57份陕西新育成小麦品种（系）HMW-GS组成及品质分析

为探究陕西关中地区小麦HMW-GS亚基与品质性状间的关系,采用SDS-PAGE法对57份陕西关中地区小麦品种（系）HMW-GS亚基组成及相关品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,供试品种（系）中共检测出7种HMW-GS亚基类型和8种HMW-GS亚基组合;Glu-A1位点上有3种亚基类型,分别为1、2^*和Null,以1亚基为主（78.95%）;Glu-B1位点上检测到7+8（61.40%）与7+9（38.60%）两个类型;Glu-D1位点上检测到5+10（70.18%）和2+12（29.82%）两个类型。3个HMW-GS基因位点编码亚基共组成8种亚基组合,品质得分6～10分,其中1/7+8/5+10组合品质得分10分,出现频率最高。就HMW-GS不同位点对品质性状效应进行分析发现,Glu-D1位点对b^*值、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和粉质质量指数的影响达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）;对面团流变学特性的影响,Glu-D1>Glu-B1。不同类型亚基对小麦品质的效应存在差异,7+8亚基对蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和容重具有正效应,7+9和5+10亚基对形成时间和稳定时间的影响显著高于其他亚基（P＜0.05）;携带1/7+8/5+10亚基组合小麦的蛋白质、湿面筋含量和容重最高;携带1/7+9/5+10亚基组合具有较高面粉L^*值和面团流变学特性指标值。     

SDS-PAGE与分子标记相结合分析宁夏小麦HMW-GS组成与变化特点

为了建立准确有效小麦HMW-GS的检测方法,提高优质小麦品种鉴定和筛选效率,以已知HMW-GS组成的16份小麦品种为对照,优化完善SDS-PAGE结合分子标记检测小麦HMW-GS的方法,并对103份宁夏小麦品种进行了验证和分析。结果表明,8.5%的分离胶可以有效区分除了 Glu-B1位点的7^*、7^OE与8^*亚基之外的其他亚基,分辨效果优良;SDS-PAGE结合 Bx7^OE、 Bx7^*/Bx7和 By8基因的分子标记可以准确鉴定小麦HMW-GS。在103份宁夏小麦品种中,发现15种HMW-GS和29种组合类型;首次在该地区小麦品种的 Glu-B1位点检测出了携带7^OE、7^*和8^*亚基的品种;1/17+18/5+10为当地小麦HMW-GS的优势亚基组合类型,占20%。自1970年至2010年,HMW-GS的优质亚基（1、17+18和5+10）的出现频率呈明显增长趋势;宁夏小麦的HMW-GS种类和优质亚基出现频率随品种更换呈增加趋势。综上所述,分离胶浓度为8.5% 的SDS-PAGE和 Bx7^OE、 Bx7^*/Bx7和 By8分子标记的方法可准确有效地检测小麦HMW-GS组成,此方法可用于优质小麦品种的鉴定和筛选。     

1BL/1RS易位系HMW-GS组成与品质分析

为深入挖掘1BL/1RS易位系的品质育种潜力,对收集的300份1BL/1RS易位系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成及其品质性状进行了分析。在300份1BL/1RS易位系 Glu-1位点上共检出12种HMW-GS类型和27种HMW-GS组合,表明这些1BL/1RS易位系具有较高的遗传多样性。在 Glu-A1位点上,亚基Null和1亚基的出现频率分别为47.67%和52.33%; Glu-B1位点有7种等位变异,其中出现频率最高的为7+9亚基对(58.67%); Glu-D1位点有3种等位变异, 2+12亚基对为主要类型,出现频率为71.33%。亚基组合类型中,"Null/7+9/2+12"的出现频率最高(31. 67%)。 Glu-A1、 Glu-B1和 Glu-D1编码优质HMW-GS的比例分别为52.33%、38.34%和16.00%,其中31份1BL/1RS易位系在3个位点均编码优质HMW-GS类型。300份1BL/1RS易位系的品质变异范围较大,有9份材料具有较高的品质育种价值。     

50份哈萨克斯坦小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基解析

为发掘优良的小麦种质资源,利用SDS-PAGE技术分析了50份哈萨克斯坦小麦种质高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及其品质得分。结果表明,50份供试材料中共检测到8种亚基类型,其中在 Glu-A1位点有2种亚基类型（Null,1）, Glu-B1位点有2种亚基类型（7＋8,7＋9）,在 Glu-D1位点有4种亚基类型（5＋10, 2＋10,2＋12,4＋12）。利用PCR分子标记对所得到的高分子量谷蛋白亚基进行验证,结果一致。在50份哈萨克斯坦小麦中,优质亚基1、7＋8、5＋10的出现频率较高,分别为34%、22%、56%。亚基组合Null/7＋9/5＋10在所有亚基组合类型中出现频率最高,为28%,品质得分为7分,而组合1/7＋8/5＋10出现频率仅为8%,品质得分为10分;供试材料品质得分大多为7、8分,平均为7.10分。出现频率较高的优质亚基可以作为改善现有品种亚基组成状况的亲本材料。     

中国小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基和低分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为给我国优质小麦品种的选育和改良提供科学依据，应用SDS-PAGE方法对我国235份推广品种和高代品系的HMW-GS和LMW-GS组成与分布进行了分析。结果表明，HMW-GS和LMW-GS分别具有39和40种带型组合；5个位点共发现34个等位基因。Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1分别有3、8和6个变异位点；亚基1、Null、7＋9、5＋10和2＋12是主要的HMW-GS类型，频率分别为46．2％、46．2％、44．5％、47．0％和48．3％。Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点（本文不涉及Glu-D3）分别具有6和11个变异位点。Glu-A3c、Glu-A3d、Glu-B3e和Glu-B3j是主要的LMW-GS类型，频率分别为55．1％、21．6％、28％和28．8％。本研究还发现，在品种Z75和绵阳96-319的Glu-D1位点上，亚基组合形式为5＋12；在品种周92034的Glu-D1位点,亚基组合形式为2＋10。虽然这两种组合形式在本研究中出现的频率很低，但这两种亚基组合在以前的研究中很少出现。     

甘肃小麦品种(系)HMW-GS遗传变异分析

为了了解甘肃省小麦品种HMW-GS的遗传变异和组成，为甘肃优质专用小麦品种筛选和品种改良提供依据,采用SDS-PAGE法，分析了254份甘肃省小麦材料(育成品种(系)和农家品种)Glu-1位点的HMW-GS变异，共检测到22种HMW-GS变异，Glu-A1位点3种，Glu-B1位点11种，Glu-D1位点8种。其中110个育成品种(系)的15种HMW-GS有27种亚基组合类型。Glu-A1位点有2种亚基，47．3％的品种该位点具有优质亚基；Glu-B1位点有7种亚基，76．4％的品种具优质亚基；Glu-D1位点有6种亚基，32．7％的品种具优质亚基。14．5％的品种(n：15)Glu-1位点具优质亚基。144份农家品种的18种HMW-GS共有29种亚基组合形式，Glu-A1位点有3种亚基,Glu-B1位点有9种亚基，Glu-D1位点有6种亚基，无优质亚基组合。     

云南省普通小麦育成品种(系)高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为深入了解云南省建国以来普通小麦育成品种(系)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成情况,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对152份云南省1950s以来普通小麦育成品种(系)HMW-GS组成和变异进行了分析。结果表明:(1)云南省普通小麦在Glu-A1位点具有N(56.58%)和1(43.42%)2种亚基类型,在Glu-B1位点具有7+8(42.11%)、7+9(34.87%)、6+8(0.66%)、14+15(7.24%)、17+18(13.16%)和13+16(1.97%)6种亚基类型,在Glu-D1位点具有2+10(5.26%)、2+12(54.61%)、5+10(24.34%)和5+12(15.79%)4种亚基类型;(2)云南省普通小麦HMW-GS组合类型比较丰富,共出现27种亚基组合类型,其中"N,7+8,2+12"、"N,7+9,2+12"、"1,7+8,2+12"与"1,7+9,5+10"较多,出现频率分别为20.39%、9.87%、7.89%和7.89%;(3)云南省各个时期育成品种(系)的HMW-GS品质评分基本维持在4.50左右,1990s以后育成的品种(系)中优质亚基5+10出现的频率随普通小麦育成时期的推移而逐渐增加。由此可见,云南省普通小麦的HMW-GS在Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点上表现出丰富的多态性,共有12种HMWGS等位变异,包括13+16、2+10和5+12三种稀有亚基类型和27种亚基组合类型;对加工品质具有正效应的优质亚基17+18和5+10频率较小,缺乏优质亚基2*。因此,在云南省普通小麦的品质改良中应加强优质亚基2*、17+18和5+10引入及合理应用。     

陕西关中地区部分小麦新品种(系)的HMW-GS组成分析

为了解陕西省小麦新品种(系)的HMW-GS组成情况及优质亚基的分布特点,为陕西省小麦品质改良提供参考,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对参加陕西省2006~2007年度小麦品种区域试验和预备试验的60份小麦新品种(系)的HMW-GS组成及其品质得分进行了分析。结果表明,在参试的60份小麦新品种(系)中,共出现了13种亚基和16种亚基组合类型。Glu-A1位点的1(60.0%)和Null(36.7%)亚基、Glu-B1位点的7 8(38.3%)、7 9(41.6%)亚基和Glu-D1位点的2 12亚基(73.3%)是主要亚基;优质亚基14 15和5 10的出现频率分别为13.4%和20.0%;亚基组合Null/7 8/2 12和1/7 9/2 12为主要组合类型,其频率都为18.3%,优质亚基组合1/14 15/5 10的出现频率仅为3.3%;出现了一些携带17 18、6 8和20等稀有亚基和少见的亚基组合(如1/6 8/5 10、1/20/5 10和Null/7 9/3 12等)类型的材料。参试材料的HMW-GS品质评分平均7.1分,8分以上的材料有23个,占总材料数的38.3%。说明陕西省近年新育成的小麦新品种(系)Glu-1位点的遗传基础有所改善,但仍不太理想。在品质育种上,应加强优质亚基种质材料的引进、筛选与利用,同时加强优质亚基的聚合育种。     

59份CIMMYT春小麦品系的HMW GS组成及其品质状况

为了给小麦品质遗传改良提供参考,对59份CIMMYT春小麦材料的HMW-GS组成及其品质状况进行了分析.结果表明,供试材料中Glu-A1上的HMW-GS有3种类型,分别是1、2*和null,其中1出现的频率最高,为44.07%;Glu-B1位点有9种类型,其中6+8和14+15出现的频率最高,分别是37.29%和32.20%;Glu-D1位点有11种类型,其中10亚基出现的频率最高,为25.42%.总共检测到33种HMW-GS组合变异类型,其中1/14+15/10出现频率最高,为10.17%.59份CIMMYT春小麦材料的综合品质均较差,不适合直接推广,但有些优质亚基出现的频率较高,因而可以作为改善我国春小麦现有品种亚基组成状况的亲本材料加以利用.     

小麦HMW GS检测方法的优化及应用

为了准确快速鉴定小麦品种的HMW-GS组成,以18个已知HMW-GS组成的品种为对照,将4种不同浓度分离胶的SDS-PAGE与分子标记(Bx7、Bx7OE和By 8)相结合,构建一套适于检测HMW-GS组成的方法,并用该方法检测214份陕西小麦品种(系)的HMW-GS组成。4种分离胶浓度中,除了亚基7、7*与7OE和8与8*外,9%的分离胶可以很清楚地分离Glu1-位点的其他常见亚基,结合分子标记(Bx7、Bx7OE和By 8)检测对照品种,结果与已知亚基(基因)一致。用分离胶浓度为9%的SDS-PAGE结合分子标记(Bx7、Bx7OE和By 8)方法对陕西品种(系)检测结果表明,Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1分别有3、8和3个亚基种类,共28种亚基组合类型。以1、Null、7+9、7+8、7+8*、14+15、2+12和5+10为主要亚基类型,频率分别为55.6%、41.6%、43.9%、26.2%、10.3%、15.4%、79.0%和12.6%;同时在Glu-B1位点发现7+8*和6+8*亚基。该方法可以快速准确地评价小麦HMW-GS组成,有效区分Glu-B1位点的亚基7与7OE,8与8*,鉴定结果稳定可靠。     

Quality and endosperm storage protein variation in Argentinean grown bread wheat. I. Allelic diversity and discrimination between cultivars

Genetic variability for endosperm storage proteins was analysed in 119 Argentinean grown bread wheat cultivars. For the HMW-GS, three, six and two alleles were observed at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci, respectively, in 17 allelic combinations. The majority of these combinations were considered to be associated with good quality. For the LMW-GS, eight, seven and four alleles were provisionally observed at the Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3 loci, respectively, in 51 allelic combinations. Regarding quality, the alleles present at Glu-D3 were mainly those previously shown to be associated with good quality, whereas at Glu-A3 and Glu-B3, some alleles previously associated with poor quality were present at high frequency. Relatively few cultivars carried combinations for all the loci studied that would be expected to be associated with high quality. The mean genetic variation index (H) observed for the glutenin loci (0.589) was similar to values observed in other collections. Unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) of the six loci plus the Chinese Spring-Cheyenne CSS–CNN difference showed that the 119 cultivars fell into 93 distinct combinations. For complete discrimination between all cultivars they would have to be analysed for additional loci. There remains scope for varietal quality improvement within this germplasm pool.     

美国小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了给我国小麦品质育种工作提供有益的信息,利用SDS-PAGE技术对美国20世纪90年代128份主要推广小麦品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成进行了研究。结果表明,在参试材料中共检测到15种不同的亚基类型。在G lu-A 1位点有N u ll、2*、1和一个未知亚基4个等位变异类型,以N u ll为主要类型;G lu-B 1有7、7 8、7 9、6 8、13 16、14 15、17 18等7个等位变异类型,以7 9为主要类型;G lu-D 1有2 12、5 10、2 10、2 未知亚基4个等位变异类型,以5 10为主要类型。同时发现共有27种亚基组合,以“2*,7 9,5 10”为主要类型。所有品种品质得分范围为4~10,平均得分为7.5。研究表明供试品种品质普遍较好。     

Glutenin subunit compositions and breadmaking quality characteristics of synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from Triticum turgidum × Triticum tauschii (coss.) Schmal Crosses

The Glu-B1, Glu-D1 and Glu-B3 encoded glutenin subunit compositions of a population of synthetic hexaploid wheats (AABBDD, 2n=6x=42), which was random for flour protein (FP), SDS-sedimentation (SDSS), Alveograph strength (W), the tenacity/extensibility (P/G) ratio and bread loaf volume (LV) were examined in this study. The synthetics were produced from various crosses involving several Triticum lurgidum cultivars and Triticum lauschii (coss.) Schmal accessions. The Glu-A1 null allele as well as three Glu-B1 (subunits 7 + 8, 6 + 8 and 20), 13 Glu-D1 and two Glu-B3 (LMW-1 and LMW-2) allelic variants were present in the synthetic population. Thirty-six different glutenin subunit combinations, including the Glu-B1, Glu-D1 and Glu-B3 encoded alleles, were observed. The synthetic hexaploids showed large variations for all quality parameters evaluated. All quality characteristics except one (P/G ratio, which showed no association with allelic variations at Glu-B3) were influenced by allelic variations at the Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 loci; subunits 6 + 8 and 7 + 8 showed significantly better quality effects than subunit 20. Low M_r glutenin subunits LMW-1 and LMW-2 showed both negative and positive quality effects. The Glu-D1 locus of T. tauschii contributed various alleles not found in bread wheat. The influence of new Glu-D1 alleles on the bread-making quality characteristics of the synthetic wheats could not be established, partly because there was a limited frequency of some of the alleles in the population, and partly because some synthetics, having a common Glu-D1 allele, showed quality differences associated with allelic variation at Glu-B1 and/or Glu-B3. Differential quality effects could be observed, however, among some Glu-D1 alleles. Synthetics derived from a common durum wheat source showed better overall quality characteristics and bread loaf volume when they possessed subunits 5 + 12 or 1·5 + 10 than when they had any other Glu-D1 encoded glutenin subunit.     

21份印度小麦高分子谷蛋白亚基、醇溶蛋白及品质分析

为挖掘优良的小麦种质资源,以引进的21份印度小麦种质为材料,利用SDS-PAGE和A-PAGE技术,分析了其高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白组成。结果表明,在21份印度小麦材料中出现了12种HWM-GS亚基类型和14种亚基组合,其中有3种亚基类型(Null、1、2*)在Glu-A1位点,4种亚基类型(7+8,17+18,7,7+9,13+16)在Glu-B1位点,4种亚基类型(5+10,2+12,4+12,5+12)在Glu-D1位点。1、2+12优质亚基的比例相对较高,均为47.6%。小麦HWM-GS亚基组合1/7+9/2+12在所有亚基组合类型中出现频率高达19.0%。大多数材料的品质得分为7、8分,平均7.52分。共分离出32种迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,2和3号带出现频率最高,分别为95.24%和90.48%。DA 7200近红外分析仪初步分析结果表明,这21份印度小麦种质资源品质指标相对偏低。     

部分CIMMYT小麦种质材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基分析

为了有效利用多年来引自CIMMYT的小麦种质材料,采用SDS-PAGE技术对63份CIMMYT小麦材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW—GS）组成进行了分析。结果表明,参试材料中共有8种HMW—GS类型,Glu—A1位点上有Null、1、2#,以2#亚基为主要类型（占52．4％）;Glu—B1位点上有7＋9、7＋8、17＋18,以7＋9为主要类型（占74．6％）;Glu—D1位点上只有5＋10和2＋12两种类型,其中5＋10亚基的频率高达77．8％,是山东近期育成小麦品种的5．85倍。CIMMYT小麦品种的亚基组合类型共有12种,其中主要亚基组合为“2#,7＋9,5＋10”,占39．68％。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

对黄淮麦区育成推广品种(59个)、2003～2004年度国家黄淮南片和江苏省区试参试品种(42个)、徐州农科所育成的高代品系以及一些育种亲本材料,共计309个品种(材料)的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成进行了分析.结果共发现了32个亚基组成类型和16个等位基因变异.在Glu-A1位点发现了Glu-A1a、Glu-A1b、Glu-A1c 3个等位基因;在Glu-B1位点发现了Glu-B1a、Glu-B1b、Glu-B1c、Glu-B1d、Glu-B1e、Glu-B1f、Glu-B1g、Glu-B1h、Glu-B1i、Glu-B1k共10个等位基因;在Glu-D1位点发现了Glu-D1a、Glu-D1b、Glu-D1d 3个等位基因.以Glu-B1位点的变异最为丰富.在这3个位点上分别以等位基因Glu-A1c(null)、Glu-B1b(7 8)和Glu-D1a(2 12)为主,其出现频率分别为58.58%、58.90%和77.99%.高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成以(null,7 8,2 12)和(1,7 8,2 12)为主,分别占所有品种的32.69%和16.18%.在育成推广品种和参试品种中,等位基因变异均为11个;而亚基组成类型则分别为16个和13个.优质高分子量谷蛋白亚基5 10在所有材料、59个已审定推广品种和42个参试品种中的出现频率分别为20.4%、27.1%%和21.4%,频率均较低.这表明新近育成的品种在优质亚基的构成上并未取得较大进展,优质强筋小麦的品质育种还有较大的发展空间.试验结果也表明,黄淮冬麦区小麦品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成类型和等位基因变异较为丰富,但其变异分布很不均匀,存在明显的优势亚基和组成类型.     

Comparative analyses of LMW glutenin alleles in bread wheat using allele-specific PCR and SDS-PAGE

One hundred and eighty-two bread wheat cultivars developed in India were characterized for low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins using SDS-PAGE and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess allelic diversity encoded by Glu-3 loci, as well as their utility for correctly identifying different alleles. SDS-PAGE indicated Glu-A3c is present in 64.6% of the cultivars, Glu-A3b in 13.8%, Glu-A3d in 12.7% and Glu-A3e/f in 8.8%. Seven types of alleles were present at the Glu-B3 locus: Glu-B3b (29.3%), Glu-B3g (27.0%), Glu-B3h (13.8%), Glu-B3i (16.1%), Glu-B3j (12.1%), Glu-B3c (0.6%) and Glu-B3d (1.1%). SDS-PAGE found three types of Glu-D3 alleles: Glu-D3a (30.2%), Glu-D3b (67.1%) and Glu-D3c (2.7%). However, PCR found two different alleles in cultivars classified as carrying Glu-D3a and three alleles in those identified as carrying Glu-D3b cultivars, indicating a more complex nature of the Glu-D3 locus. In conclusion, the data found greater consistency between the SDS-PAGE and PCR amplification patterns of alleles such as Glu-A3c, Glu-A3d, Glu-B3g, Glu-B3h and Glu-B3i, and less consistency between those same patterns in the Glu-A3b, Glu-A3e/f and Glu-B3b alleles. More studies are needed in order to achieve unambiguous identification of the Glu-3 alleles and thereby allow their greater utility in germplasm evaluation and breeding.     

Effect of high molecular weight glutenins and rye translocations on soft wheat flour cookie quality

The influence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) on wheat breadmaking quality has been extensively studied but the effect of different Glu-1 alleles on cookie quality is still poorly understood. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of HMW-GS composition and wheat-rye translocations on physicochemical flour properties and cookie quality of soft wheat flours. Alleles encoded at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locus had a significant effect over physicochemical flour properties and solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile. The null allele for Glu-A1 locus presented the highest cookie factor observed (CF = 7.10), whereas 1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS rye translocations had a negative influence on CF. The three cultivars that showed the highest CF (19, 44 and 47) had the following combination: Glu-A1 = null, Glu-B1 = 7 + 8, Glu-D1 = 2 + 12 and no secalins. Two prediction equations were developed to estimate soft wheat CF: one using the HMW-GS composition and the other using physicochemical flour parameters, where SRCsuc, SRC carb, water-soluble pentosans, damaged starch and protein turned out to be better CF predictors. This data suggests that grain protein allelic composition and physicochemical flour properties can be useful tools in breeding programs to select soft wheat of good cookie making quality.