猕猴桃园除草剂药效试验

为明确两种灭生性除草剂草甘膦、百草枯对猕猴桃园杂草的防除效果、使用剂量以及对猕猴桃树的安全性,于2011年进行了药效试验。结果表明,41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂1 107g/hm2、1 660.5g/hm2、2 214g/hm2,25%百草枯水剂750g/hm2对猕猴桃园杂草有一定的速效性和持效性,防除效果好。药后15天总草株防效达82.9%～91.0%,药后30天总草株防效达87.6%～94.9%,鲜重防效达95.5%～98.9%。     

74．7％草甘膦铵盐可溶粒剂防除柑桔园杂草田间药效试验

田间试验结果表明74．7％草甘膦铵盐可溶粒剂对狗尾草、夏至草和车前草较敏感,在3000g／hm^2剂量时株防效和鲜重防效均达到100％;对节节草防效较差,在4500g／hm^2高剂量时株防效仅为66．7％和鲜重防效为72．6％。根据试验结果,推荐使用剂量为1500～2250g/hm^2。     

施田补防治花生田杂草效果好

花生田常年除草主要采用高效盖草能芽后除草剂，虽对禾本科杂草防效较好，但对阔叶杂草防效差，致使阔叶杂草上升，草相发生变化。应用芽前除草剂施田补可以达到一次施药，解决整季杂草问题。 据试验，在花生播种后３天，每６６７ ｍ～２用３３％施田补乳油１００ ｍｌ对水５０ ｋｇ均匀喷雾，施药后１５天，平均株防效为８０．９５％；药后３０天，平均株防效为８２．８６％；药后４５天，平均株防效为８９．４７％、鲜重防效达８５.７％。其株防效和鲜重防效均优于都尔。 施田补乳油用于花生田进行芽前处理，防除杂草效果好，杀草谱广，对…     

33%二甲戊灵乳油防除甘蓝田一年生杂草试验

以33%二甲戊灵乳油为试材,研究了其对甘蓝田杂草的防除效果及适宜剂量,以期为药剂推广应用提供参考依据。结果表明:33%二甲戊灵乳油施用后,对甘蓝无显著药害症状,能很好地防除甘蓝田禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,33%二甲戊灵乳油有效成份618.8~742.5g/hm2,推荐剂量内对禾本科杂草稗草的株数防效为80.5%~84.7%,鲜重防效为88.1%~91.6%,对阔叶杂草的株数防效为89.6%~94.3%,鲜重防效为93.5%~96.8%。对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草均表现为鲜重防效高于株数防效。     

地乐胺防除地膜栽培瓜田杂草技术研究

用４８％地乐胺对地膜瓜田杂草的防效进行田间试验,结果表明：防效随药量的增加而提高。每ｈｍ２施地乐胺３ ０００、２ ２５０、１ ５００ ｍｌ ３个处理,对阔叶杂草的防效分别为６７．２％、６５．０％和６３．８％,鲜重防效分别为９９．４％、９７．６％和９７．５％;每ｈｍ２施地乐胺１５００ｍｌ的处理,对禾本科杂草的防效可达 １００％。根据多年的施药经验,先施药后覆膜,间隔 ４～ ５天破膜点种,以 ２ ２５０ ｍｌ／ｈｍ２用量较为适宜,对瓜类作物安全,防除效果好。     

沙棘苗圃除革剂药效试验

在沙棘苗圃中使用10%草甘膦水剂、20%盖草能乳油、20%百草枯水剂进行化学除草试验.结果表明：3种除草剂都对沙棘幼苗安全,草甘膦和百草枯除草效果均达90%以上,草甘膦的除草效果和持效期要优于百草枯;草甘膦以150g/667m2加水40kg、百草枯以100g/667m2加水40kg使用效果最佳;盖草能对苗圃中禾本科杂草防效良好,但对阔叶杂草无效.     

地乐胺防除地膜栽培瓜田杂草技术研究

用４８％地乐胺对地膜瓜田杂草的防效进行田间试验，结果表明：防效随药量的增加而提高。每ｈｍ＾２施地乐胺３０００、２２５０、１５００ｍｌ３个处理，对阔叶杂草的防效分别为６７．２％、６５．０％和６３．８％，鲜重防效分别为９９．４％和９７．５％；每ｈｍ＾２施地乐胺１５００ｍｌ的处理，对禾本科杂草的防效可达１００％。根据多年的施药经验，先施药后覆膜，间隔４～５天破膜点种，以２２５０ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２用量较为适宜     

草莓苗田阔叶杂草药效试验及安全性分析

近年来杂草对建德草莓的危害日趋严重,在生产上,除草是一项相当费工费时的劳动。选择既对防除草莓苗田阔叶杂草高效,又对草莓安全的除草剂,是生产上亟待解决的问题。通过对草莓苗田阔叶杂草进行系统调查,使用甜多收对草莓苗田阔叶杂草进行药效防除试验,对草莓苗进行安全性试验设定。结果表明:160 g/L甜多收悬浮剂在4 950~7 500 ml/hm2浓度范围内对株防效和鲜重防效整体较好,虽然在药后7 d会使部分草莓苗出现褪绿黄化现象,但药后15 d黄化现象则减轻甚至消失,并未对草莓苗生长状况造成影响。证明在该浓度范围内,160 g/L甜多收SC对草莓苗安全,对草莓苗田阔叶杂草株防效和鲜重防效均优异,可以作为草莓苗田阔叶杂草防治推荐药剂。     

沙棘苗圃除草剂药效试验

在沙棘苗圃中使用10%草甘辟水剂、20%盖草能乳油、20%百草枯水剂进行化学除草试验。结果表明:3种除单剂都对沙棘幼苗安全,草甘膦和百革枯除草效果均达90%以上,草甘膦的除草效果和持效期要优于百草枯;草甘膦以150g/667m~2加水40kg、百革枯以100g/667m~2加水40kg使用效果最佳;盖革能对苗圃中禾本科杂草防效良好,但对阔叶杂草无效。     

甜菜安·宁等除草剂防除甜菜田杂草试验

选择性苗后茎叶处理除草剂两种混用组合精喹禾灵-甜菜安.宁和精喹禾灵-安·宁·乙呋黄应用于甜菜田的除草效果较为理想,精喹禾灵-甜菜安.宁组合对杂草总草株数防效为66.57%,鲜重防效为93.44%;精喹禾灵-安.宁.乙呋黄组合株数防效为73.69%,鲜重防效为95.27%。     

Effects of landscape composition on spread of an herbicide-resistant weed

Widespread adoption of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops in the US has dramatically changed the agricultural landscape to one that selects for establishment and spread of weedy species resistant to glyphosate, a commonly applied herbicide. Weed species that possess the means to readily spread across the landscape will be contained by weed management strategies that limit weed establishment and prevent seed set. An empirically-derived simulation model was developed to explore GR Conyza canadensis spread in relation to characteristics of the agricultural landscape. C. canadensis seeds are carried in the wind and move among fields and therefore, access high quality habitat (GR crops) at long distances. The baseline scenario was the current GR adoption levels in many US agricultural landscapes with corn and soybean rotated annually. Alternate scenarios examined the interacting effects of management uniformity (GR crop adoption) and increased landscape richness (three crops: corn, soybean, alfalfa, instead of two), over a 10 year simulation period. When landscape uniformity increased (increased GR corn adoption), 3× more fields would be infested with the resistant biotype and a specific field would have up to 24% greater likelihood of being infested compared to the current GR crop adoption levels. Increased landscape richness (adding alfalfa as a third crop) slightly decreased GR C. canadensis abundance. Reduced GR management uniformity by way of reducing GR soybeans to half their current adoption levels had the greatest impact on spread and prevented GR C. canadensis from reaching high abundance. Large-scale reliance on glyphosate for weed management has increased high-fitness habitat and will result in rapid spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Without significant reductions of glyphosate use and without spatial coordination of weed and crop management practices, GR weeds will continue to spread rapidly and impact agricultural practices in areas reliant on glyphosate.     

不同类型全生物降解地膜对芋头产量和土壤环境的影响

芋头是江苏省特色经济作物,栽培面积大,地膜使用率高,但是地膜回收困难、无法自然降解所造成的环境污染,不利于江苏芋头产业的规模化、持续性发展。本试验以聚乙烯(PE)普通地膜为对照,研究聚对苯二甲酸己二酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)和聚乳酸(PLA)全生物降解地膜对芋头产量和土壤环境的影响。结果表明:PLA全生物降解地膜在提高出苗率、促进芋头营养生长方面效果明显,产量较PE地膜增产18.1%~27.3%,开裂时期较为适宜,控制杂草效果较好,能够有效降低人工成本,经济上可行;当年降解率达到80%以上,土壤残膜经1年左右自然降解和清除后,基本对作物生产无影响,可以作为江苏芋头生产中普通PE地膜的替代产品。     

不同类型全生物降解地膜对芋头产量和土壤环境的影响

芋头是江苏省特色经济作物,栽培面积大,地膜使用率高,但是地膜回收困难、无法自然降解所造成的环境污染,不利于江苏芋头产业的规模化、持续性发展。本试验以聚乙烯(PE)普通地膜为对照,研究聚对苯二甲酸己二酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)和聚乳酸(PLA)全生物降解地膜对芋头产量和土壤环境的影响。结果表明:PLA全生物降解地膜在提高出苗率、促进芋头营养生长方面效果明显,产量较PE地膜增产18.1%~27.3%,开裂时期较为适宜,控制杂草效果较好,能够有效降低人工成本,经济上可行;当年降解率达到80%以上,土壤残膜经1年左右自然降解和清除后,基本对作物生产无影响,可以作为江苏芋头生产中普通PE地膜的替代产品。     

新鲜玉米秸秆覆盖对马铃薯产量及效益的影响

为探究新鲜玉米秸秆在南方马铃薯生产中的应用价值,通过随机区组田间试验研究了6种覆盖栽培方式对马铃薯产量及效益的影响。结果表明,不同覆盖方式对马铃薯单薯质量、商品薯数量比率、薯长径和长短径比有显著影响,其中单薯质量和薯长径对鲜薯产量的直接效应较大,通径系数分别达到258.5和88.7。黑膜下覆盖3 cm厚粉碎秸秆处理的薯长径、长短径比、单薯质量、鲜薯产量和商品薯数量比率分别可达82.95 mm、1.62、0.153 kg、20528 kg·hm^-2和42.0%,黑膜下覆盖6 cm厚粉碎秸秆处理的分别可达82.91 mm、1.62、0.157 kg、19369 kg·hm^-2和41.5%,而黑膜下覆盖9 cm厚整根秸秆处理的则分别为82.36 mm、1.60、0.146 kg、15102 kg·hm^-2和32.5%。与膜下覆土栽培处理相比,黑膜下覆盖3 cm或6 cm厚粉碎秸秆处理的薯长径、长短径比、单薯质量、鲜薯产量以及单薯质量≥100 g的商品薯的产出均无显著差异,仅商品薯数量比率显著降低,而黑膜下覆盖9 cm厚整根秸秆处理的鲜薯产量、商品薯数量比率以及单薯质量≥100 g的商品薯的产出均显著降低。可见,黑膜下覆盖3 cm或6 cm厚粉碎秸秆的马铃薯覆盖栽培的生产表现与常规覆土栽培无明显差异,通过机械化进行膜下覆盖3~6 cm厚新鲜粉碎玉米秸秆的马铃薯覆盖栽培可实现冬种马铃薯的高效生产。     

甘蔗除草地膜应用效果

甘蔗除草地膜对单、双子叶杂草都表现出较好的防除效果。覆盖后90d,除草地膜防治蔗田杂草效果达93％以上,已完全能满足蔗区杂草防治要求。它是一项值得大力推广的农业技术措施。     

330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油防除韭菜田杂草试验

为了确定330 g/L二甲戊灵EC能安全有效控制韭菜田杂草的用量,采用播后苗期施药,研究其在施后15、30、45 d对韭菜田旱稗、马唐等杂草的防治效果。试验结果表明,药后45 d,试验药剂495~742.5 g/hm2(有效成分用量)对旱稗、马唐、狗尾草、野苋、藜的最终株防效和鲜质量防效分别为96.97%~99.95%、97.86%~99.95%,96.46%~100%、96.78%~100%,92.51%~98.91%、94.06%~98.88%,54.51%~70.30%、58.69%~77.29%,55.82%~68.72%、72.64%~82.78%。药后10~30 d观察结果表明,试验药剂处理土壤对韭菜安全。     

Weed control and yield response of soil solarization with different plastic films in lettuce

Phase out of most chemicals available for weed management renewed the interest in soil solarization as a technically effective and environmentally safe practice for lettuce weed control in hot summer areas. Properties of solarizing films and lettuce crop system may considerably affect weed control and yield response of soil solarization. Different solarizing films, including low-density polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, low-density polyethylene–ethylene-vinyl acetate coextruded and a biodegradable corn starch-based film, were evaluated in 2003 and 2004 for weed control and lettuce yield response under field and greenhouse conditions in Southern Italy. Soil solarization strongly reduced weed density and biomass in both greenhouse and in the field, with no significant differences among the tested plastic films. Most annual weeds were completely controlled by soil solarization, except amaranth, Amaranthus spp., in soil solarized with biodegradable film in the field. Emergence of mediterranean sweetclover, Melilotus sulcatus, was stimulated by soil solarization in greenhouse. In the field, Cyprus vetch, Lathyrus ochrus, was found in solarized plots though absent in untreated soil. Perennial weeds were not affected by soil solarization, except a strong control of canadian thistle, Cirsium arvense, in the field. Lettuce yield resulted significantly higher in solarized soil than in control plots, with no significant differences among the solarizing materials. All tested materials proved to be technically effective for soil solarization in lettuce, though low resistance and short durability of biodegradable film may suggest its application mainly to soil solarization in greenhouse or in organic systems.     

有色地膜覆盖对洋葱生长及产量的影响

研究了有色地膜覆盖的温度效应及其对洋葱生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,无色透明膜的增温效果优于黑色膜及银灰膜,但三者在低 温越冬期差异较小。越冬期不同地膜覆盖洋葱幼苗的株高、假茎粗及各器官生长量均差异不大,但均略高于不覆膜对照。翌年春季无色透明膜覆盖 的洋葱植株返青较早,生长量较大,银灰膜及黑色膜次之,不覆膜对照较小。至5月,无色透明膜地温过高,抑制了洋葱植株的生长,银灰膜覆盖的 洋葱植株生长量逐渐超过无色透明膜,而黑色膜仍低于无色透明膜,但三者均明显高于不覆膜对照。收获时银灰膜、无色透明膜及黑色膜覆盖的洋 葱产量分别达84 400、77 400、70 600 kg·hm^-2,分别比不覆膜对照增产 158.9 %、137.4 %和116.6 %。     

苹果低氧气调新组合贮后效应的利用研究

利用0.12mm聚乙烯薄膜大帐进行低氧气调新组合的较大规模应用试验,对2394kg玫瑰红苹果进行低氧处理,帐内O2浓度可下调至约2%,CO2浓度可自动维持在5%～8%的较理想状态,处理结束后很易转为MA自发气调。低氧处理后再MA贮藏的苹果,虎皮病果率低、症状轻,腐烂果少,果柄和果皮新鲜,叶绿素保持效果好,果肉硬度明显高于小包装气调和冷藏对照。说明利用塑膜大帐进行前期低氧新组合处理与后期自发气调、实现低氧气调新组合贮后效应的利用是可行的。