserve of China has been irrigated by treated papermaking wastewater (TPW) for approximately 8 to 12 years. This report details the risk evaluation of long-term TPW irrigation on the soil and its microbial viability, providing important perspective on the suitability of TPW reuse for irrigation.

Materials and methods

An extensive field survey was employed for assessing the impacts of long-term TPW irrigation of reed fields (F1 to F6), as compared to river water irrigated field, on soil physicochemical properties, accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb), soil enzyme activities (i.e., urease, invertase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase), and soil microbial community metabolic profiles.

Results and discussion

The results revealed that long-term TPW reuse for irrigation resulted in a slight increase of pH value, while a remarkable increase was identified regarding to soil organic carbon, as expected from the organic carbon content of the wastewater, but was not proportional to the time of irrigation. TPW irrigation caused a remarkable increase in soil electrical conductivity and resulted in soil salinization, having strong correlation with the duration of irrigation. Soil salinization increase in irrigated area was mainly due to the high sodium content of the wastewater applied for irrigation. Furthermore, soil enzymes displayed significantly increased activities (except for catalase) in the irrigated fields, while the microbial ability of utilizing carbon source was enhanced. The diversity of microbial communities was boomed due to the increase of soil organic matter, as evidenced by the calculated diversity indices. However, a remarkable increase of heavy metals was also identified regarding Cd and Pb concentrations, which may pose potential risks to human health.

Conclusions

The input of excessive pollutants and nutrients will disrupt the equilibrium mechanism of the wetland ecosystem. Although long-term TPW irrigation may increase the soil fertility and microbial activity, heavy metals (i.e., Cd and Pb) in wastewater can be accumulated in the soil. Furthermore, alkaline TPW caused an increase in soil salinity. Therefore, more cautions should be exercised in the reuse of TPW for irrigation.

     

河北板蓝根产地土壤-植物中镉铅汞砷含量特征及其污染评价

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤-植物中Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量特征及其在菘蓝中的累积特性,并对板蓝根产地土壤和草药中Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染状况进行了评价,为该地区安全、合理地发展中草药生产提供数据支撑和科学依据。结果表明,安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量差异不大,土壤重金属含量的变异系数在11.70%~97.65%。以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)一级标准值进行评价,综合污染指数评价结果显示45%板蓝根种植区土壤Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染等级为警戒限,其他处于清洁水平;而以《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值进行评价,种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均0.7,土壤环境清洁。此外,菘蓝地上部(大青叶)Cd、Pb、Hg、As平均含量分别为0.22 mg·kg~(-1)、0.89 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.25 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgPbAs;菘蓝地下部(板蓝根)Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量均值分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)、0.57 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.26 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgAsPb。所有菘蓝样品中Pb、Hg、As含量均未超出《药用植物及制剂进口绿色行业标准》(WM2—2001),大青叶9.09%样品中Cd超标,且Cd平均污染指数0.7,属警戒限污染等级。因此,在中药材GAP(良好的农业规范)产地环境质量评价时,除板蓝根产地土壤完全符合土壤环境质量二级标准外,也不应忽视板蓝根和大青叶吸收和累积重金属的自身特性。     

不同土壤改良剂处理对连作西洋参根际微生物数量、土壤酶活性及产量的影响

以北京地区连作西洋参为研究对象, 通过3种土壤改良剂(熟石灰、EM菌剂、沼液)随机区组试验对其土壤理化性状、酶活性、根际微生物区系及产量进行了系统研究。结果表明: 低浓度熟石灰、中浓度EM菌剂及高浓度沼液处理最有利于提高西洋参产量; 施加熟石灰处理后, 土壤微生物主要类群数量显著减少, 土壤pH显著升高, 并对土壤脲酶活性有明显抑制作用; 施加沼液和EM菌剂处理后, 土壤有效微生物菌群显著增加(P<0.05), 土壤有机质和营养物质含量也显著增加(P<0.05), 并对土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性有一定的促进作用。相关性分析发现, 土壤微生物主要类群的数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性均有一定的相关性, 其中, 土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.895^**和0.808^**), 土壤真菌和放线菌数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.932^**、0.769^**、0.840^**和0.837^**、0.891^**、0.797^**)。另外, 土壤细菌数量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.863^**)。表明连作西洋参根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性与土壤理化性状之间紧密联系, 通过施加不同土壤改良剂, 可以为耐连作种植西洋参提供适宜的土壤环境。     

土壤钾释放速率参数的理论计算及其实践应用

选用二种电场强度研究２０个低丘红壤玉米田试验的钾释放速率特性,用二级动力学方程来表征,并求得土壤释放的速率方程和钾释放的初始速率等参数。     

Regenwürmer als Bioindikatoren für Schwermetallbelastungen von Böden unter Freilandbedingungen

The use of earthworms in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals Total heavy metal contents (HNO₃-soluble) and exchangeable fractions (Ca(NO₃)₂-soluble) of Pb, Zn and Cd were measured in soils, litter layers and earthworms (dry masses) from forest, arable and pasture sites in a transect of the main wind direction and varying distances (1.5, 5.4, 11.4, 15.6 km) to a lead smelter near Bad Ems, Germany. Additionally, cast materials of Lumbricus terrestris-individuals were collected from the surface of the pasture sites. In the observed area total soil contents of Pb and Cd exceeded the C-level and total contents of Zn the B-level of the “Netherland-list”. Heavy metal contents in soils and earthworms decreased with increasing distance to the smelter. Pb showed the best correlation. Correlation between total contents of Pb and Cd in soils and earthworms were significant (rs = 0.66; p < 0.05 and rs = 0.67; p < 0.01, respectively). The uptake of heavy metals by Lumbricus rubellus, L. terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa was metal specific rather than species specific with factors of accumulation being <1 (Pb), 2.7–7.6 (Zn) and 19.5–85.5 (Cd). The heavy metal contents of the observed cast materials signified the different transfer of elements from soil material via earthworm individuals to the faeces. In the cast materials the amounts of Pb were high and the amounts of Zn and Cd were low. This indicates a high accumulation rate for Zn and especially for Cd in the tissues of the observed earthworm individuals. The present data support the necessity of ecotoxicological threshold levels.     

关中灌区农业土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对关中宝鸡峡灌区、交口灌区、洛惠东灌区农业土壤样品的采集、监测,依据关中土重金属元素背景值和国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准作为评价标准,重点分析评价了对土壤环境及人体危害较大的Cd、As、Cr、Pb等重金属元素的累积程度和污染程度。结果表明:以关中土重金属元素背景值为评价标准,关中灌区土重金属综合累积程度依次为交口灌区、宝鸡峡灌区、洛惠东灌区,土壤重金属累积程度具有PbAsCrCd的特征;关中灌区农业土壤重金属Pb累积程度普遍较高,主要是由于长期污水灌溉所致。以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价指标,关中灌区土重金属污染程度依次为宝鸡峡灌区、洛惠东灌区、交口灌区,土壤重金属污染程度具有AsCrCdPb的特征;关中灌区农业土壤重金属综合污染指数P均小于0.7,土壤样品单项污染指数Pi均小于0.7。因而,关中灌区农业土壤环境中的重金属元素含量现状适宜于无公害农产品和果品基地建设的要求。     

污染水稻土中重金属的形态分布及其影响因素

通过BCR3步提取法研究了江西省贵溪铜冶炼厂污染区水稻土中重金属的形态分布。研究表明,废渣场渗滤液污染区域(渣场区)的污染较污水灌溉污染区(污灌区)严重,渣场区土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd的含量高于污灌区,而污灌区土壤Ni含量较高。在表层(0～20cm)水稻土中,Cu以可氧化态为主,Pb以可还原态和可氧化态为主,Cd以酸溶态为主,Ni以残渣态为主,不同重金属元素的有效态所占总量百分比大小顺序是Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni。土壤重金属不同形态之间也呈现一定的相关性,说明Cu与Pb、Cd、Ni之间具有同源性。土壤pH主要影响了污灌区中Cu的形态分布,以及渣场区土壤酸溶态Ni的分布。土壤有机质含量对各重金属形态分布的影响不明显。     

辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

针对当前污灌区土壤污染研究中存在的问题,提出了一种模糊识别模型评价土壤综合环境质量,并对潜在生态风险指数法进行改进,用以计量重金属潜在生态风险。采用建立的方法对辽宁省污灌区土壤环境质量和重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果显示:Cd是辽宁省污灌区首要重金属污染物,而Hg、Pb、Ni污染较为普遍;重金属的来源主要是灌溉污水和农田施肥;以工业废水为灌溉用水的灌区污染情况比以河水为灌溉用水的灌区污染严重;污灌区重金属元素污染程度大小依次为:Cd>Pb>Ni>Hg>Cu>Cr>As,而重金属潜在生态风险从大到小则依次为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Ni>As>Cr。总体来看,辽宁省污灌区存在一定程度的重金属污染,且具有较为明显的复合型污染特点,其潜在生态风险超出警戒水平,各灌区应根据各自污染特点和风险等级制定相应的污染防治对策。     

土壤残渣有机质与固定态铵之间的关系

采集了全国不同类型的土壤40个,分析了土壤全氮、有机质、固定态铵、剩余有机质（KOBr处理后的土壤有机质）、残渣有机质（KOBr-HF处理后的土壤有机质）含量.结果表明,以2∶1型粘粒矿物为主土壤的残渣有机质含量与固定态铵含量之间呈极显著正相关（r=0.831^＊＊）,晶格之间存在的有机质（即残渣有机质与剩余有机质之差值）含量则与固定态铵含量之间也呈极显著正相关（r=0.832^＊＊）,而以1∶1型粘粒矿物为主土壤的残渣有机质含量和晶格有机质含量与固定态铵含量不相关;土壤剩余有机质、残渣有机质的含量分别为2.59 g kg^-1、3.70 g kg^-1,分别占土壤有机质的10%和16%.土壤残渣C/N比（平均值为16.69）明显高于原土壤（平均值为5.37）.