转2-Cys Prx基因烟草抗氧化酶和PSII电子传递对盐和光胁迫的响应

以转2-Cys Peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx)基因的烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)为材料,非转基因烟草为对照,调查盐和光胁迫对转基因烟草幼苗叶片抗氧化酶和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,揭示2-Cys Prx基因在植物抗逆方面的功能。结果表明,弱光(200 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草和对照的SOD活性皆增加,APX活性变化不大,H₂O₂含量稍有升高;强光(1000 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草SOD活性增强,APX活性下降,H₂O₂含量增加缓慢,而对照的H₂O₂含量迅速升高,转基因烟草叶片的PSII电子传递速率(ETR)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)均高于对照,而且PSII电子受体侧的受抑制程度明显低于对照。结果暗示在强光和盐胁迫使APX活性降低的情况下,2-Cys Prx可有效清除细胞中过量H₂O₂,增强光合电子传递链的稳定性,特别是PSII电子受体侧的电子传递,有效减轻盐和高光胁迫引起的PSII光抑制。     

测定玉米中伏马毒素的免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法

伏马毒素(Fumonisins)是串珠镰刀菌繁殖产生的一类真菌毒素。玉米在生长和储存过程中极易受到伏马毒素的侵染。流行病学研究结果表明,受到伏马毒素污染的玉米及其制品可导致马白脑软化症、猪肺水肿综合症,还可诱发人类食管癌和胎儿神经管畸形等疾病。本研究建立了应用免疫亲和柱净化高效液相色谱测定玉米中伏马毒素B₁和B₂的方法,同时,运用统计学方法对该法进行了准确性和再现性评价。结果表明,FB₁和FB₂线性范围分别为0.06~5.00 μg mL^-1和0.04~2.50 μg mL^-1,回收率分别为76.6%~93.8%和77.9%~93.4%,FB₁和FB₂方法定量限分别为0.09 mg kg^-1、0.06 mg kg^-1,实验室内重复性测定的变异系数均低于5%,实验室间再现性测定的变异系数低于6%。上述结果说明该方法的线性、准确度、精密度、灵敏度及同一实验室重复性和多家实验室的再现性评价结果优良,适合作为伏马毒素的测定方法。应用该方法对310份玉米进行了伏马毒素的测定,结果表明,大田、存储玉米伏马毒素总量范围分别为0.20~9.06 mg kg^-1、0.21~6.10 mg kg^-1,建议应加强玉米中伏马毒素污染水平监控,保证人畜健康。     

冬小麦节水栽培三种灌溉模式的水氮利用与产量形成

为探讨华北平原冬小麦节水栽培适宜灌溉模式及其产量形成与资源利用规律,2004—2008连续4年在同一地块比较春不灌水(I₀)、春灌1水(I₁)和春灌2水(I₂) 3种灌溉模式对冬小麦水氮利用特性与产量形成的影响。在均实行晚播和一次性底施氮量157.5 kg hm^-2条件下,各模式年际间籽粒产量稳定,I₀、I₁和I₂模式的4年平均产量分别为6 134、7 515和8 134 kg hm^-2,平均总耗水量分别为3 334、3 829和4 270 m³ hm^-2,平均总吸氮量分别为162.5、197.9和212.2 kg hm^-2。在耗水构成中,土壤贮水消耗占总耗水量的比例分别为66.7%、49.2%和37.8%。3种灌溉模式的水分利用效率达1.9~2.0 kg m^-3,灌溉模式间无显著差异;氮素利用效率在3个灌溉模式间也无显著差异,平均为38.0 kg kg^-1 N。3种灌溉模式主茎穗占成穗数比例平均为81%,开花期上三叶叶面积指数2.6~3.8,旗叶节以上非叶绿色器官面积指数2.7~3.6。综合以上结果,冬小麦3种灌溉模式及其配套技术形成的群体结构可在不同产量水平上实现水、氮资源高效利用。     

细胞内IP3-Ca2+途径对UV-B辐射下玉米幼苗光合特性的调控机制

使用外加0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B及不同钙效应剂处理玉米幼苗,研究细胞Ca²⁺信号系统对UV-B辐射下玉米幼苗光合作用的调控机理。结果表明,UV诱导的胞内Ca²⁺荧光增强受胞内IP3通道阻断剂肝素(Heparin)、胞内CaM活性抑制剂三氟啦嗪(TFP)抑制,降低玉米幼苗Chl a、Chl b及Chl T含量、原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII活性(F_v/F_o)、Hill反应活力、水分利用效率(WUE),提高胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i),最终导致净光合速率(P_n)下降;细胞质膜钙通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl₃)引发的此效应较小。据此提出,UV-B辐射下,玉米幼苗叶片细胞IP3动员胞内钙库释放Ca²⁺,调节光合色素合成、Hill反应活性、WUE,CaM介导的下游反应调节G_s,是Ca²⁺信号系统最终实现对P_n调控的主要机制。     

中黄35超高产群体的生理参数

为探索新疆绿洲农田生态条件下大豆超高产(≥5 625 kg hm^-2)栽培的产量形成机理,在2006和2007年超高产栽培试验中测定了中黄35的群体生理指标和生态参数,分析了品种群体结构。结果表明,中黄35和新大豆1号(对照)的最大叶面积指数(LAI_max)分别为4.31和3.64,LAI＞3的天数分别持续50 d和36 d;全生育期的总光合势(LAD)分别为2 766 375 m² d和2 385 645 m² d;中黄35生育前期(出苗后第16~58天群体的光合生产率为3.3~5.2 g m^-2 d^-1,而后期(出苗后第72~114天)则为2.52~5.0 g m^-2 d^-1,对照分别为3.8~6.0和0.6~3.5 g m^-2 d^-1;中黄35的生物产量、籽粒产量和经济系数为13 943.2 kg hm^-2、5 521.5 kg hm^-2和39.6%,对照则为13 108.1 kg hm^-2、4 666.5 kg hm^-2和35.63%。和对照相比,中黄35最大叶面积指数持续时间长,全生育期的总光合势高,后期群体的光合生产率大,经济系数高是达到超高产目标的基础。中黄35在新疆绿洲农田栽培,具有良好的适应性。     

弱光下生长的高产小麦品系PH01-35旗叶光合机构对不同光强的响应

为了解弱光下生长的小麦叶片在不同光强下PSII和光合电子传递链的工作状态,解释其突然转入强光下时发生光抑制和光破坏的原因,以PH01-35为材料,采用大田人工遮光的方法,测定了小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、光合特性参数及快速光曲线。弱光处理15 d后,旗叶叶绿素含量明显上升,净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、表观量子效率、羧化效率均出现不同程度的下降。与250 μmol m^-2 s^-1的弱光适应3 h相比,1 200 μmol m^-2 s^-1的强光适应3 h后,弱光下生长叶片的快速光曲线初始斜率下降幅度较大,曲线下降部分的斜率、最大相对电子传递速率、半饱和光强的上升幅度均小于自然光下生长的叶片,光能利用能力较低,其非光化学猝灭系数NPQ也明显低于自然光下生长的叶片,为自然光下生长叶片的87.5%。弱光下生长的小麦叶片光能吸收能力增强,但较低的光能利用能力和过剩光能耗散能力是其转入自然强光后易发生光抑制甚至光破坏的主要原因。     

双季稻区冬季覆盖作物残茬还田对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

研究冬季不同覆盖作物还田后稻田的甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放特征,对合理利用冬闲稻田,发展冬季覆盖作物,以及科学评价不同种植模式具有重要意义。本研究采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对冬季不同覆盖作物处理(免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻、免耕直播紫云英-双季稻、翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻、翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻和冬闲-双季稻)的稻田进行监测,以分析不同覆盖作物残茬还田对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响。结果表明,冬季覆盖作物还田后,各处理早、晚稻田CH₄排放量均明显高于冬闲-双季稻(对照)。早稻田CH₄排放量最高的为翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻和免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻,分别达20.713 g m^-2和16.068 g m^-2;晚稻田CH₄排放量最高的为翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻和翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻,分别为60.421 g m^-2和48.666 g m^-2。各处理早、晚稻田N₂O总排放量均显著高于冬闲-双季稻,免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻、免耕直播紫云英-双季稻、翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻和翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻处理的早稻田N₂O总排放量分别比对照增加265.00%、320.00%、275.00%和65.00%,晚稻田分别比对照增加157.89%、113.16%、134.21%和42.11%。稻田CH₄和N₂O综合温室效应总和表现为翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻>翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻>免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻>免耕直播紫云英-双季稻>冬闲-双季稻,冬季覆盖作物还田明显提高稻田CH₄和N₂O排放。     

铝胁迫对花生根尖线粒体膜生理特性的影响

线粒体在植物生命活动中发挥重要作用,以花生为材料,研究了在铝胁迫条件下,花生根尖细胞线粒体膜生理变化。结果表明,通过根长试验、苏木精染色和根尖铝离子含量测定,筛选到耐铝品种LH11,铝敏感品种R1549。铝胁迫后,两个品种根尖线粒体MDA含量增加,R1549的MDA含量均高于LH11,在处理浓度是20 μmol L^-1和100 μmol L^-1时,两品种的MDA含量差异显著,但在400 μmol L^-1时,差异不显著;两品种根尖线粒体Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性和Ca²⁺含量呈下降趋势,且随铝溶液浓度增加而加快,R1549的线粒体Ca²⁺含量下降较LH11快;随处理铝溶液浓度增加,线粒体光密度持续下降,MPT不断增大,ΔΨ_m明显降低,线粒体中Cyt c/a减少,R1549较LH11下降更明显。试验结果说明在较高铝浓度胁迫下,两品种线粒体透性转换孔开放,膜透性增加,跨线粒体膜Ca²⁺转运系统活性降低,使胞质Ca²⁺超载,细胞色素C释放到细胞质中,诱导根尖细胞发生程序性死亡,从而抑制根生长;在低铝浓度下,与铝敏感品种相比,耐铝品种吸收铝少,脂质过氧化水平低,线粒体膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、MPTP和ΔΨ_m调控能力强,不易发生PCD,从而表现出较强的耐铝能力。     

南疆棉区杂交棉高产栽培优化配方施肥技术研究

 采用“3414”不完全设计方法,研究了南疆杂交棉高产栽培水平下氮磷钾肥料的优化配比效果。结果表明：氮磷钾肥料的主效应对杂交棉皮棉产量的影响顺序为钾肥＞磷肥＞氮肥;氮磷钾肥料两因素间的交互作用,对杂交棉皮棉产量影响的大小顺序是N×K＞P×K＞N×P;根据氮磷钾肥料组合寻优结果和杂交棉高产棉田的实践,在南疆种植杂交棉要获得2836～3050 kg·hm^-2的皮棉产量,需施纯N 262.3～748.5 kg·hm^-2,P2O5 14.1～277.0 kg·hm^-2,K2O 43.6～199.8 kg·hm^-2;最佳经济施肥量分别为：纯N 433.9 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 116.5 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 103.0 kg·hm^-2,N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=1∶0.27∶0.24。     

不同除草剂加倍玉米单倍体的效率

通过比较3种除草剂加倍玉米单倍体的效率,提出了利用除草剂加倍玉米单倍体的新方法。以先玉335、中农大4号和8607×8609三个基因型诱导的单倍体籽粒为材料,利用20、40、80和160 μmol L^-1浓度的甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺和氟乐灵作为加倍药剂,在单倍体植株生长到三叶期和五叶期时,用滴心法处理幼苗,选择有花粉的单株自交,收获后调查果穗加倍率;采用细胞学方法观察单倍体的染色体数目和花粉的活性。结果表明,20~160 μmol L^-1的3种除草剂对玉米单倍体加倍均有效果,加倍率在3.42%~26.32%之间。甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺和氟乐灵的加倍率分别为4.29%~26.32%、3.85%~20.81%和3.42%~17.61%;其中80 μmol L^-1甲基胺草磷的加倍效果最佳,使用80 μmol L^-1甲基胺草磷处理3个杂交种的单倍体,平均加倍率分别为25.02%、20.13%和14.99%。方差分析表明,3个基因型间的单倍体加倍率均呈极显著差异,可见使用甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺、氟乐灵可以提高玉米单倍体的加倍频率,但不同基因型单倍体对除草剂的敏感性存在差异。     

Stability Analysis of Yield in Maize,Wheat and Sorghum and its Implications in Breeding Programs*

Six stability statistics: (b_i, s²_di, , , and ) were estimated for maize, wheat and sorghum in different environments by using three statistical models. The significant linear portion of genotype × environment interaction for maize indicates different hybrids responded differently to environments, whereas the non-significant genotype × environment interaction (linear) were found for wheat and sorghum suggest that all genotypes responded similarly as the environments change. However, the highly significant pooled deviations (deviation from regression) for all three crops make yield predictions from the model less reliable. When regression coefficients (b_i) were non-significant, s²_di, became an important statistic in estimating stability. It appears that the regression coefficient, b_i, was best used to estimate genotypic adaptability, whereas s²_di, for stability. Maize and sorghum had negative correlations between the mean yield and stability statistics, s²_di, , and , suggesting that high yield and stability are not mutually exclusive in the range of environments used in this study; however, such correlations did not occur in wheat. Thus, maize and sorghum hybrids with high yield potential and high stability could be identified and selected. Correlations between mean yield and b_i, or , were positive and significant for maize and sorghum but were non-significant for wheat, indicating that such relationships may be species specific. Under a given set of testing environments, the stability ranking associated with each maize hybrid is correlated to and depends on other hybrids included in the analysis.     

Respiration and Growth of Sorghum and Sunflower under Predicted Increased Night Temperatures1

Little information exists concerning how crops will respond to the predicted increased night temperatures. The objective of this work was to determine if respiration and growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a C, plant, and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a C₃ plant, are affected when the night temperature is increased by 5°C compared to the long-term (19 year) average night temperature in June in Kansas. Sorghum and sunflower were grown in two walk-in growth chambers with either the ambient night temperature (21C) or a high night temperature (26C). Day temperature was the same for all plants (27C). Both sunflower and sorghum had higher respiration rates under the elevated night temperature than under the ambient temperature. The average respiration rate of sunflower grown under elevated night temperature increased by 19% (0.89 vs. 0.75 μmol m^?2 s^?1) and that of sorghum by 44 % (0.52 vs. 0.36μmol m^?2s^?1). After 74 days, sunflower plants grown under the ambient night temperature were 30.2 cm taller than sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature; sorghum plants under the ambient temperature were 24.8 cm taller. Sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature formed flowers one week earlier than those grown under the ambient temperature. Sorghum formed no flowers by 74 days. Results suggest that, if climate change does increase night temperature, respiration will be increased more in C₄, than C₃ plants.     

高大气CO2浓度下氮素对小麦叶片光合能量分配的调节

探讨了施氮量对高大气CO₂浓度下小麦功能叶光合能量传递与分配的影响,进而明确氮素对小麦叶片光合作用适应性下调的能量分配调节作用。采用开顶式气室盆栽法,通过测定小麦拔节期和抽穗期不同大气CO₂浓度和施氮水平下的叶氮浓度、光合速率–胞间CO₂浓度(P_n–C_i)响应曲线和荧光动力学参数,测算光合电子传递速率和分配去向。与在正常CO₂浓度(400 μmol mol^-1)条件下相比,在高大气CO₂浓度(760 μmol mol^-1)下,小麦叶氮浓度显著下降,N200处理(200 mg kg^-1)叶片抽穗期叶氮浓度的下降幅度较拔节期高335.7%。N200处理较N0处理(0 mg kg^-1)提高小麦叶片光适应下PSII反应中心最大量子产额(F_v′/F_m′)、光化学效率(Φ_PSII)和开放比例(q_P),降低非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)。高大气CO₂浓度下,小麦叶片光化学反应的非环式光合电子传递速率(J_c)和Rubisco羧化速率(V_c)显著升高,而光呼吸的非环式光合电子传递速率(J_o)和Rubisco氧化速率(V_o)明显降低;施氮使J_c、J_o、V_c和V_o值均呈上升趋势,而且J_c和V_c达到显著差异。高大气CO₂浓度下J_o/J_c和V_o/V_c显著降低,施氮后小麦拔节期叶片J_o/J_c和V_o/V_c降低,但抽穗期J_o/J_c升高而V_o/V_c无明显变化。叶氮浓度与小麦叶片J_c、J_o和V_o均呈显著线性正相关,而且高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片J_c、J_o和V_o对氮浓度的敏感性降低。高大气CO₂浓度下,小麦叶片PSII反应中心开放比例增加,非光化学耗能降低,更多的光合电子进入光化学过程;施氮后使小麦叶氮浓度增加,提高光合能力,改变了能量分配,这是高氮条件下光合作用适应性下调被缓解的一个关键因素。     

强光高温同时作用下不同小麦品种的光合特性

以小麦品种藁城8901、豫麦49、郑麦9405、周18为试材,用强光(1 900 μmol m^-2 s^-1)、高温(35℃)同时处理材料3 h,研究了高光强和高温共同合胁迫对小麦旗叶光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,正常生长条件下,郑麦9405和周18的光饱和速率、饱和光强均高于藁城8901和豫麦49,郑麦9405的表观量子效率也最高。强光高温处理使藁城8901、豫麦49和周18的光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)较对照大幅下降;郑麦9405的P_n、G_s也出现了下降,但降幅最小,P_n仍保持11.6 μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1,T_r较对照略有上升;4种基因型小麦的Ci未较对照明显变化;与对照相比,4个材料的最大光量子效率(F_v/F_m)、开放的光系统II反应中心的激发能捕获效率(F_v’/F_m’)、作用光下光系统II的实际量子效率(Ф_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均下降,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)大幅上升;其中郑麦9405的各项荧光参数均较高。研究表明,小麦旗叶对强光高温的适应性存在品种间差异,郑麦9405的耐强光高温特性优于其他3品种;强光高温下较高的蒸腾速率和较大的NPQ可能是郑麦9405维持光合机构功能的重要原因。     

Exogenous Glycinebetaine Enhances Grain Yield of Maize, Sorghum and Wheat Grown Under Two Supplementary Watering Regimes

Drought occurring at critical growth and developmental stages in cereals affects productivity by reducing biomass accumulation, grain set, and grain yield and quality. Maize (cv. SR-73), sorghum (cv. Trump), and wheat (cv. Spear) were established in drought-prone field conditions in Perth, Western Australia, in l994. The plants were then subjected to optimal and suboptimal supplementary watering regimes at growth stages that were sensitive to water availability. Glycinebetaine in aqueous solution was applied to leaves at three rates (2, 4 and 6 kg ha^?1 and a control) to establish whether its application could ameliorate the effects of drought on the yield of the crops. Above-ground biomass production was measured at the beginning and at termination of the watering regimes. Leaf tissue glycinebetaine concentrations were determined 1 and 3 weeks after application. At physiological maturity, grains from the crops were harvested and grain yield, number of grains m^?2 and single grain weight were recorded. Drought significantly reduced above-ground biomass production in maize (P = 0.047), but not in sorghum and wheat. Grain yield of maize, number of grains m^?2 of maize and sorghum, and single grain weight of sorghum were significantly depressed by drought. Foliar application of aqueous glycinebetaine marginally enhanced biomass production in the three crops and significantly increased grain yield of maize (P = 0.001) and sorghum (P = 0.003). It also resulted in more grains m^?2 of maize, sorghum and wheat (P = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.003, respectively), with interactions between water and glycinebetaine treatments for sorghum and wheat (P = 0.001 and 0.001. respectively). Residual tissue glycinebetaine levels remained high 3 weeks after application to the crops. The positive effects of glycinebetaine treatment appear to be linked to its physiological role as a plant osmoticum that improves drought tolerance. The results of these studies suggest that foliar application of glycinebetaine may be used to improve drought tolerance and economic yield of maize and sorghum, but not of wheat. Increased grain yield was associated with more grains m^?2 rather than greater single grain weight.     

Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): I. Development and testing of the system for CO2 enrichment

The control of CO₂ levels is reported for a Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) facility employed in a vineyard at Rapolano, Italy in 1996 and 1997. This control is required for evaluating the validity of a biological experiment conducted on grapevine in CO₂ enriched and control experimental plots. Six rectangular emission arrays enclosing seven plants each were installed in the vineyard imposing three CO₂ exposure levels (ambient, 550 and 700 μmol mol⁻¹) and monitoring CO₂ levels at the centre of each experimental plot. In the 2 years, average seasonal (May–September) CO₂ levels during treatment hours (05:00–19:00 h) varied from 697 to 698 μmol mol⁻¹ for 700 μmol mol⁻¹ target treatment and from 549 to 550 for 550 μmol mol⁻¹ target treatment. The averaged 1 min measurements of CO₂ concentration were within 20% of the target concentrations for more the 80% of the time. The FACE facility also provided a good spatial control of CO₂ concentration for an experimental sampling volume of 15.7 m³ (8 m×1.4 m×1.4 m), including five plants per plot.     

青稞的光合特性及光破坏防御机制

通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学以及反射光谱等技术研究了两个青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.)品种的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明, 青稞的光饱和点1 000 μmol m^-2 s^-1左右。在0~500 mmol m^-2 s^-1的光强范围里, 青稞叶片的光呼吸(Pr)随着光强升高而增加; 光强超过500 mmol m^-2 s^-1以后, 光呼吸变化不明显。光呼吸占总光合的比例(P_r/P_m)随光强增强下降。随着光强增强, 光系统II开放反应中心转化效率(F_v′/F_m′), 光系统II实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSII), 光化学猝灭系数(qP)不断降低而青稞叶片的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)持续升高, 说明越来越多的光能以热的形式耗散掉。光谱分析表明△PRI随着青稞叶片暴露于光下的时间迅速增大。因此, 光呼吸不是青稞主要的光破坏防御机制, 依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散可能是田间青稞耗散过剩光能的主要途径。     

植物生长调节剂对油菜生长及冻害后光合作用和产量的调控效应

在油菜始花期喷施不同浓度的脱落酸(ABA)和油菜素内酯(BR),分析其对油菜叶片光合速率和产量的影响;2008年1月低温冰冻天气之后,采用优化浓度的ABA和BR处理,测定油菜叶片的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,比较角果形态变化规律及产量构成因素。主要结果如下。与对照(CK)相比,喷施76×10^-6 mol L^-1ABA和1×10^-6 mol L^-1BR能延缓叶片光合速率的下降,冻害后喷施该浓度ABA和BR提高了叶片净光合速率(P_n)、光饱和点(LSP)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)与蒸腾速率(T_r);最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光系统II量子产量(Φ_PSII)与光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均升高,叶绿素初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)降低,ABA和BR处理还提高叶片中叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白的含量;角果面积增大,BR处理后单株角果数、每角粒数、千粒重及产量都比对照增加,ABA处理可增加角粒数和千粒重, 进而提高油菜的产量。总之,76×10^-6 mol L^-1ABA和1×10^-6 mol L^-1BR能促进油菜生长并有效缓解油菜冻害的影响。     

高丹草水分利用效率与叶片生理特性的关系

在不同土壤供水条件下,研究了高丹草水分利用效率（WUE）与叶片光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）、叶温（T_l）、叶片相对含水量（RWC）的关系。结果表明,WUE随RWC、P_n呈二次曲线变化,P_n在27 µmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1时,WUE值最大 (8.7 µmol CO₂ mmol^-1 H₂O);Tr在3.5~4 mmol H₂O m^-2 s^-1时WUE达最大值(8.4 µmol CO₂ mmol^-1 H₂O);Pn与Tr的非线性关系可以用抛物线方程表述,其中P_n最高时的Tr为临界值,超出该值即为奢侈蒸腾。G_s在0.4 molH₂O m^-2 s^-1时,WUE达到峰值8.39 µmol CO₂ mmol^-1 H₂O。实施提高气孔阻力并抑制蒸腾的措施,既节约水分,又促进光合作用,增加产量。P_n和T_r随温度的增加而增加,在35~36℃时P_n达最高值,表明在一定温度范围内,温度升高对提高WUE有利。WUE随RWC的升高而上升,RWC在84%~86%时WUE最大。适量增施氮肥,可提高Pn和Gs,进而提高WUE。