箭筈豌豆与燕麦不同间作混播模式对产量和品质的影响

豆科牧草与禾本科牧草混播是提高饲草产量和品质的重要措施。在低氮条件下比较分析12种燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同间作与混播模式对饲草产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明,燕麦蜡熟期与箭筈豌豆枯黄期混合饲草产量和粗蛋白产量最高。所有处理中H7（燕麦与箭筈豌豆3∶1间作）干物质产量和粗蛋白产量最高,土地利用率提高了76%。其中干物质产量在灌浆期比单播燕麦增产47%,蜡熟期增产40%;粗蛋白产量在灌浆期分别比单播燕麦和箭筈豌豆增产52.6%和2.6%;在蜡熟期增产97.2%和103.2%,均显著高于单播燕麦和单播箭筈豌豆（P<0.05）。同行混播各处理干物质产量均显著高于单播燕麦和单播箭筈豌豆（P<0.05）,且同行混播各处理之间并无显著差异;粗蛋白产量在2次刈割期H9（燕麦与箭筈豌豆1∶2混播）较高,土地利用率与单作相比提高了51%。间作混播处理有利于提高混合草的RFV值,与单播燕麦相比间混作提高饲草RFV值的幅度为0.3%~22.7%。综合全年牧草的产量、品质以及土地当量比分析,燕麦与箭筈豌豆3∶1的间作种植模式最好,能更好地发挥燕麦和箭豆的种间互补优势,获得较高的干物质产量,说明间作增产可能与燕麦和箭筈豌豆田间带距和行比的合理搭配有关。     

箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对间作和施氮水平的响应

研究不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对单作和间作的响应,对于优化栽培措施、提高作物产量具有重要意义。本试验于2017年在甘肃河西绿洲灌溉区进行,重点研究是不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米在单作及间作模式中干物质累积、产量构成、产量表现。结果表明,间作箭筈豌豆干物质累积量与单作相比在不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)处理下分别提高44.0%、36.7%和37.2%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.1%和25.5%,单作模式下提高9.4%和32.1%。间作玉米干物质累积量与单作相比在N0、N1和N2处理下分别提高23.3%、22.5%和23.0%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.3%和19.8%,单作模式下提高9.9%和20.7%。间作模式下箭筈豌豆豆荚数和玉米穗数较相应单作分别增加7.6%和14.5%,两者的产量较单作分别提高34.9%和27.0%。由通径分析可知,箭筈豌豆产量决定次序是豆荚数>粒重>单荚粒数,玉米产量决定次序是穗数>粒重>穗粒数。间作结合施氮量240 kg/hm²能获得较高干物质积累量和产量,是河西灌溉区玉米间作箭筈豌豆适宜的施氮水平。     

燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例对生物量的影响研究

为了研究燕麦与箭筈豌豆不同混播模式的增产效应。在农业部兰州黄土高原生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站对一年生牧草燕麦和箭筈豌豆进行了混播试验。结果表明：丹麦444燕麦50%和333/A春箭筈豌豆50%的混播处理,地上生物量、种子产量及0~50 cm的地上生物量均最高,分别为22193.33 kg/hm2、4776.67 kg/hm2和11792.90 kg/hm2,且与其他混播处理的差异显著(P<0.05)。该混播模式具有较好的协同效应,可在黄土高原及类似地区推广应用。     

播种行距和灌水量对春箭筈豌豆种子产量及其构成因素的影响

在山西雁门关生态畜牧区,普遍应用春箭筈豌豆作为生产饲草和绿肥。为了研究播种行距和灌水量对春箭筈豌豆种子产量及其构成因素的影响,2013年在山西农科院高寒所试验基地试验田,采用裂区设计,研究4种行距和4种灌水量对春箭筈豌豆种子产量及其构成因素的影响。试验结果表明：（1）随着行距增大,春箭筈豌豆植株高度下降,株高和种子产量呈负相关,R=-0.8563。（2）行距和灌水量对种子产量及产量构成因素的影响程度各不相同。行距对种子产量、有效分枝数、花序数和籽粒数等4个因素的影响较大;灌水量对各因素的影响较小。（3）种子产量构成因素中,有效分枝数(x₁)、花序数(x₂)和籽粒数(x₃)与种子产量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.325、0.702和0.804,种子产量的回归方程为y=269.853+64.102x₁+49.978x₂+5.379x₃。（4）当行距为60 cm,灌水量为900 m³/hm²时,种子产量最高。     

氮磷配施对西藏河谷农区燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播产量及品质的影响

在海拔4 300m的西藏河谷农区,进行了N、P配合施肥对混播燕麦与箭筈豌豆产量及品质影响的研究。结果表明：刈割期为燕麦乳熟期/箭筈豌豆结荚期,混合饲草产量最高,饲草粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量较高,而酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）与中性洗涤纤维（NDF）较低。N、P及其互作对混播燕麦与箭筈豌豆株高、产量、养分含量的影响显著;在相同施P水平下,随着N的增加,干草产量、株高和粗蛋白呈现先增后减的变化趋势;粗脂肪、ADF和NDF含量随氮肥施用量的增加有不同程度的降低;在相同施N水平下,随磷肥施用量的增加,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、ADF呈增加的趋势,而NDF逐渐降低。施用氮（纯N）140kg/hm ²、磷（P₂O₅）60kg/hm ²处理组合干草产量最高为16 636kg/hm ²,比不施肥对照组增产60.47%;蛋白质含量最高达18.42%。说明N、P施用量分别为140kg/hm ²、60kg/hm ²可作为该地区燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播种植的推荐施肥量。     

西藏拉萨市‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比较研究

为了提高西藏高寒牧区饲草产量,缓解草畜矛盾。在西藏拉萨研究了‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆不同混播比例草地,在适宜刈割时期牧草养分比较研究。结果表明,各混播比例间的产草量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、Ca和P含量差异显著,混播可显著提高产草量和牧草品质;且随着箭筈豌豆比例的增加,粗蛋白含量随之增加,最高为单播箭筈豌豆达到22.58%。各混播比例以H4为佳,鲜草产量达到7.71 kg/m2、粗蛋白含量达到13.66%、粗脂肪含量达到1.99%、粗纤维含量达到35.99%、粗灰分含量达到6.77%、Ca:P为5.36。在西藏气候适宜的地区可将‘白燕2号’与箭筈豌豆按此比例（箭筈豌豆40%+‘白燕2号’60%）混播推广以改善饲草品质。     

施肥水平和种植密度对张杂谷5号产量及其构成要素的影响

优质高产的杂交谷子为我国乃至世界的粮食保障提供了有力保障, 但良种需良法配套, 为此研究杂交谷的最佳栽培条件。采用5因素二次通用旋转组合设计, 探讨氮、磷、钾、行距和株距对张杂谷5号产量及其构成因素穗数、穗粒数、千粒重的影响。结果表明, 产量与穗数、穗粒数显著正相关, 而与千粒重无显著相关。氮、行距、磷、钾对产量和穗粒数有显著影响, 氮肥和行距影响较大, 而磷和钾肥影响较小。行距、株距和氮对穗数有显著影响, 随着施氮量的增加以及株距和行距的缩小, 穗数呈增加趋势。施磷水平对千粒重有显著影响, 随着施磷量的增加, 千粒重表现先升后降的趋势。在研究的5个因素中, 施氮水平、施钾水平以及株距之间交互作用对穗粒数和产量有显著影响;施氮水平与株距之间的交互作用对千粒重有显著影响。该5因素与产量间回归关系极显著, 拟合程度较高, 可用于实际生产预测。使张杂谷5号产量最大的农艺方案为N施用量186 kg hm^–2, P₂O₅施用量95 kg hm^–2, K₂O施用量60 kg hm^–2, 行距23 cm, 株距13 cm, 预期产量为6 683 kg hm^–2。     

共生期与播种量对水稻套播油菜生长及产量的影响

油菜套播模式是利用双季稻区冬闲田的有效手段,共生期与播量是影响套播油菜产量的关键因素。为探讨其对套播油菜产量的影响规律,设计共生期及播量裂区试验,调查油菜生长及产量形成。结果表明：(1)各处理条件下油菜密度随生育期推迟而下降,油菜套播有利于提高出苗期密度,但其他生育期的密度降幅随共生期延长而增加;(2)共生期与播量显著影响着油菜各生育期密度,且对三叶期密度存在极显著正互作效应,两试点成熟期密度在共生10 d、播量为9.0 kg hm^–2的处理达最高值。(3)共生期及播量均影响着油菜各生育期的生长发育状况,延长共生时间可增加叶面积指数,但易线苗,油菜叶面积指数等指标随播量增加而增加,导致其产量构成因素、单株产量及小区产量改变;(4)与CK比,套播可显著提高油菜产量,且以共生10 d、播量9.0 kg hm^–2为宜。     

油草混播种类对油菜生产和草地生产性能的影响

为筛选与门源油菜混播效益最高的牧草种类,解决油菜连作障碍问题,提高青藏高原高海拔区土地的生产能力。采用油菜混播箭筈豌豆、青稞和燕麦的方式,分时段取样,探究油菜混播不同牧草对在不同时段牧草自身生产能力的影响,并通过土地当量比判断各混播组合的优劣。结果表明：油菜—燕麦混播处理在7月6日时表现干重最高,单位面积达174.48 g;在7月21日表现为鲜重和鲜干比最高,在8月15日时表现为株高显著高于单作油菜(P<0.05),较单作油菜高97.02%,鲜重最高,达2817.00 g。在9月11日,油菜—青稞和油菜—燕麦混播处理的株高显著高于单作油菜(P<0.05),分别较单作油菜高64.33%和99.68%,以油菜—青稞混播处理的干重最高,达589.00 g,较单作油菜处理高147.51%。油菜—箭筈豌豆混播和油菜—燕麦混播有产量优势,油菜—燕麦混播的土地当量比最高,为1.11,土地利用效果最好。     

牧草间作模式对盐碱化农田和黑土地土壤酶活性的影响

内蒙古农牧交错区近年来土壤退化严重,耕地粮饲生产结构失调,为促进粮草产业协调发展和改善土壤性状,本试验采用燕麦分别与箭筈豌豆和苜蓿不同间作模式,研究其在盐碱化农田和黑土地上饲草产量、品质及土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性的变化。其中燕麦设1.2、2.4、3.6 m 3种带宽,豆科带宽1.2 m,即间作比例为1:1、2:1、3:1。结果表明：盐碱化农田2:1间作模式的混合产草量较其他2种模式高7.95%~30.78%,黑土地2:1较其他2种模式高10.05%~38.09%,品质指标也显著高于其他2种模式。盐碱化农田和黑土地上2:1模式下的土壤过氧化氢酶活性较其他模式分别高5.30%~38.40%和0.62%~24.89%,土壤蔗糖酶活性2:1模式较其他模式分别高0.15%~43.66%和0.23%~22.84%。2:1模式燕麦的土壤脲酶活性高于豆科作物,说明燕麦能较好的利用豆科固定的氮素。总之,不论是盐碱化农田还是黑土地,从混合饲草产量、品质、土壤过氧化氢酶活性、土壤蔗糖酶活性、土壤脲酶活性来看,2:1为较理想的间作模式。     

箭筈豌豆AGAMOUS同源基因及其启动子的克隆和分析

AGAMOUS(AG)是参与植物雌蕊和雄蕊发育调控的最重要花器官同源基因之一。通过TAIL-PCR、RACE和RT-PCR技术相结合,获得了箭筈豌豆花器官同源基因VsAG(VsAGAMOUS)及其上游调控序列。该基因DNA序列总长3 158 bp,CDS区域735 bp,编码含有244个氨基酸残基的蛋白产物。序列在氨基酸水平上与近缘植物豌豆PsAG基因序列一致性达98%,与拟南芥AtAG基因一致性为68%。将该基因在GenBank上注册,登录号为JF313850。生物信息学分析表明,VsAG基因第2内含子区域含有丰富的转录调控元件,在种类和功能分化上与基因上游调控序列表现出相似特征。这一结果暗示了第2内含子对豆科植物AG基因表达调控的重要作用,并为通过基因工程方法创造箭筈豌豆优良育种材料奠定了基础。     

Agronomic Potential of Three Vetches (Vicia spp.) Under Rainfed Conditions

The major limiting factor to livestock production in West Asia and North Africa is the inadequate feed supply. The introduction of leguminous forage species into fallow lands represents a means of increasing feed supplies for the rapidly growing livestock population.
Twenty five lines each of common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) wooly-pod vetch ( Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa Ten.), and bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia L.) were tested over three seasons with contrasting rainfalls and winter temperatures. For each species, seedling vigour, winter growth, cold effect, spring growth, leafiness, herbage yield at 100 % flowering, grain yield, harvest index and aspects of herbage quality were recorded. There were considerable variation among entries with the same species, entries of V. ervilia were the earlier in flowering and maturity, and V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa almost the latest by 45 days. V. sativa , was the most affected by frost whilst both V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa and V. ervilia proved to be cold tolerant.
Although V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa produced high herbage yield in springs its grain yield is low resulting in a low harvest index. Both V. ervilia and V. sativa produced high grain yield with high harvest index. Seed yield was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with days to flowering and maturity indicating the need of earlier types.
Quality of the herbage in term of digestibility was far lower (46 % IVDMD) in V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa than the other two species (69 % and 72 %).
The possible niches and utilization of each species as animal feed in the prevailing farming systems are discussed.     

晋北高寒区不同燕麦品种生长特性比较研究

为了解中国燕麦品种生长特性的整体表现,收集了近年来国内燕麦主产区7 个燕麦样品,比较了其重要营养组成及品种间的差异,并初步筛选了燕麦优良品种。2014 年在山西大同地区,对7 种燕麦品种的物候期、株高、分蘖数、产量等考种指标等进行比较研究。综合分析各指标可知,不同燕麦品种在大同试验点的饲草和籽粒产量差异较大,其中‘坝莜13 号’籽粒产量为3.22 t/hm2,与其他品种间差异显著（除‘坝莜14 号’外）(P＜0.05),最适于进行籽粒生产;‘燕科2 号’和‘白燕11 号’的干草产量分别为51.96 t/hm2和49.54 t/hm2,与其他品种间差异显著(P＜0.05),最适于进行饲草生产。     

锌锰微肥对苜蓿生产的效应研究

针对河南省气候土壤特点、锌锰钼肥的生理功能以及牧草生产利用中存在的问题,对Zn、Mn两种微肥在紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）优质牧草生产中的配施技术进行了研究。结果表明：紫花苜蓿的有效范围为400~500mg/kg,最佳浓度为430mg/kg。430mg/kg的Zn肥与380mg/kg的Mn 肥结合使用,效果更好,可使牧草产量提高约10.7%,种子产量提高13.7%。     

Genetic and environmental variability in some agronomical and botanical characters of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-four lines of common spring vetch (Vicia sativa L.), extracted at random from a collection of about 180 lines, were tested for four years at one location. Data on vegetative, reproductive and forage quality characters were recorded and analysed for three years. Appreciable total genetic variability was found in most vegetative and reproductive characters, and only very little in forage quality characters. Compared with lotal genetic variability, large environmental variability was observed in most vegetative and forage quality traits. Reproductive characters, in general, were less influenced in this respect.Forage and seed yield were negatively correlated, which was partly due to the influence of the number of days to flower. Selection for high forage yield is expected to improve by selecting plants with little branching, high % DM and longer stems with many leaves. Selection for high seed yield (number per unit area) is expected to improve with increased number of pods per stem.There were indications that crude fibre content was a better forage quality selection index than protein content, especially if combined with percentage of leaves in total DM. Selection for improved forage quality is expected to increase lodging.Some resistance to Apion sp. and Stemphyllium seedling rot was found in the material tested.Contribution from the Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel, 1972 Series, No 2050-E.     

Growth Analysis, Herbage and Seed Yield of Certain Forage Legume Species Under Rainfed Conditions

The need to increase forage production for the growing livestock population in the Mediterranean region necessitates the evaluation of various promising forage species with respect to maximum herbage yield, optimum time for harvest and seed yield. Seven forage legumes, woolly pod vetch ( Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa accession 683), narbon vetch (V. narbonensis accession 67), common vetch ( V. sativa selections 2541, 2037, 2020), common chickling ( Lathyrus sativus selection 439) and ochrus chickling ( L. ochrus selection 104) were compared over two years with contrasting rainfall. In both years the entries were sown in November and their primary growths sampled periodically during growth. For each sample, phenology, total dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and, at maturity, total dry matter, seed yield and harvest index, were recorded.
In both seasons, narbon vetch attained the highest dry matter and seed yields, and there was very limited variability in the maximum dry matter yield of the other entries. In general, the maximum dry matter occurred at 20–50 % podding in woolly pod vetch, 100 % podding in common vetch selection 2541 (local), narbon vetch and common chickling and at maturity in common vetch selection 2037, selection 2020 and ochrus chickling.
Throughout the vegetative to early flowering stages, woolly pod vetch had the highest dry matter yield and LAI. Possible uses of each species as animal feed are discussed.     

Effect of Seeding Rate on Seed and Hay Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

The effects of six seeding rates (50-300 seeds m^−2:) on some morphological traits with hay and seed yield were evaluated in common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) under fall and spring sowing conditions. The mutual correlations among yield and yield components were also determined.
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m⁻². In spring sowings there was a positive response in hay yield up to 250 seeds m⁻² while no further increase in seed yield at the seeding rates higher than 150 seeds m⁻². Average protein content of hay and seed was found to be higher in spring sown crops than fall. The highest protein yields of hay and seed were obtained at 250 seeds m⁻² in fall sowings, and 150 seeds m⁻² in spring sowings.
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield.     

Components of Seed and Straw Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

178 common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) strains were tested for 2 years under dryland conditions in Bursa, Turkey. Broad-sense heritability of the traits was calculated for each trait. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between seed and straw yield, with several morphological and reproductive traits, were obtained. Broad-sense heritability estimates were high for 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod. Heritability values for both seed and straw yield were small and insignificant. Harvest index, 1000-seed weight and spring vigour showed significant positive correlations with seed yield, but days to flower correlated negatively with seed yield. Spring vigour, plant height and number of leaflets per leaf correlated positively, while harvest index, seeds per pod and seeds per plant correlated negatively with straw yield. Correlations between seed and straw yield were both positive and significant.     

The Performance of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its Role in Determining Yield Advantages in Mixed Stands of Pea and Oat (Avena sativa L.)

On a brown warp soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) near Goettingen, Germany, conventional leafed pea ( Pisum sativum L. cvs Messire and Bohatyr) and semileafless types (cvs Profi, Juno and Azur) were grown in mixed stands together with oat ( Avena sativa cvs Alf and Lutz) in substitutively designed experiments from 1995 to 1997. Oat was the dominant component. Crowding coefficients for oat averaged 7.4. No relationship could be detected between the crowding coefficient of oat and any yield advantage from the mixture. Crowding coefficients for pea varied substantially, between 0.1002 (Juno and Alf in 1996) and 0.2979 (Bohatyr and Alf in 1996). Crowding coefficients for semileafless pea cultivars were smaller than for conventional leafed types. The yield advantage of the mixture increased as the crowding coefficient of pea increased. The maximum yield increase for the mixture was achieved when the relative yield total (RYT)=1.17 or + 11 dt grain DM ha^–1 for mixtures of the long-strawed conventional leafed cultivars Bohatyr and Alf (in 1996). The crowding coefficients of pea were positively correlated with the level of symbiotically fixed N₂ in the mixed stands. When N₂ fixation with mixed cropping was about 30 kg N ha^–1, RYT was unity. Increasing symbiotic N₂ in the mixtures resulted in increasing yield advantages in the mixture. Short-strawed pea cultivars seem unsuitable for mixing with oat. Plant height of pea appeared to be more important than plant leaf type. Accordingly, mixtures containing the long-strawed semileafless pea cultivars Profi and Alf were more successful. It is concluded that increased competitiveness of the pea component in the mixture with oat entails increasing the level of symbiotic N₂ fixation including resource complementarity and thus yield advantage in the mixed stands.