四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落结构特征研究

本文对四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落--人工柏木纯林、次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林的群落结构特征进行了研究.结果表明：在群落的物种组成、生活型、层片结构以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson生态优势度指数表征的群落综合特征上,次生混交林与人工林具有很大差异.人工柏木纯林物种数量少,乔、灌、草层的物种多样性和均匀度较低,生态优势度较高;次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林物种数量较多,乔、灌、草层有较高的物种多样性和均匀度,较低的生态优势度.     

小流域防护林体系的空间对位配置

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片(通过解译获得官司河小流域土地利用现状数据)、1:1万森林资源分布图、2007年度森林资源二类调查小班资料,结合样地调查数据以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站(四川绵阳新桥)径流场的有关数据,选取坡度、土层厚、土A层厚、土壤含水率、坡位、土壤类型6个立地特征因子,建立该流域的297个小班物元模型,对其进行适宜性评价,再用层次分析法对其进行优化,从而获得该流域防护林体系空间对位配置。结果表明:1)本区针阔(桤柏/栎柏)混交林面积为124.39hm2,仅占整个有林地面积的14.97%,而针针混交林(松柏)的面积却占27.37%,针叶纯林(马尾松/柏木)的面积更是占42.48%。2)经优化后本区防护林体系分配按面积大小排序为针阔混交林(31.12%)>灌木林(15.5%)>经济林(12.28%)>针针混交林(11.46%)>阔叶纯林(11.41%)>针叶纯林(9.51%)>草地(8.70%)。优化后,年径流总量将减少43171mm,减少62.15%;年土壤侵蚀总量减少465.97t,减少79.66%。3)该流域的防护林体系空间对位配置结果为:①少发展柏木、马尾松纯林,多发展桤柏、栎柏、松栎等针阔混交林。对现有的柏木、马尾松纯林,引进桤木、栎类等树种形成针阔混交林。②柏木纯林和桤柏混交林的郁闭度控制在0.60～0.75,栎柏混交林、松柏混交林、松栎柏混交林则应控制在0.60～0.80。③对现有针叶纯林、针针混交林,采用开窗补阔和密度调节2种方式进行改造。开窗补阔对密度过大的林分进行带状砍伐,砍伐后补植栎类、桤木、香樟、天竺桂等阔叶树种。④在树种的搭配上,根据不同立地条件及树种的适宜性,选择不同的混交比。在中性或微酸性紫色土上,多发展以柏木为主的混交林;在黄壤和酸性紫色土上,则可发展柏木、马尾松与其他阔叶树种的混交林;在灰白砂土上配置以马尾松为主的针阔混交林。阔叶林的比例不少于20%～30%,立地条件好的则可以达到40%左右,以充分发挥防护林的生态效益和增加经济效益。     

不同林型凋落物土壤微生物数量动态的研究

本文主要对柏木纯林、桤柏混交林凋落物分解袋地表土土壤微生物年动态变化进行分析。分析结果表明，在桤柏混交林内，细菌数量最多，放线菌次之，真菌最少；在柏木纯林中，细菌和放线菌数量基本相同，真菌较少。在两种林型中，三大微生物种群数量在３月最少，６～９月最多。微生物生理类群数量分析结果为桤柏混交林中的固氮菌、硝化菌、氨化细菌均大于柏木纯林。纤维分解菌类两者基本相同。柏木纯林反硝化菌类多于桤柏混交林。     

人工桤柏混交林光合生理生态机理研究

本文对四川盆地紫色土区人工桤柏木桤柏木混交的光合生理生态机理进行了探讨。研究表明,桤、柏木混交的光合生理生态机制在于：桤、柏木的光合作用在日变化和季节变化上存在时间匹配效应,在林木结构上存在光合作用的空间匹配效应,因而使桤柏木能充分有效地利用林地上各层次水平的光能资源,大大提高混交林群体的光能利用效率,使之成为川中丘降紫色土区的高产林分类型。研究还表明,桤柏混交林林冠光合作用的日变化和季节变化进程基本上与桤木的变化趋势一致,这主要由桤柏木的生物生态学特性决定;桤柏林林冠光合作用主要受气温、光照和CO2浓度的影响,温度因子的影响相对较小。     

紫色土桤柏混交模式研究

桤柏混交林是紫色土的主要人工混交类型,在长江防护林建设中有重要作用。根据1983年营造的8种混交模式林分,研究了桤柏混交改良土壤、促进柏木生长的效果,用模糊综合评判方法,提出了不同立地类型的混交模式。     

桤柏混交林的效益探讨

桤柏混交林是川中丘陵区的主要造林类型。本文对不同年龄阶段的桤柏混交林进行了对比研究。结果表明：２６年生的混交林中其柏木在单位面积上的蓄积最比纯柏木林大８０．６％，地上中分生物量比纯林高４７．２％；混交林柏木的Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ等营养元素含量分别 比纯柏林高６５．４７％，５０．４３％，７．７０％和１７．９６％；混交林内空气相对湿度比纯柏木林大９．４－１０．５％，混交林能改善生态环境，提高土壤肥力。     

桤柏混交林能量代谢中能量吸收,固定,积累和损耗研究

本文通过桤柏混交林气体交换测定研究了能量代谢基本过程。结果表明：桤柏混交林吸收的太阳辐射能大部分损耗子蒸腾作用中，桤木和柏木用于生长呼吸中损耗的能量最多．其中桤木南面时则用于维持呼吸中损耗能量最多，其能量固定建立在内部节律基础上，柏木能量积累大于桤木．     

2006年特大干旱条件下森林植被对土壤水分的影响

2006年四川发生了百年一遇的特大干旱。于旱期结束末,调查了蓬安县境内两座丘陵-石马寨(栎柏混交林)和碉堡梁(人工柏木林)上、中、下坡林地和林带中耕地及坡脚农田的土壤含水量;调查了四川盆地丘陵区内5个县9个乡镇17个小流域有无农田防护林条件下,稻田开裂起始时间和裂缝宽;以及按照自然地理条件相近、森林覆盖率有较大差异的原则,调查了宣汉县和达县5对乡镇(森林覆盖率高的乡镇森林覆盖率为28.26%～46.85%,平均为37.24%,相对应的低的乡镇森林覆盖率为12.75%～26.74%,平均为18.64%)内不同台地的土壤含水量。结果表明,混交林林地的保水能力强于纯林林地,林地的保水能力强于耕地,农田防护林对水稻具有庇护作用,森林覆盖率高的地区土壤保水能力强于森林覆盖率低的地区土壤。在干旱期末坡上、中、下部位的0～40 cm土层中,栎柏混交林林地的含水量比柏木纯林林地高出3%～7%,林地的土壤含水量比林带中的耕地高出0.7%～2.1%;栎柏混交林带中的耕地含水量比柏木纯林带中的耕地高出3%～6%,石马寨的坡脚农田含水量比碉堡梁的高出5%;在干旱期末不同台地0～40 cm土层中,与森林覆盖率低的地区相比,森林覆盖率高的地区水稻田含水量高3%～7%,二台土高4%～8%,三台土高2%～8%;有农田防护林的农田土壤开裂时间比无农田防护林的推迟5 d～20 d,裂口宽平均窄0.1 cm～3.1 cm。     

桤柏混交幼林群落特征及生物量调查

桤柏混交林是川中盆地钙质紫色土区主要造林模式之一。因其群落稳定、生产力高,深受群众喜爱。对7年生桤柏混交林进行群落特征及生物量调查的结果表明:7年生桤柏人工幼林已郁闭成林,形成复层林冠层,垂直结构明显;桤木高4.37m,覆盖度32％;柏木高1.19m,覆盖度30％;草被均高0.5m,覆盖度95％;桤木根深30cm,柏木根深15cm。桤柏混交林群落植物种类为18种,总生物量14.794t/ha。纯柏林群落植物种类7种,总生物量3.583t/ha。柏木根系侧根发达,主根不明显.<0.2cm根量占总根量的23.1％。桤木根系主根明显,垂直根系发达,水平根少、<0.2cm根量占总根量的3.4％。桤柏混交幼林群落植物体内含水量与总生物量大致相等。乔木层各器官水分系数排序为:叶>枝 根>干。     

三峡库区不同柏木林土壤有机碳与土壤呼吸特征

以三峡库区柏木纯林和柏木青冈混交林为研究对象,研究不同林分类型柏木林土壤有机碳与土壤呼吸特征。结果表明,柏木青冈混交林土壤各土层(0~20cm,20~40cm,40~60cm)的总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳及水溶性有机碳含量均极显著高于柏木纯林;混交林土壤各土层转化酶活性总体上均显著高于柏木纯林,但2种林分之间的土壤C/N无显著性差异;柏木青冈混交林各土层土壤呼吸强度分别比柏木纯林高出22.3%、18.3%、5.3%;各林分土壤有机碳、转化酶活性、C/N均与土壤呼吸强度存在显著的相关性。可见,与柏木纯林相比,柏木青冈混交林具有更大的有机碳储量,表现出更强的土壤固碳能力。     

长江上游绵阳官司河流域低山丘陵区不同植被类型生物多样性分析

本文用多样性指数（Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数）、均度指数（Pielou指数）、丰富度指数（Margalef指数、Menhinick指数）对绵阳官司河流域5种不同的人工林进行生物多样性分析,结果表明：经过植被恢复,各林分类型生物多样性都有所提高,同时水土保持效益也明显提高,土壤侵蚀量减少了42％;在5种植被类型中,乔木层中以针阔混交林的生物多样性最高,灌木层以松柏混交林和麻栎林的生物多样性最高,草本层以松柏混交林的生物多样性最高;5种植被类型中,灌木层地上部分生物量以针阔混交林最大为1849．37kg·hm^-2,马尾松纯林最小为747．37kg·hm^-2,其大小顺序为：针阔混交林〉柏木纯林〉栎类林〉松柏混交林〉马尾松纯林;草本层植物地上部分部总生物量大小顺序为：松柏混交林〉柏木纯林〉栎类林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松纯林。     

Spatial Para Allocation of a Small Watershed Protection Forest System

With the interpreted IKONOS4 satellite images collected in 2005,a 1:10 000 forest map,the data collected in ClassⅡforest survey in 2007,and surface runoff data obtained in the permanent runoff monitoring station,six site factors of slope gradient, slope position,soil thickness,soil thickness of A layer,soil type and soil water content were selected to establish a matter element model suitable to 297 forest sub-compartments.Further,the AHP was applied to modify the spatial structure and form the spatial para allocation of the protection forest system. The results showed that:1) the area allocation of different vegetation types was irrational,the area of a mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest was 124.39 ha,accounting for 14.97%of the forested land,the mixed forest was consisted of two coniferous species accounted for 27.37%of the total forest land,and the pure forest was consisted of one coniferous species accounted for 42.48%.2) After optimization,the area allocation of different vegetation types in the protection forest system ranked as:the mixed coniferous and broad-leafed forest(31.12%)>shrub land(15.5%)>the economic tree crops(12.28%)>the mixed forest consisting of two coniferous species(11.46%)>the pure broad-leafed forest(11.41%)>the pure coniferous forest(9.51%)>grass land(8.70%). Besides,the annual surface runoff could reduce 43 171 mm or 62.15%,annual soil erosion could decrease 465.97 t or 79.66%.3) The following suggestions for spatial para allocation of the small watershed protection forest system were proposed: (1) Reducing pure cypress or pine forest,and increasing alder-cypress,oak-cypress or pine-cypress mixed forest.As for the current cypress and pine pure forests,alder or oak could be introduced to develop a mixed forest.(2) The canopy closure of pure cypress forest and alder-cypress forests should be maintained within 0.60-0.75,and the canopy closure of oak-cypress,pine-cypress or oak-pine forests should be controlled within 0.60-0.80. (3) For improvement of current pure     

丹江口湖北库区马尾松人工林水文生态效应

采用野外实地观测与室内浸水法,对丹江口湖北库区龙口林场5种类型马尾松林分枯落物蓄水、土壤理化性质和蓄水能力、地表径流和土壤侵蚀等水文效应进行了研究。结果表明：①不同类型马尾松林枯落物层最大持水量间存在显著差异,变化范围在45．83-93．32t·hm^-2,为松柏混交林〉针阔混交林〉低密度马尾松林〉中密度马尾松林〉高密度马尾松林。有效拦蓄量变化范围在29．83-41．79t·hm^-2,为中密度马尾松林〉松柏混交林〉针阔混交林〉低密度马尾松林〉高密度马尾松林。②随着土壤深度的增加,土壤容重呈增加的趋势,而总孔隙度呈逐渐递减的趋势。不同类型马尾松土壤贮水能力差异明显,表现为针阔混交林〉低密度马尾松林〉中密度马尾松林〉松柏混交林〉高密度马尾松林,针阔混交林约是高密度马尾松林的1．25倍。③不同森林类型地表径流量在14．68-29．56m^3·hm^-2之间,土壤侵蚀量在2．01～4．15m3·hm^-2之间,且均以栎类次生林最优,松柏混交林次之,马尾松纯林最低。总体而言,综合利用抚育择伐和人工诱导自然更新的方法,人工诱导马尾松纯林逐步向针阔混交林发育,可更有效提高水土保持功能。     

不同林分类型及土层对土壤养分的影响

在中山五桂山保护区选择4个不同的林分类型,分别进行土壤采样,测定土壤养分指标,分析不同林分类型及土层对土壤养分的影响,为林分改造、土壤养分改良提供理论和数据支撑。结果表明:(1)四种土壤养分指标在四种林分类型间均有显著性差异,四种林分类型的土壤养分指标含量大小排序大致为:沟谷季雨林阔叶混针阔混针叶林,只有有效磷含量是阔叶混大于沟谷季雨林。(2)四种土壤养分指标在针叶林、针阔混交林、沟谷季雨林这3种林型中的5个土层间变化均有显著性差异,而在常绿阔叶林中仅速效钾在5个土层间有显著性差异。(3)四种林分类型中,沟谷季雨林各指标含量相对较高,处于"中下"等级,而针叶林各指标含量低,处于"很低"等级。总的来说,四种林分类型的土壤养分含量偏低,特别是针叶林,各项土壤指标含量均为"很低",可以参考群落演替方向对针叶林进行林分改造来提高土壤养分。     

Effects of site conditions and methods of cultivation on growth of sawtooth oak plantations

The effects of site conditions and cultivation on the growth of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) plantations were evaluated at the Hongyashan forest farm, in Chuzhou City, Anhui Province, China. The results indicate that the position on the slope, the amount of gravel and the thickness of the soil were important factors in the growth of the sawtooth oak. Lower slope positions with small amounts of gravel and a thick soil were better for the growth of this species than middle slope positions with more gravel and a thin soil. Given the site conditions of the hilly and mountainous areas in Chuzhou City, the mixed Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.) and sawtooth oak forests did not improve forest productivity compared with pure sawtooth oak forests. Both urea and compound fertilizers promoted the growth of sawtooth oak, as did site preparation and intercropping. Two years after planting, the height growth of ordinary seedlings with a starting height of 0.6 m was higher than that of supper seedlings with a starting height of 1.0 m. Compared with planting, the early growth of the coppices was faster, but the later growth of the coppices was slower. __________ Translated from Journal of Fujian College of Forestry, 2008, 28(2): 130–135 [译自: 福建林学院学报]     

陕西省长江流域生态地貌功能分区与评价

采用１０个主要生物气候指标，结合地形地貌及相的地带性植被和地带性土壤，对陕西省长江流域３１个县（市）进行动态聚类综合分析，本区可归并为２个森林植物气候带，５个生态地貌功能区。即：低山丘陵区北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林生物气候区，包括安康盆地，汉中盆地，热暖温带针阔混交林、针叶林生物气候区；包括秦岭南坡东部中山，低山区，秦岭南坡中、西部中、高山区和巴山北坡中山、低山。各生态地貌功能区的生物气候特征明显，符     

Analysis of soil moisture variation by forest cover structure in lower western Himalayas, India

Soil moisture affects various hydrological processes, including evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff. Forested areas in the lower western Himalaya in India constitute the headwater catchments for many hill streams and have experienced degradation in forest cover due to grazing, deforestation and other human activities. This change in forest cover is likely to alter the soil moisture regime and, consequently, flow regimes in streams. The effect of change in forest cover on soil moisture regimes of this dry region has not been studied through long term field observations. We monitored soil matric potentials in two small watersheds in the lower western Himalaya of India. The watersheds consisted of homogeneous land covers of moderately dense oak forest and moderately degraded mixed oak forest. Observations were recorded at three sites at three depths in each watershed at fortnightly intervals for a period of three years. The soil moisture contents derived from soil potential measurements were analyzed to understand the spatial, temporal and profile variations under the two structures of forest cover. The analysis revealed large variations in soil moisture storage at different sites and depths and also during different seasons in each watershed. Mean soil moisture storage during monsoon, winter and summer seasons was higher under dense forest than under degraded forest. Highest soil moisture content occurred at shallow soil profiles, decreasing with depth in both watersheds. A high positive correlation was found between tree density and soil moisture content. Mean soil moisture content over the entire study period was higher under dense forest than under degraded forest. This indicated a potential for soil water storage under well managed oak forest. Because soil water storage is vital for sustenance of low flows, attention is needed on the management of oak forests in the Himalayan region.     

东莞市森林土壤有机质空间变异性研究

应用地统计学和地理信息系统(GIS),对广东省东莞市森林土壤有机质(0～1 m)的空间变异性和主要林分土壤有机质含量进行分析,结果表明:东莞市森林土壤有机质属中等变异性;具有中等的空间相关性;空间分布呈东西高、中北低的趋势;主要林分土壤有机质含量由小至大依次为:荔枝林、桉树林、马尾松林、针阔叶混交林、马占相思林、阔叶混交林。