新疆伊犁河谷地下水化学特征及其形成作用

在野外水文地质调查工作基础上,对伊犁河谷潜水进行取样分析测试,采用Arc GIS空间分析功能,piper三线图,Gibbs图等方法,重点对两条典型剖面的地下水化学特征及其成因进行了分析。结果表明:1)区域水化学组分阳离子以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子以HCO_3-、SO_42-为主。水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca以及HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主,TDS以<1g/L为主,水质优良。2)"1号剖面"主要阴、阳离子自北向南呈现同步变化规律,自北向南水化学类型依次为HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na。"2号剖面"由东向西水化学类型依次为HCO_3-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na。地下水化学类型与所处地貌单元紧密相关。3)研究区地下水水化学特征的形成与岩石溶虑作用、蒸发浓缩作用、混合作用等密不可分,但以岩石溶虑作用为主。人类活动对研究区地下水化学组分产生的影响较小。     

玛纳斯河流域山前平原地下水水化学特征与补给来源

山区-山前平原地下水是干旱区重要的供水水源,以西北玛纳斯河流域为例,利用水化学和环境同位素示踪,揭示了山前平原地下水水化学特征与补给来源及其局部差异的原因。结果表明:山前平原地下水多为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Ca型水,TDS介于300mg/L左右,水化学特征的局部差异受控于不同的地下水径流条件,玛纳斯河西岸更有利的径流条件形成了较东岸TDS平均偏低100～150mg/L的地下水。水化学组分主要受岩石风化控制,以硫酸盐、岩盐的溶解以及碳酸盐的溶解-沉淀和阳离子交换为水岩相互作用的主要过程。氢氧稳定同位素结果指示山前平原地下水主要接受山区大气降水形成的地下水及河水的侧向径流补给,补给受蒸发影响不强烈,不同季节和补给形式的降雨是同位素差异的主要原因。西岸地下水主要接受冬季降水补给,补给形式以山区河水为主,东岸地下水受夏季降水的补给比例更高,山区河水、地下水的共同补给为主要形式。     

基于地统计学的伊犁河谷西部霍城县平原区地下水特征空间变异性分析

运用经典统计学及地统计学的方法,对伊犁河谷西部霍城县平原区地下水化学及空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明:HCO_3~-和Ca~(2+)是主要的水化学特征离子,含量稳定;从山前到下游平原区水化学分带性较明显,水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca-Mg渐变为HCO_3-SO_4-Ca型,最终过渡为HCO_3-SO_4-Ca-Mg型;地下水埋深和TDS主要受以自然条件为主的结构性因素影响,表现为强空间变异性,变异曲线分别符合指数模型和球状模型;埋深的空间分布更为均匀连续,自北向南呈带状变化;TDS与埋深在空间分布上存在一定相关性,高矿化度区均分布在地下水的浅埋区。     

酒泉东盆地地下水化学特征及成因分析

为研究酒泉东盆地地下水化学特征及其成因,采用描述性统计、舒卡列夫分类、相关性分析、Gibbs图解法及离子比例系数法,对研究区地下水107组水样进行系统的研究分析。结果表明:研究区地下水总体呈弱碱性淡水;阳离子以Mg~(2+)和Na~+为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-为主;水化学类型由盆地南部山前单一结构平原的HCO_3·SO_4-Mg·Ca型向盆地中部的细土平原区的HCO_3·SO_4-Mg·Na、HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Mg、SO_4-Na·Mg型过渡,最后演变为盆地北部金塔南山前的SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg型;在盆地南部山前的地下水补给-径流区,地下水中的化学组分主要来源于水岩作用下硅酸盐岩、蒸发盐岩及碳酸盐岩的溶解,随着由补给-径流区向盆地北部的排泄区过渡,蒸发浓缩作用及阳离子交替吸附作用逐渐成为地下水化学成分演变的主控因素。     

银川平原水体氢氧同位素及主要水化学参数特征

运用环境同位素和水化学技术,通过现场测试和室内分析,研究了银川平原不同水体的氢、氧同位素和基本水化学参数特征,结果表明:银川平原各水体δ~(18)O、δD值基本分布在当地降水线和黄河水δD-δ~(18)O关系线下方,由于湖水受到强烈的蒸发作用,与其他各地表水相比同位素组成明显偏正,但其氘盈余(负值)远低于全球降水线;同位素特征显示,地表水和地下水均接受黄河水补给,其中河水、渠水和部分地下水的同位素组成一致,表明地表水与地下水之间水力联系十分密切;研究区地下水δ~(17)O-δ~(18)O拟合线[ln(δ~(17)O+1)=0.524ln(δ~(18)O+1)+0.000 94]和全球降水线[ln(δ~(17)O+1)=0.528ln(δ~(18)O+1)+0.000 33]相近,但~(17)O盈余大于海水;银川平原各水体均呈碱性,水体的化学类型主要有HCO_3-Na、HCO_3-Ca·Mg,阳离子以Na~+为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-为主。Gibbs图显示各水体离子组成主要与岩石风化、蒸发结晶有关。     

鄂尔多斯盐海子地下水水流系统划分——来自水化学方面的探讨

鄂尔多斯高原分布一套主要由白垩系构成的巨厚的、开放程度高的统一含水岩系,空间上水流连续,地下水以每一个排泄区为中心均形成一个完整的水流系统。水动力场、水化学场、温度场证据证明水流系统存在托斯多层水流模式,可划分为浅、中、深三种模式。文中选取盐海子地下水流系统,建立苏米图-盐海子水化学剖面,利用Piper三线图法、Packer分层取样技术,对浅、中、深循环系统中地下水水化学的空间分布特征和演化规律进行了研究分析,认为在三个循环系统中水化学特征均表现差异性,从水化学方面将地下水流系统划分为浅、中、深三种模式是可行的。     

民勤绿洲灌区地下水水化学特征及其演化驱动机理

通过分析民勤绿洲灌区55个地下水样的相关水化学指标,探讨该区地下水水化学特征及其演化驱动机理。结果表明:研究区地下水阳离子以Na~+和Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-为主;其中K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、CO_3~(2-)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)表现为强变异性,而Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-则表现为中等变异。研究区地下水水化学类型以SO_4-Mg型、Cl-Mg型、SO_4-Na型和Cl-Na型为主,沿着地下水流方向(坝区→泉山区→湖区),阳离子中Na~+逐渐取代了Mg~(2+)的主导地位,而阴离子中SO_4~(2-)一直占主导地位,但Cl~-的比重在不断增加。研究区地下水水化学组分主要来自岩盐、石膏等蒸发岩、碳酸盐矿物以及硅铝酸盐矿物的风化溶解。地下水水化学演化是由蒸发浓缩、阳离子交换和溶滤共同作用的结果。该研究结果可为民勤绿洲地下水资源评价、合理利用及其保护提供科学依据与决策指导。     

呼吉尔特矿区深埋含水层水文地球化学特征及其指示意义

为确定呼吉尔特矿区深埋含水层与上覆浅层含水层之间的水力联系,分别采集了第四系、白垩系、J_2a-2#、2#-3#以及3#-6#煤间含水层的地下水样品进行一般水化学、δD和δ~(18)O测试。综合采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型、氯碱指数以及同位素分析,确定了各含水层地下水的水文地球化学特征,判断了相邻含水层之间的水力联系程度。结果表明,呼吉尔特矿区各含水层地下水的pH基本都在7～10之间,均为碱性水。J_2a-2#、2#-3#及3#-6#煤间含水层地下水TDS平均值分别为713.17mg/L、2092.3mg/L和6959.73mg/L,远远大于浅层第四系和白垩系含水层地下水。第四系和白垩系含水层水化学类型分别为HCO_3-Ca·Na和HCO_3-Na;J_2a-2#煤含水层水化学类型为HCO_3·SO_4-Na; 2#-3#煤间和3#-6#煤间水化学类型分别为SO_4-Na、SO_4-Na和SO_4·Cl-Na。各含水层的δ~(18)O在-5‰～-10‰之间,深埋含水层地下水的δD在-80‰～-85‰之间,浅层含水层的δD在-60‰～-75‰之间。3#-6#煤间含水层地下水成分主要受蒸发浓缩控制,J_2a-2#含水层和2#-3#煤间含水层地下水成分主要受岩石溶滤-蒸发浓缩控制,第四系和白垩系浅层含水层地下水成分受岩石溶滤控制。同时各含水层均发生了阳离子反交换作用。第四系和白垩系含水层有一定的水力联系,第四系、白垩系与侏罗系含水层以及侏罗系含水层之间的水力联系不密切。     

银川地区地下水化学特征

依据银川地区的水文地质条件将其地下水系统划分为单一潜水和多层结构的潜水———浅层承压水,分析地下水系统中主要离子、矿化度和水化学类型的特征及其变化,表明,潜水含水层自西向东,自北向南水质变差,矿化度升高,主要离子的变化特征与矿化度基本一致,水化学类型由HCO3.SO4-Ca.Mg向SO4.Cl-Na.Mg过渡。浅层承压水含水组的地下水质变化特征和潜水基本一致。     

中国西北中小型盆地天然地下水水化学特征——以公婆泉盆地为例

研究分析干旱气候条件下甘肃北山公婆泉盆地天然地下水水化学成分特征,结合水文地质条件与水化学特征Piper三线图表明:研究区存在4种类型地下水,白垩系深层水中钙镁离子含量相对高于其他类型水.地下水氚同位素结合水化学特征较好地区分了水源点的水文地质属性.氢氧同位素表明,该区地下水来源于大气降水,第四系浅层水受到强烈的蒸发作用,发生了一定程度的氧漂移,并影响"混合水"的同位素组成.最后分析了地下水主要离子的来源,以及地下水形成过程中所受到的溶滤、沉积和蒸发等水文地球化学作用.     

Evaluation of groundwater sustainability based on groundwater age simulation in the Zhangye Basin of Heihe River watershed,northwestern China

Water resources, as the primary limiting factor, constrain the economic and social development in arid inland areas. The Zhangye Basin is a representative area of inland river basins, which is located in the middle parts of the Heihe River watershed, northwestern China. Facing with the huge water shortage, people exploited ground- water at a large scale in recent years. The reducing recharge from surface water and over-exploitation of ground- water led to the decline of groundwater levels and threatened the sustainability of water resources. This study con- structed a conceptual and numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated the model based on the observed wells. A solute transport model was built using MT3DMS to calculate the groundwater age distribution in the Zhangye Basin. The simulated result shows that the youngest groundwater is distributed near the most upstream areas in the model domain, which is less than 1,000 a, older groundwater is distributed in deeper parts of the aquifer and near the discharge outlets, ranging from 6,000 a to over 20,000 a. Spatial variation of groundwater ages in the middle area indicates the recharge diversity between unconfined and confined aquifer. Groundwater age can serve as an indicator to evaluate groundwater’s renewal capacity and sustainability. The formation of groundwater resources in the lower stream area would spend 10,000 a or even more than 20,000 a, so exploitation of groundwater in these areas should be restrained.     

Severe drought strongly reduces water use and its recovery ability of mature Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.) in a semi-arid sandy environment of northern China

Trees growing in a semi-arid sandy environment are often exposed to drought conditions due to seasonal variations in precipitation, low soil water retention and deep groundwater level. However, adaptability and plasticity of individuals to the changing drought conditions greatly vary among tree species. In this study, we estimated water use (T_s) of Mongolian Scots pine (MSP; Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.) based on sap flux density measurements over four successive years (2013-2016) that exhibited significant fluctuations in precipitation in a semi-arid sandy environment of northern China. The results showed that fluctuations in daily T_s synchronously varied with dry-wet cycles of soil moisture over the study period. The daily ratio of water use to reference evapotranspiration (T_s/ET₀) on sunny days in each year showed a negative linear relationship with the severity of drought in the upper soil layer (0-1 m; P<0.01). The decrease in Ts induced by erratic drought during the growing season recovered due to precipitation. However, this recovery ability failed under prolonged and severe droughts. The T_s/ET₀ ratio significantly declined with the progressive reduction in the groundwater level (g_w) over the study period (P<0.01). We concluded that the upper soil layer contributed the most to the T_s of MSP during the growing season. The severity and duration of droughts in this layer greatly reduced T_s. Nevertheless, g_w determined whether the T_s could completely recover after the alleviation of long-term soil drought. These results provide practical information for optimizing MSP management to stop ongoing degradation in the semi-arid sandy environments.     

地下水生态需水量的估算方法及其恢复问题的研究

本文以石家庄市为背景,对地下水生态环境需水量和补给来源等一系列问题进行了研究探讨,提出了生态环境需水量的计算方法,给出了降雨入渗、河道与湖泊等地表水体入渗补给量的估算方法。并在采补平衡的原则上,对石家庄地下水生态环境恢复问题进行了研究。结果表明:石家庄地下水生态环境问题十分严重。既使恢复期是30年时间,该地区允许开采量也只能在4.20~7.76亿m3/a左右,它比石家庄市目前平均的开采量9.51亿m3/a还小。这样,在目前的开采程度下,如果没有外来水的补充,恢复石家庄的地下水生态环境问题是相当困难的。     

额济纳旗浅层地下水环境研究

通过 2 0 0 3年 4- 5月在黑河下游额济纳分两条路线 (a -a’和b -b’)采集水样 ,分析了额济纳现状水资源特征。远离河道区域水化学类型有HCO3·SO4-Na、Cl·SO4-Na·Ca、HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca和SO4·Cl-Na ;在河道附近或河道地区水化学类型主要是SO4·HCO3-Na ,类型单一 ;研究区矿化度和各离子含量随距离补给源的远近增减而升降 ,表明它们主要依赖于上游补给水量 ;同时 ,额济纳地处干旱区 ,降雨稀少 ,该区植被的生长发育主要依靠浅层地下水 ,地下水环境的改变直接导致了区域生态的变化。     

和田河流域生态保护红线划定初探

生态保护红线的划定对保障干旱区内陆河流域可持续发展具有重要意义,以探讨适宜于该区域的生态保护红线划定方案为目标,选取和田河流域为研究区,在分析该区天然植被分布特征的基础上将其划分为两个不同等级的生态保护红线区,同时采用潜水蒸发法及基流比例法计算从而划定了该区天然植被生态需水红线,生态流量保护红线及地下水保护红线。结果表明:(1)流域天然植被被划分为重点生态功能区和生态敏感区/脆弱区;(2)下游重点生态功能区和生态敏感区/脆弱区主要分布在距河道5~8 km和8~15 km范围内;(3)天然植被生态需水红线为8.85×10~8m~3;(4)在丰、平、枯水年,生态流量保护红线分别为13.79×10~8m~3、12.14×10~8m~3、10.68×10~8m~3;(5)天然和人工绿洲区地下水位红线分别为2.0~4.0 m和2.0~2.5 m,地下水开采量红线为6.07×10~8m~3。本研究不仅为和田河流域"社会—经济—生态"协调发展提供科学指导,也为干旱区相似流域生态保护红线划定提供借鉴。     

河北省京津以南平原区未来30年地下水供需预测

本文以2000年京津以南河北平原区社会经济指标和地下水资源开采利用为基础,根据国民经济规划以及未来水资源利用的方式和方向,通过预测需水量及可供水量,对河北平原未来30年不同保证率下的地下水进行了供需平衡分析。预测结果表明,2010年河北平原平水年,总体缺水34.80×108m3/a,缺水率约17.91%,2030年时随社会经济的发展、供需水量有所增加,河北平原仍将不同程度的缺水,总体缺水44.40×108m3/a,缺水率约19.49%。最后提出了河北平原水资源合理开发利用的出路,为国家宏观决策提出了建议。     

塔里木河下游水量转化特征及其生态输水策略

2000—2015年的生态输水对塔里木河下游生态恢复发挥了重要的作用。通过连续16 a的动态监测和野外数据采集,对生态输水的特点、方式、水量转化特征、生境变化和影响范围等进行了系统的分析,同时对生态输水策略与生态保护模式进行了初步探讨。结果表明:(1)主河道线状输水方式,难以扩大环境响应范围,开展汊河输水和面状输水是十分必要的;(2)水量转化和耗散比例为:补给地下水44.2%,土壤与植被消耗48.8%,入湖水量与河道内水面蒸发7%;(3)地下水响应的最大距离为1 000 m,在距河500 m范围地下水位上升、水质好转显著;(4)鉴于生态退化的趋势得到遏止,但其脆弱性依然没有根本转变,恢复并合理调控其文阔尔河和老塔里木河区间的地下水位,扩大受水区范围,建立更加稳固的生态恢复平台,是今后生态输水与生态环境保护的主攻策略。     

近50年来石家庄市水资源与水环境的演化特征

从水文循环系统理论出发,采用演绎与归纳方法,分析近50年来石家庄市的大气降水、地表水资源、地下水资源、地表水环境和地下水环境的演化特征及正负反馈作用,系统研究水资源与水环境的过去与现状,并结合人类活动、全球气候变化与南水北调中线工程,突出水文循环与水资源和水环境之间的内在联系与相互作用,探讨了复杂环境下石家庄市未来水资...     

Testing MACRO (version 5.1) for pesticide leaching in a Dutch clay soil

Testing of pesticide leaching models against comprehensive field-scale measurements is necessary to increase confidence in their predictive ability when used as regulatory tools. Version 5.1 of the MACRO model was tested against measurements of water flow and the behaviour of bromide, bentazone [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide] and imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] in a cracked clay soil. In keeping with EU (FOCUS) procedures, the model was first calibrated against the measured moisture profiles and bromide concentrations in soil and in drain water. Uncalibrated pesticide simulations based on laboratory measurements of sorption and degradation were then compared with field data on the leaching of bentazone and imidacloprid. Calibrated parameter values indicated that a high degree of physical non-equilibrium (i.e. strong macropore flow) was necessary to describe solute transport in this soil. Comparison of measured and simulated bentazone concentration profiles revealed that the bulk of the bentazone movement in this soil was underestimated by MACRO. Nevertheless, the model simulated the dynamics of the bentazone breakthrough in drain water rather well and, in particular, accurately simulated the timing and the concentration level of the early bentazone breakthrough in drain water. The imidacloprid concentration profiles and its persistence in soil were simulated well. Moreover, the timing of the early imidacloprid breakthrough in the drain water was simulated well, although the simulated concentrations were about 2-3 times larger than measured. Deep groundwater concentrations for all substances were underestimated by MACRO, although it simulated concentrations in the shallow groundwater reasonably well. It is concluded that, in the context of ecotoxicological risk assessments for surface water, MACRO can give reasonably good simulations of pesticide concentrations in water draining from cracking clay soils, but that prior calibration against hydrologic and tracer data is desirable to reduce uncertainty and improve accuracy.     

Two-way coupling of unsaturated-saturated flow by integrating the SWAT and MODFLOW models with application in an irrigation district in arid region of West China

This paper presents the realization of two-way coupling of the unsaturated-saturated flow interactions of the SWAT2000 and MODFLOW96 models on the basis of the integrated surface/groundwater model SWATMOD99, and its application in Hetao Irrigation District (HID), Inner Mongolia, China. Major revisions and enhancements were made to the SWAT2000 and MODFLOW models for simulating the detailed hydrologic budget and coupled unsaturated and saturated interactions, and irrigation canal hydrology for the HID. The simulation results of seasonal groundwater recharge to and evaporate from the shallow groundwater, and the annual water budget over the district are presented and discussed. The results implied the necessity of two-way coupling of the unsaturated-saturated interactions when groundwater is shallow, and the feasibility of making comprehensive use of the information coming from both the surface water and groundwater models to make a more physically-based assessment of the coupled interactions.