松花江流域非点源氮磷负荷及其差异特征

为了研究松花江流域非点源氮磷污染负荷和差异,为水环境管理提供参考,该文运用数字高程模型（DEM）、2008年县级统计年鉴和土地利用等数据,基于遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术,利用输出系数模型（ECM）,对松花江流域非点源污染进行了空间模拟和负荷估算,并对流域内非点源污染差异特征进行了分析。结果表明,2008年松花江流域的总氮（TN）负荷为112.99×104 t,总磷（TP）负荷为4.05×104 t。其中,嫩江子流域TN和TP负荷最高,分别为52.08×104 t和1.79×104 t,分别占总量的46.09%和44.14%;第二松花江流域TN和TP负荷强度最高,TN负荷强度2.96 t/(km2·a),TP负荷强度 0.11 t/(km2·a)。从非点源成因角度分析,人为原因产生的非点源TN和TP负荷分别为95.92×104 t和3.40×104 t,分别占总量的83.90%和83.94%。人为原因是松花江流域非点源TN和TP产生的关键,天然原因也不容忽视。研究结果为总体上了解松花江流域非点源污染和水环境管理提供参考。     

西南喀斯特山区典型流域农业非点源污染负荷及分布特征

为更精确地估算西南喀斯特山区的北盘江流域(晴隆段)农业非点源污染情况,引入降雨、地形因子(α,β)对经典的输出系数模型(ECM)进行了研究。结果显示:2017年北盘江流域(晴隆段)农业非点源氮、磷污染负荷分别是2 582.00 t和246.74 t。两者分布特征基本一致,呈现分布不均的特质:污染负荷局部集中,坡度较高和人口密度大的区域负荷量较高。TN,TP负荷中不同农业非点源的贡献率基本一致,为畜禽养殖>土地利用类型>农村生活。与实际观测值比较,改进的输出系数模型(IECM)对TN,TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为9.80%和2.09%。综上,IECM提高了模型模拟的精度,可以为喀斯特山区非点源污染负荷的估算提供参考。     

三峡库区湖北段非点源污染氮磷排放时空分布特征

[目的]了解三峡库区湖北段非点源污染情况,找到主要污染源和重点控制区,为该区生态环境的建设和治理提供科学支持。[方法]运用输出系数模型结合降雨侵蚀力影响系数和入河系数模拟计算研究区1990,2000,2005和2010年的非点源污染氮磷排放总量、各污染源氮磷污染排放量及贡献率以及各地区氮磷排放的时空分布特征。[结果]三峡库区湖北段1990,2000,2005和2010年的TN排放量在2 500t以上、TP排放量在250t以上,2000年达到最高,TN,TP年均排放量分别为3 612.78和393.75t/a,年均排放强度为3.10和0.34kg/(hm~2·a),研究区非点源污染以氮污染为主。水田和旱地是造成氮污染的主要原因,其次是农村人口;水田和旱地也是磷污染排放的主要贡献源,其次是猪的养殖。[结论]研究区非点源污染总体呈现两侧高中间低的区域性分布。巴东县为氮磷排放的重点控制区域。     

南四湖流域非点源污染TN/TP时空格局及防治分区演变

[目的]探究非点源污染物TN,TP时空演变特征,找出影响流域非点源污染的主要污染物、污染源和影响TN,TP变动的最活跃单元,分析TN,TP污染防治分区演变,为南四湖流域非点源污染治理提供理论依据。[方法]以1990—2013年土地利用为基础数据,结合3S技术,运用输出系数模型和等标污染负荷法模拟非点源污染时空分布。[结果]1990—2013年期间南四湖流域非点源TN和TP污染排放量整体变化趋势是先上升后下降并趋于平稳,其中TN是主要污染物;TN的主要污染源是土地利用,TP的主要污染源是农业生活和畜禽养殖;1990—2013年期间,南四湖流域非点源TN和TP变动最活跃的单元是降水因子。[结论]南四湖流域非点源污染具有地区差异等特点。整体而言,湖西地区比湖东地区污染严重,但在近24a间,地区差异有缩小的趋势;1990—2013年期间,湖西地区非点源污染较为严重,属于重点治理区;北沙河流域、洸府河流域和梁济运河流域污染程度有加重趋势,是优先控制和重点治理区。     

基于小流域划分的拉林河流域农业非点源污染物入河量估算

针对拉林河流域土地利用类型及气候特点,将输出系数模型和GIS技术相结合,以小流域为计算单元,对拉林河流域的非点源污染负荷进行了计算。计算结果表明:流域内COD负荷为16 454.83 t/a、TP负荷为668.80 t/a、TN负荷为1 319.08 t/a;灌区退水对流域内非点源污染负荷的贡献相对较大,由灌区退水导致的COD负荷占总量的69.37%、TP负荷占总量的85.33%;子流域2、5、7、15是流域内水土流失非点源污染整治的重点区域。     

基于流域降雨强度的氮磷输出系数模型改进及应用

为研究曹娥江流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷量,将流域降雨及不同营养源产生的氮磷"合成"考虑,提出了产污系数以表征降雨产汇流过程氮磷输出强度,改进了输出系数模型,并探索发现流域年降雨强度与氮磷产污系数之间呈指数正相关,由此构建了基于年降雨强度的农业非点源氮磷输出负荷模型。利用此模型估算了农业污染源氮磷输出负荷量,显示2005-2010年流域总氮(total nitrogen,TN)年输出总量为5456.60~12268.38 t,总磷(total phosphorus,TP)为393.19~820.65 t,年度分布不均,降雨对TN输出总量的贡献率高达54.75%~69.67%。不同农业污染源对TN、TP输出总量的贡献率表明,该流域农业非点源氮磷输出负荷主要来源于人畜,应加强农村生活污水及垃圾、畜禽养殖粪便等治理,进一步控制农田过量施肥,减少耕地氮磷流失。     

灞河流域产流产污的时空特征模拟研究

[目的]探究灞河流域非点源污染物总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)时空演变特征及其与年径流量的负荷关系,提出污染负荷的空间分布规律,为流域规划治理提供思路。[方法]以1996年和2017年两期土地利用数据和2001-2017年灞河流域降雨数据为基准,基于GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型开展现状模拟与情景设计。[结果]①相比1996年,2017年林地和耕地的面积减少,建设用地、水域等面积增多;模拟结果显示建设用地产流定额增加,TN负荷定额增加,TP负荷定额增加;林地产流减少,TN负荷减少,TP负荷减少;水域的产流、TN和TP负荷基本无变化。②2017年建设用地TN污染负荷相比1996年(5.24 kg/hm²)增加到16.13 kg/hm²,一定程度上反映了灞河流域近20 a城市非点源污染的严重性。③径流最大的区域是清峪河、灞河上游、清河以及辋川河这4个子流域。当径流值大于4.00×10⁸t时,TN和TP污染物负荷处于高负荷状态。④辋川河、库峪、岱峪以及清峪这4个子流域的TP,TN负荷分布占到了灞河整个流域的50.32%,56.09%。[结论]目前非点源污染是灞河流域的主要污染源,尤其要重视城市非点源污染。     

考虑降水和地形的京津冀水库流域非点源污染负荷估算

为了研究京津冀地区水库流域非点源污染现状,该文选取京津冀地区17座重要的水源地水库,运用修正的输出系数模型对水库流域非点源总氮(TN,total nitrogen)、总磷(TP,total phosphorus)输出负荷进行估算,结果表明:1)TN与TP负荷量空间分布具有一致性,TN负荷量较大的水库流域,TP负荷量也较大。TN与TP负荷量的平均比值为6.73。2)TN、TP负荷强度具有空间异质性。TN负荷强度为1.04~24.91 t/km~2·a,TP负荷强度为0.11~3.89 t/km~2·a。唐山、秦皇岛地区水库面临着更大的氮磷污染风险。3)不同污染源对TN负荷贡献率的顺序是土地利用农村生活牲畜养殖,对TP负荷贡献率的顺序是农村生活土地利用牲畜养殖。4)运用水库营养状态指数(EI,eutrophication index)对模拟结果进行验证。EI指数分别与TN、TP负荷强度呈显著相关关系(r=0.562,P0.05;r=0.558,P0.05),表明模拟出的TN、TP负荷与实际情况较符合,模型具有应用潜力。     

古蔺河流域古蔺县段农业非点源污染综合评价

为了能准确估算古蔺河流域古蔺县境内农业非点源污染的输出负荷,确定出农田地表径流、畜禽养殖和农村居民生活污染中TN,TP输出量对水环境不同程度的影响。基于输出系数法,对研究区内三种污染源和两种污染物进行农业非点源污染综合评价,得到以下结果:研究区内农业非点源污染的输出总量为4 051.14t/a。其中TN负荷量为3 738.50t/a,TP为312.64t/a。从污染源角度分析,农田地表径流、畜禽养殖和农村居民生活三种污染源的总等标污染负荷比分别为16.57%,37.97%,45.45%。从污染物角度分析,TN,TP两种污染物的总等标污染负荷比分别为70.51%和29.49%。结果表明,农村居民生活和畜禽养殖污染是研究区内最主要的污染源,TN负荷量远大于TP为主要污染物,根据研究区的水污染情况,有针对性地提出农业非点源污染的防控措施。     

浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域非点源污染负荷研究

为探究浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域非点源污染现状,运用污染输出系数法对非点源污染负荷进行估算,并应用地理信息系统（GIS）技术对非点源污染负荷的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明,2007年浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域非点源污染COD、TN、TP、NH3-N输出总量分别为2236.12t、1007.22t、78.11t、82.90t,分别占西苕溪流域污染物总量的71.91%、70.05%、83.52%、23.64%,其中农村生活污水、农林用地和村镇工业废水是COD的主要污染源,农林用地是TN的主要污染源,农村生活垃圾、畜禽养殖和农林用地是TP的主要污染源,畜禽养殖和村镇工业废水是NH3-N的主要污染源。在空间尺度上,非点源污染负荷主要集中在西苕溪流域中下游地区,COD、TP、NH3-N输出量从上游至下游逐渐增加,但TN输出量相近。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾

分别采用传统王水消解法和微波消解法处理样品,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾的含量。该方法简单快捷,检测灵敏度高,线性范围宽,重复性好,准确度高,能同时测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾的含量,测定结果准确可靠,重现性及精密度很好,加标回收率在95.1%~100.4%之间。可使分析工作者从传统的分析手续冗繁、耗时的繁重工作中解放出来。     

汾河上游岚河流域非点源输出动态研究

氮、磷元素是造成水体富营养化的主要贡献因子之一,通过采用非点源污染物收支分析的方法,对汾河上游流域的岚河流域段进行非点源输出的动态研究,得出以下结论:该流域内总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的浓度输出主要受其径流量影响;流域的截留率主要受流域的水生植物和微生物影响,TN截留负荷与径流量相关系数为0.724,TP的截留负荷、截留率和径流量相互间的相关系数均达到0.7以上;非点源收支分析方法对流域TN和TP的模拟平均误差率都控制在10%左右,TN的输出浓度和负荷模拟与实际监测的相关系数分别为0.895和0.924,TP的输出浓度和负荷模拟与实际监测的相关系数分别为0.896和0.997。     

西兰花叶中生物活性成分的测定

为探究西兰花叶中生物活性成分的具体含量,以西兰花叶为原材料,对西兰花叶中萝卜硫素、总酚、总黄酮、总蛋白质的含量和组成进行了测定与分析。结果表明,西兰花废弃叶中萝卜硫素含量为92.50 μg·g^-1 DW,总酚含量为3.15 mg·g^-1 DW,总黄酮含量为2.48 mg·g^-1 DW,总蛋白质含量为89.38 mg·g^-1 DW,蛋白质组成中核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)所占比例最大。本研究明确了西兰花叶片中4种生物活性成分的具体含量,为进一步开发利用西兰花废弃物提供了一定的数据支持。     

干旱区绿洲多介质环境中氮素和磷素分布研究

通过对绿洲内部不同环境介质定点采样和室内分析,研究了绿洲主要非点源污染物氮素和磷素在绿洲内部不同环境介质中的分布和相互迁移规律。研究发现绿洲河流中的氮和磷的含量呈现出沿河流流向上升趋势,河水中氮素含量最低值(0.399mg/L)出现在河流出山口,最高值(1.707mg/L)出现在人类活动密集区的绿洲核心地区,该值比源头的第一个最低值增加了3倍,相当于每1km约增加了9.6μg/L;河水中的磷素含量最低值同样是出现在了河流出山口,含量为3.13mg/L,最高值出现在绿洲末端,为26.46mg/L。农田土壤中的氮和磷的含量普遍高于农田边缘地区的非耕作土壤,不同农作物土壤中的氮和磷的含量也有所不同,稻田土壤中氮含量相对于别的农田较高为0.338g/kg,果园土壤中的磷含量较高为0.367g/kg。采集的农田排水中氮和磷的含量普遍比河水中的含量高,最高已高出3倍以上。不同环境介质中氮素和磷素含量相关性而言农田排水和河水氮素含量,农田土壤和河水中的磷素之间的相关性较高说明它们之间氮素和磷素的相互转移比较明显。     

Incorporation of catch crop residues does not increase phosphorus leaching: a soil column experiment in unsaturated conditions

Some studies suggest that incorporation of catch crop residues leads to increased availability of P to plants. However, little information is available on how this affects P leaching in soils with a high P load. We tested the effect of catch‐crop residue incorporation at the end of winter on the P leaching potential in a soil column experiment under unsaturated conditions using a typical sandy loam soil of NW Europe characterized by a high P load. We sampled the catch crops white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), black oats (Avena strigosa L.) and a perennial ryegrass‐white clover mix (Lolium perenne L.‐Trifolium repens L.) from a field trial on catch crops and soil from the plots where they were grown. Plant biomass was incorporated taking account of the differences in conditions of the plant material at the end of winter and the biomass yield of each catch crop. Incorporation of catch‐crop residues decreased P leaching compared to the fallow treatment probably through immobilization of soil P during catch crop residue decomposition. The exception was black oats, where the leaching of P was the same as for fallow soil. We observed clear differences in C/N, C/P, water soluble and total P concentration, and biodegradability between the tested catch crops, which seemed to affect the P leaching. We conclude that the incorporation of catch crop residues under typical soil and weather conditions and agricultural practices of NW Europe does not increase the potential P leaching losses.     

Response of mango tree nutritional status and biochemical constituents to boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Al Malak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate-Egypt (30°–51° N; 32°–53° E) using 15 years old productive mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees cv. Zebda. The experiment was repeated for two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016). The trees were planted 8×8 meters apart in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. Treatments included three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1) and three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g nitrogen/tree/year). Boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid and nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate. Treatments were arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that boron application has improved mango tree nutritional status. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron concentrations significantly increased as the boron application rate increased. In addition, boron application resulted in significant increase in leaf total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, total sugars, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and decrease in total phenol content. Boron showed higher impact than nitrogen on all tested parameters. The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron and 1500?g/tree nitrogen proved to be the best treatment.     

太湖流域规模畜禽养殖场污染特性的解析

通过对江苏省太湖流域水污染防治一级保护区内规模畜禽养殖场的调查 ,揭示了其污染物的存在方式、处理形式等特性。调查表明 ,规模畜禽养殖场并非是构成太湖水质下降的“污染大户” ,为正确探索太湖水质下降的成因和防止太湖水质继续恶化 ,提出了新的思路和建议。     

Spatial variability of total soil carbon and nitrogen stocks for some reclaimed minesoils of southeastern Ohio

Reclamation of drastically disturbed minesoils and subsequent planting of trees and/or grasses can result in a rapid build‐up of carbon (C) in the soil. However, the amount of C sequestered in reclaimed minesoils may vary with the amount of time since reclamation. In this study, we assessed total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations for reclaimed minesoils located in northeastern Ohio and characterized by distinct reclamation age chronosequences. Reclaimed minesoils studied were R78G, reclaimed in 1978 and immediately seeded to grass; R82GT, reclaimed in 1982 and immediately seeded to grass and trees were planted 5 years later; and R87G, reclaimed in 1987 and immediately seeded to grass. An unmined site, UMG, was also included as a reference. Our objectives were to evaluate the variability with respect to mean and the spatial variability of pH, bulk density (ρ_b), TC and TN concentrations, and stocks in each reclaimed minesoil. Thirty soil samples were collected at each of the 0–15, 15–30, and 30–50 cm depth. The coefficient of variation (CV) for ρ_b was least, <15 per cent at each site and depth. For TN concentration and stock, CV was moderate, 15–35 per cent, in each field except the UMG where it was high, >35 per cent at 0–15, and 15–30 cm depths. For TC concentration and stocks, CV was high, >35 per cent, across all minesoils and generally increased with depth. The C/N ratio followed the same tend as TC and TN stocks and ranged from 40 per cent to 123 per cent across minesoils. Geostatistical analysis also showed an increase in sample variance with increasing amount of time since reclamation for most soil properties under investigation. Sample variance for TC concentration and stocks also increased with depth in reclaimed minesoils. However, no definite relationship emerged between amount of time since reclamation and the spatial dependence of TC and TN concentrations and stocks. Overall this study showed that reclamation of drastically disturbed minesoils increased the soil C concentration and stocks and reclamation by initially seeding to grasses followed by planting trees was the best management option for speedy accretion of soil C and soil quality enhancement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河岸带对地表径流截污的小试模拟以及不同基质处理表渗流能力的比较

采用潮白河河岸带土壤,设置不同基质填充类型的小试模拟装置,依照北京市降雨径流水质进行模拟径流配水,研究不同基质材料处理径流污染的能力,同时比较表渗流去除污染物的差异,以期强化河岸带截污能力,减少进入水体中的外源污染物。结果表明,将对照以及火山岩、砾石、石灰石、白云石和沸石作为改造基质的系统截污能力进行比较,总体而言,对于污染物的去除效果较佳的是沸石组,其在TN、TP以及COD的去除方面均表现出了一定的优势。对NH_4~+-N而言,处理效果最好的是沸石组,去除率达到了60.65%。同时,土壤组的表渗流量比为1.73,而沸石组的表渗流量比为1.02,COD和氮磷污染物的总去除率均与表渗流量比呈显著负相关。对河岸带选择合适基质进行一定的改造,不仅有利于提高截污性能,还可以降低表渗流量比值,提高下渗水量,从而利于地下水的补充。     

Comparison of multivariate models and variable selection algorithms for rapid analysis of the chemical composition of field crops

This study evaluates the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for rapid prediction of total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in field crop samples. Two multivariate models (partial least squares regression and support vector machine regression) were compared. In addition, four spectral variable selection algorithms (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, genetic algorithm, uninformative variable elimination, and variable importance for projection) were applied with support vector machine regression to determine the most accurate predictions. The results showed that support vector machine regression performed better than partial least squares regression for predicting the three chemical compositions. The combination of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling and support vector machine regression outperformed the other models for the predictions of total carbon and total nitrogen with high coefficients of determination of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. For the determination of total phosphorus, the prediction accuracy of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling was comparable with the best result obtained from genetic algorithm with the coefficients of determination of 0.73 and 0.77, respectively. In conclusion, the support vector machine regression combined with competitive adaptive reweighted sampling has great potential to accurately determine the chemical composition of field crops using the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy.