富钾基因型烤烟钾积累特征研究

烟叶含钾量是烤烟品质优劣的一个重要指标,它与烟叶成熟度、烟叶香吃味及卷烟制品安全性密切相关[1-2]。国际市场上衡量优质烟叶的指标之一是烟叶的钾含量2%以上,而我国烟叶含钾量多低于2%,尤其是北方烟区,烟叶钾含量在1·5%左右,严重影响烟叶质量的提高。我国长江以北地区土壤     

钾肥对皖南植烟土壤烟叶含钾量的影响

本文研究了皖南4种植烟土壤钾肥与烟叶含钾量的关系。中钾和高钾处理区的烟株长势明显优于无钾处理区。烟株缺钾症状与土壤速效钾含量密切相关。相同施钾水平,轻质土壤的烟叶含钾量高于质地粘重的土壤。施钾肥后,烟叶含钾量增加的幅度与土壤速效钾含量呈相反的趋势。相同叶位,烟叶含钾量与烟叶钙镁含量呈显著的负相关。     

钾肥对烤烟体内钾素分配及微量元素含量的影响

本文用三种典型的植烟土壤研究了不同的钾肥用量对烟株含量及分配的影响，结果表明，烟叶含钾量随钾肥用量的增加而增加，两者符合二次曲线的关系。充分供钾时，钾在烟株体内的含量顺序为芽＞叶＞茎＞根，烟叶不同部位为下部＞中部＞上部；当烟株缺钾时，上部烟叶含钾量高于中下部。无率在哪种土壤上，钾在烟株中的分配比例顺序为烟叶＞茎＞根＞芽，当中部烟叶含钾量达到２．４％时钾在烟株中的分配趋向一稳定值，即在烟叶、茎、根、     

烟叶中含氮化合物氮素来源与肥料氮素形态的关系

氮素是影响烟株生长和发育以及烟叶质量的最重要的元素[1].烟叶内的烟碱、醚提物和蛋白质含量及它们之间的比例是影响烟叶内在质量的关键因素.这些化合物的含量与施氮量及施用肥料种类密切相关[2-4].在烟草生产中往往通过减少施氮量或后期终止供氮来控制烟叶含氮量,但效果不佳[5].上部叶烟碱含量高,工业可用性差,造成库存积压严重的问题依然存在.为了探讨烟株后期供氮与氮素来源之间的关系,利用15N-KNO3同位素标记对烟草吸收的氮素和含氮化合物中氮素的来源进行了研究,为合理施用肥料,降低上部叶烟碱含量,提供理论依据.     

不同植烟年限土壤pH和酶活性的变化

随着烟草连作年限的延长，烟田土壤的某些性质往往发生不同程度的恶化，从而对烟叶产质量造成不良的影响，这已成为当前我国烟叶生产可持续发展的重要限制因子。目前我国关于连作烟田土壤障碍因子的研究多集中在土壤养分方面怯引，而对土壤酶活性等其他可能性因子的研究则报道较少。为此，我们对不同植烟年限土壤的pH和酶活性的变化进行了调查研究，希望为更加有效地调控连作烟田土壤障碍提供服务，改善烟叶产质量，促进烟叶生产的可持续发展。     

土壤供钾状况及土壤湿度对我国北方烤烟烟叶含钾量的影响研究

田间采样统计分析和框栽试验结果表明 ,土壤钾素状况及土壤的供钾能力是影响我国北方烟区烤烟烟叶含钾量的主要因子之一 ,合理施用钾肥和改善土壤的钾素状况是提高烟叶含钾量的有效措施 ;土壤湿度是保证土壤钾素向烟株根系运动的必要条件 ,在烟株生长期间 ,特别是在烟株移栽 4 0— 50天期间 ,保持土壤的相对含水量 6 0— 70 % ,是促进烟叶吸钾 ,提高烟叶含钾量的重要手段     

不同氮钾比对提高烟叶钾含量的影响探究

在不同土壤质地上实施不同氮钾配比试验,旨在研究不同生态环境下,不同氮钾比、不同施肥量对烟叶含钾量的影响,为烟叶提高钾含量提供科学依据。结果表明:不同氮钾比对烟株田间长势、农艺性状、烤后烟叶外观质量、经济性状等影响明显,各项数据表现最佳的是氮、磷、钾比为1∶1.5∶3,说明合理的氮钾比有利于促进、提高烟株田间长势、烟叶缺钾症状、农艺性状、烤后烟叶外观质量、烟叶含钾量、经济性状。     

有机肥施用对烟田土壤理化性质的影响

连作烟田往往存在土壤质量下降的问题,本试验选用烟草秸秆有机肥、复合有机肥A、复合有机肥B、牛粪、发酵豆饼等有机肥料处理烟田土壤,并以单施化肥为对照,探讨施用有机肥对土壤的理化性状的影响。试验发现不同有机肥处理之后土壤中容重降低,孔隙度增大;有机质含量经有机肥处理后有不同程度的提高,复合有机肥A处理的土壤有机质含量最高,比对照提高了9.69%;不同处理土壤中的全氮和碱解氮的含量均有不同程度的提高,牛粪处理的土壤碱解氮的含量提高了23.5%;有机肥处理后,烟田土壤有效磷含量均有提高,烟草秸秆(T1)处理的土壤有效磷含量最高,为21.97 mg/kg,为对照组的2.5倍;施用有机肥后土壤含钾量发生变化,速效钾的含量增加,缓效钾没有明显变化;有机肥处理对土壤pH值影响不大,土壤中的氯离子含量因不同有机肥处理而不同,有机肥B和发酵豆饼处理能够显著降低氯离子含量。总之,烟田施用有机肥施用改变了土壤理化性质,对土壤改良有良好意义。     

田间烤烟叶片缺钾症状与钾积累及土壤供钾水平关系

基于田间正常施肥烟株生长中期中、上部叶通常出现缺钾症状的现象,以烤烟品种K326为材料在砂质壤土上进行了田间试验,定期观察无钾(即K0,仅按常规施用氮磷肥,K_2O用量为0 kg·hm~(–2))、常规施肥但中后期出现缺钾症状(即CF,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期仍有缺钾症状)、常规施肥且正常生长(即CK,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期无缺钾症状)3处理烟株移栽后生长情况(特别是叶片缺钾症状的出现情况),并及时采集和测定了相应烟株的干物质、钾含量及根区土壤速效钾含量,以阐明正常施肥烤烟中、上部叶出现缺钾症状的可能原因。结果表明:(1)CF和K0烟株在移栽后33 d前叶片均未出现缺钾症状;但根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后42 d低于99.86 mg·kg~(–1)时,K0烟株第8～第15叶陆续表现缺钾;CF烟株根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后57 d低于131.1mg·kg~(–1)时,第12～第16叶也相继缺钾,而其他叶位叶片正常。(2)从移栽至42 d,CK和K0烟株干物质和钾素累积量虽皆明显增加,但K0烟株总量偏低趋势愈发显著;至移栽后57 d期间,CK和K0烟株前述两个指标继续增加,但此期CF干物质累积有相似的增加趋势,而钾素累积与出现缺钾症状前相比(即移栽后42 d时CK)则略有减少;(3)移栽后42 d至57 d,CF烟株上、中部叶和K0烟株上部叶钾净输出明显,而茎中净输入显著,其他器官或部位总体持平或略有增加;CK烟株上部叶钾素输入、输出维持平衡,其他器官有净增加。(4)生长期间,CK烟叶钾含量皆表现出随叶位上升而呈总体下降,K0烟叶前期有相似规律,但移栽后42 d、57 d呈"上升-下降-上升",CF于移栽后57 d为"下降-上升"趋势。上述结果说明,K0烟株移栽后42 d中部叶开始缺钾是钾整体吸收不足所致,后期则兼有上部叶钾净输出原因;CF烟株出现中、上部叶缺钾而下部叶正常则有3个原因,一是后期体内干物质累积持续增加导致的稀释;二是此期整株钾累积不仅未增加,且有下降;三是CF烟株中、上部叶钾净输出增加。     

氯和钾营养对烤烟产量和品质的影响

在四川中性紫色土上研究烤烟的氯钾营养及其与产量品质的关系。结果表明,施氯量80-240mgCl/kg土,可提高烟叶的光合强度,增强POD、PPO、SOD、NR等抗逆酶的活性,增大叶面积。烟叶含氯量随施氯量的增加而增加,烤烟烟叶产量比对照提高5.5-21.5％。以烟叶含氯1％,K2O/Cl比4为标准确定的该地区烤烟耐氯临界值为139-165mgCl/kg土(土壤水溶性氯),可使烟叶中糖和烟碱含量和比例协调。从烤烟营养和品质看,植烟土壤含氯(水溶性氯)以不超过160mg/kg土为宜。试验还表明施氯促进了烤烟对氯、钾的吸收,提高烟叶水溶性总糖含量,但不利于烟株对磷的吸收。因此合理配置烤烟氮、磷、钾、氯的比例对烤烟品质至关重要。本试验结果初步表明在中性紫色土植烟区,以部分氯化钾代替硫酸钾是可能的。     

土壤非交换态钾与结构态钾能够区分吗？

Nonexchangeable K (NEK) is the major portion of the reserve of available K in soil and a primary factor in determining soil K fertility. The questions of how much NEK is in soils and how to quantify total NEK in soils are so far still unclear due to the complicated effects of various minerals on K fixation. In this study, the NEK in 9 soils was extracted with sodium tetraphenylboron (NaBPh₄) for various time periods longer than 1 d. The results showed that the NEK extracted by NaBPh₄ gradually increased with time, but showed no more increase after the duration of extraction exceeded 10--20 d. As the temperature increased from 25 to 45 ^oC, the duration to obtain the maximum extraction of NEK was reduced from 20 to 10 d, and the maximum values of NEK released at both temperatures was almost the same for each soil. The maximum NEK (MNEK) of the 9 soils extracted by NaBPh4 varied from 3 074 to 10 081 mg kg^-1, accounting for 21%--56% of the total soil K. There was no significant correlation between MNEK released by NaBPh₄ and other forms of K, such as NH₄OAc-extracted K, HNO₃-extracted K and total K in soils, which indicates that NEK is a special form of K that has no inevitable relationship to the other forms of K in soils. The MNEK extraction by NaBPh₄ in this study indicated that the total NEK in the soils could be differentiated from soil structural K and quantified with the modified NaBPh₄ method. The high MNEK in soils made NEK much more important in the role of the plant-available K pool. How to fractionate NEK into different fractions and establish the methods to quantify each NEK fraction according to their bioavailability is of great importance for future research.     

Slow-release of potassium from fused potassium silicate fertilizer

Original Papers

(pp. 805–810)

K₂Ca₂Si₂O₇, the major component of fused potassium silicate fertilizer, released potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) in a slow manner. The 10% of K in K₂Ca₂Si₂O₇ was quickly solubilized in water. Further K dissolution was very slow. The amounts of dissolved Ca and Si in water were much smaller than that of K. The decrease of the Ca and Si concentration in water indicated the occurrence of a re-deposit of Ca and Si at a later stage.

The surface imaging method was used in order to study the slow-release process of K₂Ca₂Si₂O₇ in water. The surface analysis of K₂Ca₂Si₂O₇ particles after dissolution in water for 30 min showed that there were Ca- and Si-rich particles stuck on the fertilizer surface. The results of the analysis of the cross section of K₂Ca₂Si₂O₇ particles showed that the K content was lower than those of Ca and Si in the surface boundary layer. On the other hand, the mole ratio of K, Ca and Si was same inside the fertilizer particle. In the portion between the inside and the surface of the fertilizer particle, the content of K and Ca was lower than that of Si. These results indicated that the order of dissolution of fertilizer components from K₂Ca₂Si₂O₇ particle was first K, then Ca, and Si last.

From the results mentioned above, the process of slow-release K was speculated to be as follows: 1) K on the particle surface was released quickly by an ion exchange reaction with hydrogen ions in water. 2) K inside the particle was released slowly because of dissolution through Si-O-Si bonds.     

Evaluation of differences in potassium availability in soils of the same exchangeable potassium level

Abstract

Potassium availability was determined by growing corn (Zea mays L.) in pots of soil in a controlled environment chamber. Comparison of K uptake rate per unit root area indicated differing degrees of K availability. The differences in availability among soils were not predicted by differences in cation exchange capacities. The K concentration in solution and the average rate of diffusion more nearly reflected differences in K availability, particularly when the kinetic rate factors of diffusion and mass flow were integrated with root growth and uptake factors in the Cushman mathematical model of K uptake. Utilization of this model demonstrated the importance of using rate factors for ion movement in soil along with plant factors of root growth in predicting K availability.     

Assessment of potassium in soils

Abstract

Potassium in soils from selected plots of the Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted, and Rotation I experiment at Saxmundham, U.K. was measured by five methods: the boiling nitric acid extractions of Haylock and Maclean, electro‐ultrafiltration, release to Ca‐saturated ion exchange resin, and a new procedure using extraction by HCl under reflux. All. the methods showed clearly the Gifferences between the two soil types, and between the differently fertilized plots on the basis of amounts, and 1n some cases rates of release, of different categories of soil K (exchangeable, fixed and native). The quantity of exchangeable K measured by each method, except that by Ca‐resin, gave significant correlations with the K balance of the soils, and yield and/or K offtake of winter wheat grown on the plots. The new HCl ‐reflux method gave the closest correlations. The amount and rate of release of fixed (available but not exchangeable) K estimated by HCl‐reflux was also correlated with yield and offtake.     

长期施钾对双季玉米钾素吸收利用和土壤钾素平衡的影响

  【目的】  玉米 (Zea mays L.) 生产需要投入大量的钾素营养。研究长期大量投入钾素对玉米钾素吸收利用以及土壤钾素平衡的影响，旨在保障该地区双季玉米的高产高效和土壤钾库平衡。  【方法】  红壤钾肥长期定位试验位于江西省进贤县，始于1986年，种植制度为一年两季玉米。试验处理包括不施肥对照 (CK)，氮磷化肥 处理(NP)，氮磷钾化肥处理(NPK)，2倍量的氮磷钾化肥处理 (DNPK)，氮磷钾化肥+有机肥处理 (NPKM) 和单施有机肥处理 (OM)。每季收获后，调查分析玉米产量和钾素含量，以及耕层土壤有效钾含量，计算玉米钾素吸收量、钾肥利用率、钾肥收获指数、钾肥农学效率和土壤钾素表观平衡；并以每10年为一个阶段，分析玉米产量、钾素吸收利用等指标及耕层土壤速效钾含量、钾素表观平衡等的变化规律。  【结果】  在试验的33年（1986—2018）间，NPK、DNPK、NPKM和OM处理的玉米年均产量和年均吸钾量均显著高于NP处理。在试验的第一个10年 (1986—1995年) 间，各钾肥处理间玉米产量和吸钾量无显著差异；而在第3个10年 (2006—2015) 和后3年 (2016—2018年) 间，NPKM处理的玉米年产量和年吸钾量分别比NPK处理提高了129.9%～246.7%和55.2%～62.1%。33年玉米的年均钾肥利用率以OM处理最高，而DNPK处理显著低于其他处理。在2006—2015和2016—2018年，NPKM处理的钾肥利用率显著高于DNPK处理，在2016—2018年间分别比NPK和DNPK处理显著增加了56.0%和119.2%。与NPK处理相比，1996—2005、2006—2015和2016—2018年间NPKM处理的年钾肥收获指数分别提高了61.6%、53.5%和35.8%，年钾肥农学效率分别增加了23.3%、227.8%和445.5%。除了1986—1995年间OM处理土壤钾素为亏缺外，其他施钾处理的土壤钾素均为盈余，NPKM处理的钾盈余量比NPK处理增加了53.2%～211.6%。钾素盈余量与耕层土壤速效钾含量显著相关 (P < 0.001)，钾素盈余量每增加1 kg/hm2，2016—2018年间耕层土壤速效钾含量增加2.60 mg/kg，明显高于1996—2005和2006—2015年的1.40和1.18 mg/kg。  【结论】  除前10年的单施有机肥处理外，其他施用钾肥处理在试验期间土壤钾素均处于盈余状态，钾肥施用量和钾肥来源对玉米钾素的吸收量没有显著影响。试验20年之后，有机无机肥配施对玉米产量、吸钾量和钾肥利用率的提升优势逐渐凸显。同时，长期施用钾肥导致的钾素盈余量增加会进一步提升耕层土壤速效钾含量，且随着试验年限的延长，钾素盈余量对耕层土壤速效钾的提升作用逐渐增加。     

Bioavailable potassium in river-bed sediments and release of interlayer potassium in irrigated arid soils

Abstract. Crop responses to applied potassium fertilizers are erratic in many arid and semi-arid soils. The potassium supplying potential of river-bed sediments and release of interlayer potassium from eleven alkaline soils were measured in two separate experiments. Sediments from the Chenab and Ravi Rivers in Pakistan were exhausted of potassium by successively growing wheat, maize, mungbean, and wheat in them for a total of 200 days, using Hoagland solution to supply optimum amounts of other nutrients. Cumulative plant dry matter yield was significantly greater on the Chenab sediments. The quantities of potassium supplied to plants from the sediments of the two rivers were also significantly different. Interlayer potassium was extracted for 1230 minutes from a Udic Haplustalf (Pindorian series) by twelve different solutions each with the same electrolyte content (100 cmol). The sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of the solutions were adjusted to 5, 10, 25, and 50, each with Ca: Mg ratios of 25:75, 50: 50 or 75:25, using solutions of sodium, calcium and magnesium chloride. The potassium released from the soil was inversely related to solution SAR. Increasing proportions of magnesium relative to calcium in solution favoured the release of potassium, except in the SAR 50 solution. Significantly different quantities of potassium were extracted by various solutions. Maximum potassium (442 mg/kg) was extracted by SAR 5 solution with a Ca: Mg ratio of 25:75. Interlayer potassium subsequently removed by this solution from 11 alkaline soils ranged from 407 to 499 mg/kg. The potassium released from all but three of the soils was related to their clay content (r= 0.72; n= 8). The release of potassium from the soils followed the Elovich function. The intercept (X₁) and slope (X₂) estimated for the function was related to potassium released (y) by the equation: y=?1.13 + 2.74X₁?0.014X₂ (r= 0.998; n= 8) The results imply that river sediments treated with irrigation water containing magnesium and sodium ions can contribute substantial amounts of available potassium for plant growth.     

四苯硼钠溶液中含钾矿物非交换态钾的释放特性研究

含钾矿物的全钾含量、非交换态钾总量以及非交换态钾的释放速率因矿物种类而异,且3种参数之间没有必然的相关性。供试5种含钾矿物非交换态钾总量由高到低的顺序是:金云母 5.19% 黑云母3.08% 蛭石2.01% 白云母1.18% 钾长石0.24%,占各矿物全钾的比例分别为:58.4% 、99.7% 、62.5% 、14.2% 和4.98% ,平均达48%。选择较弱提取力的四苯硼钠溶液进行非交换态钾的释放特性研究,5种矿物非交换态钾3d释放累积量顺序为:黑云母 蛭石 金云母 白云母 钾长石;非交换态钾平均释放速率也表现为同样的顺序。上述5种矿物在弱提取力的四苯硼钠溶液中释放3 d,非交换态钾的平均释放速率分别为5.99、2.34、0.52、0.22和0.17 mg/(kgmin),差异明显。如何根据非交换态钾的释放量和释放速率来综合评价矿物钾的生物有效性是未来研究中需要明确的问题。     

长期稻虾共作模式下稻田钾素平衡状况及合理施钾量研究

通过田间试验,研究了长期稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式下农田生态系统钾素的输入、输出特征、平衡状况以及不同施钾量对直播水稻产量和钾肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,稻虾共作模式钾输入总量为134.3kg/hm~2,主要由化肥、饲料、降雨及灌溉水等带入,分别占输入总量的46.3%、10.3%、5.5%和34.8%;相对于中稻单作模式,稻虾共作模式由饲料和灌溉水输入的钾大幅增加。稻虾共作模式钾输出总量为119.4 kg/hm~2,主要由水稻籽粒、商品虾、渗漏以及排水带出,分别占输出总量的26.5%、5.0%、41.2%和27.3%,相对于中稻单作模式,以上4种途径钾输出均大幅增加。两种模式下钾表观平衡均出现盈余,且稻虾共作模式系统钾的盈余量低于中稻单作模式。同等施钾量条件下,长期稻虾共作模式的水稻产量、钾肥偏生产力和钾肥利用率较中稻单作模式分别平均提高了14.1%、14.2%和5.6%,且水稻增产主要是通过增加有效穗数来实现的。中稻单作模式和稻虾共作模式施钾量分别达到47.3 kg/hm~2(即K_2O施用量57.0 kg/hm~2)和21.6 kg/hm~2(即K_2O施用量26.0 kg/hm~2)时能够维持农田生态系统钾素平衡,而K_2O施用量分别达到82.2和85.0 kg/hm~2时水稻能够获得较高的产量。     

Minimal exchangeable potassium status of fifteen smectitic soils in relation to potassium uptake and plant mobilization rate of soil reserve potassium

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the minimal exchangeable potassium (minimal K) status of fifteen smectite dominant soils and its relationship with K uptake and plant mobilization rate of soil reserve K. Exchangeable K reached minimal level decreasing about 35% from initial K status after 350 days of continuous cropping. Soils with high clay content and initial K status showed higher minimal exchangeable K. Cumulative K uptake by six successive crops varied from 160 mg kg^‐1 to 823 mg kg^‐1 and plant mobilization of soil reserve K varied from 0.151 mg kg^‐1 day^‐1 to 1.880 mg kg^‐1 day^‐1 among soils. Minimal K explained well the variation in total K uptake (r=0.85) and plant mobilization rate (r=0.83) as compared to initial exchangeable K status of soils (r=0.67 and 0.59, respectively) suggesting that the former is a better index of K supplying capacity of soils than the later.     

不同提取方法测定的土壤钾的有效性比较研究

以122个油菜钾肥田间试验的籽粒产量和植株吸钾量为标准,分别采用1 mol L-1中性醋酸铵、1 mol L-1沸硝酸和0.2 mol L-1四苯硼钠3种浸提剂测定试验基础土壤的钾素含量,并按浸提剂种类和速效钾、缓效钾将其分类,通过相关性分析探索土壤有效钾的准确测定方法,并建立与之对应的土壤钾素丰缺指标。研究结果表明,不同方法的提取能力有所不同,沸硝酸钾含量四苯硼钠钾含量醋酸铵钾含量。用醋酸铵法和四苯硼钠法测得的土壤钾素的生物有效性均较好,其中又以四苯硼钠法更好。长江流域冬油菜区醋酸铵法浸提的土壤钾素"低"、"中"、"高"和"极高"指标分别为45 mg kg-1、45~115 mg kg-1、115~190mg kg-1和190 mg kg-1;四苯硼钠法浸提的土壤钾素"低"、"中"、"高"和"极高"指标分别为125 mg kg-1、125~415 mg kg-1、415~755 mg kg-1和755 mg kg-1。综合结果表明四苯硼钠法和醋酸铵法测得的土壤钾素含量与油菜相对产量和相对吸钾量间呈极显著相关关系。据此建立的土壤钾素丰缺指标可以用来指导长江流域油菜的测土配方施肥,另外此区域应该重视并合理的施用钾肥。