Evaluation Of Genetic Diversity Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat Markers And Effect On The Severity Of Leaf Blight Disease Of Teak (Tectona Grandis L.)

ABSTRACT

Leaf blight is an important disease of teak which reduces photosynthetic rate and ultimate timber yield in infected trees. Symptomatic leaf samples were randomly collected from three forest reserves, Onigambari, Olokemeji and Omo in Southwest Nigeria. Genomic DNA from the samples was extracted using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method and amplified with Inter Simple-Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers to evaluate genetic diversity. Dendrogram analysis using UPMA procedure separated the accessions into 12 major groups with bootstrap values ranging from 51 to 62. The constructed dendogram showed that accessions from Onigambari forest reserve were genetically similar to those from the two other reserves. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first, second and third axes accounted for 79.19%, 85.41%, and 88.11%, respectively, of the total molecular variation. All the four ISSR markers showed 100% polymorphism which induced the amplification of 48 alleles across the 39 teak accessions evaluated. Polymorphic information content (PIC) obtained from ISSR markers ranged from 0.6038 to 0.8886, while genetic diversity varied from 0.6288 to 0.8947. The inter-population genetic diversity and allelic richness observed in the study could be employed in breeding for resistance against leaf blight disease of teak.     

近自然森林经营在德国的应用成效分析

[目的]分析德国推行近自然森林经营20年来的经营效果,总结德国推行近自然森林经营的经验。[方法]在明晰近自然森林经营原则的基础上,基于两期(间隔期10年)资源清查数据对比,对德国大面积推行近自然森林经营20年的经营效果进行分析。[结果]两期资源清查数据表明,德国采用近自然经营20年后,针叶林如挪威云杉和欧洲赤松的面积显著减少,阔叶林和针阔混交林面积持续增加;阔叶树种蓄积平均增长量约为15 m~3·hm~(-2),针叶树种蓄积平均增长4 m~3·hm~(-2),挪威云杉是唯一蓄积下降的树种,下降了5 m~3·hm~(-2);近自然度等级变化表明,人工林面积在减少,而近自然森林的面积在增加,甚至符合原始林等级的森林面积也在增加。[结论]实现近自然森林经营的目标是一个长期的过程,联邦政府促进和保护森林的政策以及林场主所采用的先进的森林经营技术也是德国森林每公顷蓄积达到336 m~3的重要原因;在近自然森林经营的原则下,德国森林中针阔混交林比例显著增加;将近自然程度不高的人工林经营转化为近自然的森林生态系统是德国森林经营所面临的主要问题。     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.     

Airborne laser scanning as a method in operational forest inventory: Status of accuracy assessments accomplished in Scandinavia

Abstract

This research reports the major evaluation results from an operational stand-based forest inventory using airborne laser scanner data carried out in Norway. This is the first operational inventory in which data from two separate districts are combined. Laser data from two forest areas of 65 and 110 km² were used to predict six biophysical stand variables used in forest planning. The predictions were based on regression equations estimated from 250 m² field training plots distributed systematically throughout the two forest areas. Test plots with a size of 0.1 ha were used for validation. The testing revealed standard deviations between ground-truth values and predicted values of 0.58–0.85 m (3.4–5.6%) for mean and dominant heights, 2.62–2.87 m² ha^?1 (9.3–14.3%) for basal area, and 18.7–25.1 m³ ha^?1 (10.8–12.8%) for stand volume. No serious bias was detected. For 10 of the 12 estimated regression models there were no significant effects of district.     

采伐对天然云冷杉针阔混交林半分解层凋落物现存量、含水率及林分郁闭度空间异质性的影响

[目的]以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场4块天然云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,探究不同采伐强度下[重度(采伐强度21. 21%),中度(采伐强度11. 22%),轻度(采伐强度6. 29%)和对照(未采伐)]凋落物半分解层现存量、含水率与林分郁闭度的空间异质性。[方法]采用地统计学方法,对各样地凋落物半分解层现存量、含水率与林分郁闭度数据进行普通克里金插值,得到3个指标的空间分布格局图。[结果]表明:在10 100 m的尺度上,采伐使得凋落物现存量由离散型分布转变为聚集型分布,而对凋落物含水率的空间格局影响不大;所有样地的郁闭度均表现为聚集型分布,采伐一定程度上影响了其在中度采伐与重度采伐样地的空间异质性;凋落物现存量与林分郁闭度之间不存在相关性,而在对照样地,凋落物现存量与含水率存在显著的负相关,但相关程度较弱(r 0. 3)。[结论]采伐对凋落物半分解层含水率空间异质性影响不大;中度采伐与重度采伐样地的郁闭度异质性可能是由于采伐不均匀所导致;采伐使凋落物现存量空间异质性程度降低。     

林分结构调整对云南松次生林生长和土壤性质的影响

[目的]探究云南松林结构调整对林木生长和土壤性状的影响,为云南松林保护和利用提供科学依据。[方法]按照森林抚育规程对林分进行结构调整,采用典型取样法对比分析林分结构调整前后土壤性质和林木生长状况的差异。[结果]云南松林结构调整后,(1)结构调整样地单株蓄积量比对照样地提高了近60%,树高和胸径提高幅度均在15%以上,林下天然更新植株数量是对照样地的3.1倍;(2)结构调整后林内植物种类增加,林下灌木层和草本层盖度分别提高了63.3%和22.7%,灌木层和草本层平均高度分别提高了24.7%和17.9%;(3)结构调整样地现存凋落物量显著下降,与对照相比下降了20.4%,土壤表层温度、有机质含量、基础呼吸和土壤微生物生物量显著提高,土壤其他性质参数变幅相对较小。[结论]林分结构调整可显著提高云南松生长量,有利于云南松较大径级林木的培育;促进了云南松林下更新和林下植被发育,有利于林分群落结构的形成;提高了土壤微生物数量和活性,加速了土壤有机质转化,研究揭示林分结构调整促进了云南松林土壤—植物系统正反馈作用。     

湖南会同县杉木人工林管理碳汇的核算研究

[目的]通过制定森林管理参考水平,计量并核算森林管理活动的合格净碳汇清除量。[方法]采用核证减排标准中农业、林业和其他土地利用项目的自愿碳标准,选取其中改善森林管理的项目方法学标准,并结合不可抗力及湖南会同县的杉木人工林林地资源现状,进行计量和核算湖南会同县杉木人工林的合格碳汇量。该方法学标准包括4个碳库,即地上部分、地下部分、枯死木和木质林产品。[结果]对30年生和23年生杉木人工林进行森林管理活动后,林分碳储量变化量和碳汇量都有明显增加。森林管理参考水平在考虑皆伐的碳排放后的净碳汇量为-82.79 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2),30年生和23年生的总碳汇量分别为441.00、715.46 t二氧化碳当量;实际合格总碳汇量分别为606.59、881.06 t二氧化碳当量。[结论]不同的森林管理采伐强度对30年生和23年生林分碳汇量的影响差异显著。本文分别基于湖南会同森林生态实验站第1代杉木人工林建立参考水平和生态站2代杉木人工林制定参考水平核算会同县杉木人工林碳汇量,结果是基于后者参考水平核算的会同县杉木人工林合格的碳汇量比基于前者参考水平核算的多30 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2)。     

云冷杉过伐林垂直结构特征分析

[目的]以云冷杉过伐林为研究对象,综合分析其在垂直层次上的结构特征,进一步探索云冷杉过伐林的生长过程、演替规律,更加准确和全面地认识云冷杉过伐林的状态和发展趋势,从而为合理地制定和调整针对过伐林的经营措施提供理论依据。[方法]基于12块面积1hm~2的标准地数据,首先,采用定量的树冠光竞争高法划分林层,将林分从垂直层次上划分为上林层、中林层和下林层;其次,在垂直结构的基础上,进行林分结构特征分析,包括各林层的直径分布、树种组成、树种隔离程度、竞争以及分布格局。[结果]表明:(1)以树冠光竞争高度法划分的林层分层效果较好,各林层树冠光竞争高、平均胸径和蓄积量均在0.01水平上差异极显著;(2)随林层高度的增加直径分布由反"J"形分布转变为左偏单峰状分布,中林层和上林层峰值差别较大;(3)各林层树种构成差异不大,但下林层中针叶树种蓄积比重偏低;(4)上林层更有可能出现较高的混交度,不同树种随林层高度的增加其混交度的变化趋势有所差异;(5)随林层高度的增加,林分平均竞争压力逐渐减小,各树种竞争压力随林层的变化趋势与各林层总体平均变化趋势基本一致;在不同林层,不同生长习性的树种竞争差异明显;(6)各林层多呈聚集和随机分布,上林层更有可能出现随机分布,而下林层更有可能出现聚集分布。[结论]综合分析可知研究区的林分结构相对稳定,处于由过伐林向原始林恢复演替的进程中。垂直结构定量化的方法能更加全面的认识和描述过伐林的结构现状及未来的发展方向,研究结果可为长白山地区过伐林的可持续经营提供参考。     

Mapping tree aboveground biomass and carbon in Omo Forest Reserve Nigeria using Landsat 8 OLI data

Protected areas in Nigeria are important ecosystems for carbon storage. The aim of this study was to estimate and map tree aboveground biomass (TAGB) and carbon (TAGC) within a tropical forest in Nigeria. Stepwise regression analysis was implemented to develop models for predicting TAGB in the forest stand, by integrating field TAGB data with Landsat 8 OLI data. Spectral variables used in the analysis include spectral bands, vegetation indices, tasseled cap indices and principal components. Model validation was performed using independent sample plots. The results showed that incorporating more than one category of spectral variables improved the prediction of TAGB. The best-fit model was applied to map the spatial distribution of TAGB and TAGC. The TAGC was estimated as 52.3% of TAGB, based on the average carbon content of tree species derived in this study. Average TAGB and TAGC estimates for the forest stand were 373.1 ± 165.4 t ha^?1 and 194 ± 82.7 t ha^?1, respectively. Reliable estimates of TAGB and TAGC for the forest reserve were obtained. This study provides important information required to manage the forest stand for optimal carbon sequestration.     

Household dependency on forest resources in the Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR), India: Implications for management

ABSTRACT

Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR) is a virtual ecological island influenced by both anthropogenic pressures and a significant cattle population from the villages located there. The government has initiated voluntary relocation of villages, but this action has not yielded desired results as most of the residents depend on the surrounding forest for their livelihood. This study used a logit model to identify the influential factors that predict forest dependency. The results indicate that livestock population and the agricultural land per household as the two major determinants of dependency. Alternative sources of livelihood or vocational training may help in reducing villager’s forest dependency.     

北京平原地区公路典型绿化带降噪功能初探

[目的]选取京开高速绿化带为研究对象,定量分析交通噪声在水平空间上的衰减规律,同时探讨绿化带的宽度、群落结构对交通噪声衰减的影响,以期为平原地区高速公路绿化带的树种选择、结构优化以及修剪管理提供一定的理论依据。[方法]选择3种典型林带类型的绿化带,建立9个20 m×60 m的样地,并在每个样地内按垂直于高速公路的方向设置不同宽度梯度的监测点,在定点连续监测的基础上,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)探讨不同林带类型、不同宽度梯度之间噪声值的差异性,采用Pearson相关分析探讨绿化带结构指标和绿化衰减系数之间的相关性。[结果]表明:研究选取的3种类型绿化带的降噪功能均较好,雪松纯林的降噪能力最强。绿化带在0 10m的范围内降噪能力最强,随着宽度的增加,绿化带的降噪能力逐渐减弱。绿化带的降噪能力是由多个林分结构指标协同作用的结果,并不能仅用某一结构指标表征整个群落的降噪能力,绿化带在同一高度水平上的断面积是影响其降噪能力的一个重要综合指标。[结论]高速公路绿化带可以起到良好的降噪功能,不同林带类型绿化带的降噪能力不同。在建植时,应优先选分枝点低、分枝多、枝叶细密的植物。在城市绿地空间不足的情况下,为完全消除交通噪声对居民生活的影响,还应辅助于其它技术措施。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤肥力分析

[目的]研究不同发育阶段(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林)对杉木人工林土壤肥力的影响,为揭示杉木地力衰退的原因提供依据。[方法]通过对南方杉木中心产区不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤理化性质的测定,利用数学模糊评价和主成分分析2种方法,综合比较不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤肥力。[结果]不同发育阶段对人工林土壤物理、化学性质均有显著影响。在同一发育阶段中,杉木人工林表层土与底层土之间存在差异(p0.001);土壤质量含水量对土壤物理性质具有显著指示作用,有机质、p H值与土壤养分指标呈显著相关;主成分分析和模糊评价方法均得出不同发育阶段杉木林土壤肥力呈现幼龄林成熟林中龄林的规律。[结论]随着杉木栽植时间的增长,需要采取施肥、间伐等人工干预恢复地力,进而满足杉木速生需求。     

How financial compensation changes forest owners' willingness to set aside productive forest areas for nature conservation in Denmark

Abstract

Agri-environmental schemes' ability to increase the provision of environmental goods has been questioned because such schemes may pay landowners for something they would have done anyway. Contributing to this discussion, the aim of this paper is to investigate how financial compensation changes forest owners' declared willingness to set aside productive forest areas for nature conservation. The study is based on a survey of forest owner attitudes and ownership objectives in Denmark. First, it was analyzed how forest owners' declared willingness to set aside productive forest area for nature conservation changed when they were offered financial compensation. The majority of forest owners (64%) increased their willingness to set aside forest when offered financial compensation, whereas for others, compensation resulted in no change or, for a few respondents, even decreased the willingness. Hence, financial compensation may help to increase the provision of environmental goods but it is necessary to be aware of groups not motivated by financial incentives. Secondly, a binary logit model showed that the greatest likelihood of financial compensation increasing the motivation for setting aside forest is observed for owners who are young, female, live in the western part of Denmark and own farmland. Policy makers can use such information to target subsidy schemes at particular groups.     

Assessing Sustainability Using Data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the United States Forest Service

Abstract

Forest sustainability has emerged as a crucial component of all current issues related to forest management. The seven Montreal Process Criteria are well accepted as categories of processes for evaluating forest management with respect to sustainability, and data collected by the Forest and Inventory Analysis (FIA) program of the United States Forest Service are well suited for such evaluations. The FIA program focuses on the collection, analysis, and distribution of data for a core set of variables obtained using a plot configuration, a sampling design, and measurement protocols that all feature national consistency. Plot, subplot, and tree-level observations include traditional mensurational measurements such as forest area, tree species, diameter, and survival and a suite of non-tree measurements related to the health of the forest. FIA data are recognized for their completeness, geographic coverage, and accessibility to users via a user-friendly interface to a national database. Three examples for three different regions of the United States illustrate the relevance and utility of FIA data for environmental and ecological assessments in the context of the Montreal Process. Several conclusions may be drawn from the examples: (1) for the Southern region, the forest land base is stable, and growing stock volume is increasing; (2) for the Mid-Atlantic region, contributions to carbon accumulation are slightly greater than for storage, and storage increases from north to south; and (3) for the Central Hardwoods region, tree species richness increases from north to south and from west to east and is stable or slightly increasing.     

大老岭自然保护区日本落叶松林凋落物分解及养分释放研究

[目的]研究外来引进树种日本落叶松林凋落物对土壤养分的影响。[方法]采用分解袋法分别对18年生和24年生日本落叶松林以及周围针阔混交林凋落物的分解和养分释放规律进行了研究。[结果]凋落物分解和养分释放速率均表现为针阔混交林日本落叶松纯林;24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。其中不同林分的凋落物残留率与时间呈指数相关,凋落物年分解系数(K)也表现为针阔混交林(0.555 6)24年生日本落叶松林(0.445 0)18年生日本落叶松林(0.366 2)。凋落物分解速率与初始N元素含量呈极显著正相关,而与C/N比呈显著负相关,高的木质素含量对凋落物的分解有一定影响。C元素、K元素表现为直接释放模式,而研究中C/N比和C/P比相对较高,使N元素和P元素均表现为先富集后释放的模式。各养分元素的残留率总体呈现出18年生日本落叶松林24年生日本落叶松林针阔混交林的格局。[结论]不同林分凋落物分解和养分释放速率差异较大。凋落物年分解系数表现为针阔混交林24年生日本落叶松林18年生日本落叶松林。     

Estimation of biomass,net primary production and net ecosystem production of China's forests based on the 1999–2003 National Forest Inventory

Abstract

The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is an important resource for estimating the national carbon (C) balance. Based on the volume, biomass, annual biomass increment and litterfall of different forest types and the 6th NFI in China, the hyperbolic relationships between them were established and net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) were estimated accordingly. The results showed that the total biomass, NPP and NEP of China's forests were 5.06 Pg C, 0.68 Pg C year^?1 and 0.21 Pg C year^?1, respectively. The area-weighted mean biomass, NPP and NEP were 35.43 Mg C ha^?1, 4.76 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1 and 1.47 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1 and varied from 13.36 to 79.89 Mg C ha^?1, from 2.13 to 9.15 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1 and from ?0.16 to 5.80 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1, respectively. The carbon sequestration was composed mainly of Betula and Populus forest, subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest and subtropical mixed evergreen–deciduous broadleaved forest, whereas Pinus massoniana forest and P. tabulaeformis forest were carbon sources. This study provides a method to calculate the biomass, NPP and NEP of forest ecosystems using the NFI, and may be useful for evaluating terrestrial carbon balance at regional and global levels.     

大兴安岭不同区域落叶松相容性材积方程及异方差研究

[目的]对不同区域立木相容性材积方程以及不同异方差校正方法进行详细对比分析,建立相容性材积方程预估大兴安岭不同区域落叶松的立木材积。[方法]以大兴安岭3个不同区域的落叶松为研究对象,采用误差变量联立方程组的方法构建不同区域立木相容性材积方程。采用非线性额外平方和的方法(F检验)进行区域性检验。使用多种权函数分别对3个区域存在异方差的材积方程进行加权回归。[结果]表明:任何2个区域的立木材积方程都有显著不同(P0.000 1),区域1和区域3的材积相差较大,区域2与区域1和区域3的材积相差较小。不同区域立木材积方程的错误应用会导致较大的预测误差。在参数稳定性和评价指标方面,加权估计会优于普通最小二乘估计。基于平均相对误差(MRE)和总相对误差(TRE),区域1(-0.11、0.97)、区域2(0.04、0.08)和区域3(1.04、0.93)的最优权函数分别为1/F(x)、1/D4.99、1/D3.38。[结论]立木材积方程是森林调查和林分生长与收获模型的主要组成部分,本文所构建3个区域的相容联立方程组模型预测误差均不超过±3%。建立相容性立木材积方程时应考虑其异方差的影响。最优权函数没有统一的形式。为尽可能得到稳定的参数估计,在加权回归估计过程中应选用多种权函数进行对比分析。     

2010-2015年中国进境植物检疫截获细菌疫情分析

[目的]分析近年来中国进境植物检疫截获细菌的情况,明确当前我国面临的植物病原细菌入侵的严重性及重要性,以期对今后林业检疫工作提供参考。[方法]本文按照检疫业务类型,来源国（地区）,检疫性细菌情况,花卉、林木病原细菌概况对2010-2015年中国进境植物检疫截获细菌情况进行统计分析。[结果]2010-2015年,我国各口岸从水果、种苗等进境植物及植物产品中共截获细菌139种、7 736批次,分别来自70个国家（地区）;截获检疫性细菌16种（其中10种可危害花卉和林木）,521批次;花卉、林木病原细菌23种、835批次;肠杆菌科细菌32种、2 016批次,杨树枯萎病菌、梨火疫病菌、亚洲梨火疫病菌等重要肠杆菌科细菌未有截获。[结论]2010-2015年,进境植物检疫截获细菌的种类及次数总体呈上升趋势,检疫性细菌入侵风险增大,防范形势严峻。     

Understanding Loggers' Perceptions

Abstract

Loggers play a critical role in managing forest resources. This study focused on understanding loggers' attitudes-information that we believe would be useful for improving communications and ultimately improving forest practices. Through interviews and a mail survey, four themes emerged, providing insight into loggers' attitudes: (1) Pennsylvania loggers are proud of their industry, (2) Public pressure is affecting the logging industry, (3) Loggers are concerned about the future, and (4) Loggers, foresters, and landowners need to improve their communications. Pennsylvania loggers are a diverse group possessing a wide range of attitudes. Listening to loggers is essential for achieving sustainable forestry.