苏南某焦化厂场地土壤和地下水特征污染物分布规律研究

以苏南某焦化厂为研究对象,在对污染区域初步识别的基础上,采集了0～4.5 m深的22个土壤样品和2个地下水样品,利用GC/MS等检测了多环芳烃类、总石油烃、苯系物、重金属,总氰化物、挥发酚、硫化物的含量,并研究了其在不同功能区土壤和地下水中的特征分布。结果表明：（1）该焦化场土壤和地下水受到了不同程度的污染,其中炼焦炉周边、焦油和洗油储罐区、焦油和粗苯加工车间是污染最严重的区域;（2）土壤中主要超标污染物是多环芳烃、总氰化物、总石油烃、单环芳香烃、二苯呋喃、苯胺、硫化物、挥发酚和一些苯酚类化合物;（3）地下水重点污染区域粗苯车间受到总氰化物、苯胺、苯酚类、萘、总石油烃、单环芳香烃的严重污染,污水处理站区域地下水主要污染物包括总氰化物、萘、总石油烃、苯。     

土壤重金属—有机物复合污染环境效应与修复技术研究进展

重金属-有机物复合污染已是土壤污染的一种普遍形式,其环境危害和治理难度远大于单一污染土壤,因此,重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复治理是我国环保领域亟需解决的现实难题。基于此,本文首先介绍了重金属与有机污染物在土壤中的复合污染现状；其次,分析了土壤中重金属与有机污染物的交互作用及其环境效应；然后从物化修复、生物修复和联合修复这3方面,综述了不同技术手段对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复的研究进展；最后提出了重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复研究的发展方向。     

土壤多环芳烃、重金属及其复合污染的植物修复研究进展

复合污染研究已成为环境科学发展的重要方向之一,重金属和多环芳烃是土壤环境中的重要污染物,开展两者复合污染研究,对于农业环境生态安全具有重要意义。本文结合前人的研究结果,通过分析多环芳烃污染土壤的植物修复和重金属污染土壤的植物修复的研究现状,来探讨植物对重金属和多环芳烃复合污染的修复研究进展,并从生态地理学的角度提出相应的研究趋势,提出植物修复需因地制宜的特性。     

基于知识图谱分析的污染场地研究现状与发展趋势

为了解国内外污染场地相关研究状况,利用知识图谱工具VOSviewer、CiteSpace与HistCite对Web of Science核心合集数据库中发文的主要国家（地区）与机构、主要发文期刊、主要研究学者、重要文献和研究热点及其变化趋势等进行了计量分析。结果表明：（1）污染场地的研究涉及多个国家之间相互合作,发文机构中中国科学院、橡树岭国家实验室、滑铁卢大学、中国科学院大学与亥姆霍兹环境研究中心在该研究领域合作广泛。中国于近五年发文量超过美国,成为该领域发文最多的国家。（2）污染场地研究的主要发文期刊有Science of the Total Environment、Chemosphere、Environmental Science & Technology、Environmental Science and Pollution Research等,Naidu Ravi、Huang Guohe、Megharaj Mallavarapu等是该领域发文较多的研究学者。污染场地前十（TOP 10）的重要文献中,生物修复相关内容中占据了较高比例。（3）关键词聚类网络主要可分为污染场地生物毒理研究、土壤重金属及修复技术、污染物环境行为及水体修复、有机污染物生物修复等4类。（4）文献计量的结果分析表明土壤与地下水均为污染场地有害物质重要承载体,污染场地中土壤和地下水具有一体性,如果忽视了对地下水中污染的修复,则可能会导致场地的二次污染。重金属与多环芳烃是污染场地重点关注的污染物,我国目前重金属污染防治工作依然不容乐观,需要进一步加强和落实相应工作。寻求高效绿色的修复技术仍是解决污染场地问题的一个重点,提升微生物修复技术在有机污染场地修复中的应用价值,具有重要意义。     

场地土壤-地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控研究进展与展望

近年来,中国重点行业场地土壤-地下水重金属和有机污染物污染十分突出,已成为土壤环境治理修复亟待解决的重要问题之一。多介质界面是控制场地系统复合污染物环境行为的关键。因此,开展场地土壤与地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控机制研究,对于认知场地污染成因与治理修复具有重要的科学意义。系统分析了国内外场地土壤-地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控研究进展与发展趋势,指出了目前该研究领域中存在的科学与技术问题,提出了我国场地土壤-地下水污染物多介质界面过程与调控原理的研究思路与重点方向,以推动我国场地土壤和地下水环境科学理论与技术的发展。     

温度耦合驱动下土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移规律与模拟研究进展

场地土壤-地下水有机污染空间分布受场地温度场、水动力场、化学场和生物场等多场控制。明晰有机污染物在土壤-地下水系统中的空间分布规律和驱动机制，定量模拟污染迁移过程，是有效开展污染控制与修复的前提。在众多的影响因素中，温度通过改变有机污染物的理化性质及多相流、化学/生物作用驱动参数，进而影响其在土水介质中的迁移及空间分布。本文综述了有机污染物理化性质（密度、黏度、溶解度）和有机污染化学/生物驱动（挥发、吸附和生物降解）关键参数与温度之间的解析关系，及考虑温度影响的土壤-地下水中有机污染传质过程模拟的研究进展，并针对目前模拟研究的不足提出了耦合温度场的土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移数学模型，为定量探究温度耦合驱动下的有机污染物迁移转化过程和规律提供启示。     

皂角苷增强洗脱复合污染土壤中多环芳烃和重金属的作用及机理

通过增溶实验和土壤洗脱实验,研究了一种生物表面活性剂——皂角苷（saponin）对多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的洗脱作用及机理。结果表明,皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃有极强的增溶作用,当皂角苷浓度为0.04%时,菲、芘在液相中的表观溶解度分别增大了约22倍和128倍,因而皂角苷能显著增强多环芳烃污染土壤中菲、芘的洗脱,洗脱效率最大分别可达84.1%和81.4%,增大了约2倍和17倍。皂角苷可与重金属离子形成水溶性的络合物,从而增强洗脱重金属污染土壤中的Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋,在皂角苷浓度为0.4%时,Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率分别可达93.0%和79.4%,增大了约75倍和8倍。皂角苷可同时洗脱多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤中的菲、芘和Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋,洗脱效率分别达87.6%、83.5%和92.3%、78.6%,重金属的存在略增大了皂角苷对菲、芘等多环芳烃的洗脱效率,但多环芳烃对Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的洗脱效率没有明显影响。皂角苷可同时增强洗脱复合污染土壤中的多环芳烃和重金属,从而为多环芳烃-重金属复合污染土壤的修复奠定基础。     

污染土壤修复中表面活性剂的应用研究进展

介绍了表面活性剂的种类及主要特征,重点评述了表面活性剂在有机污染、重金属污染和复合污染土壤修复中的国内外最新研究进展,指出了表面活性剂应用于土壤修复中的发展趋势和应关注的问题。     

砷-重金属复合污染土壤稳定化材料研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染现状十分严峻,多金属复合污染,尤其是砷-重金属复合污染普遍存在,治理难度大。土壤中累积的多金属污染物严重威胁土壤健康、农产品安全与人居环境安全。因此,多金属复合污染土壤修复是土壤污染治理和风险防控的重要命题。固化/稳定化技术是我国最为广泛使用的污染土壤修复技术,通过投加稳定化材料,降低多金属污染物在土壤中的可迁移性与生物有效性,从而实现多金属污染物暴露途径的有效阻断。对砷-重金属型复合污染土壤的稳定化作用机理进行了详细阐述并梳理了应对砷-重金属复合污染土壤的新型修复材料。砷与其它重金属的协同稳定化主要通过表面络合与沉淀作用实现。富含铁、钙元素的材料对这种类型土壤的稳定化具有优异的作用效果。砷-重金属协同稳定化材料的修复效果取决于稳定化材料的类型、复合污染物的种类、材料施用量、土壤条件(如pH,氧化还原电位、阳离子交换量等),其中pH和土壤可溶性有机质含量对稳定化效果有显著的影响。本文发现,功能化生物质复合材料、工业固废基材料、改性复配天然矿物等绿色修复材料是近年来研究的热点。未来的研究亟须考虑砷与重金属污染物协同稳定剂的长效性,以及通过大田试验验证新型材料的应用潜能。     

污染场地研究现状与发展趋势：基于知识图谱的分析

为了解国内外污染场地相关研究状况,利用知识图谱工具VOSviewer、CiteSpace与Hist Cite对Web of Science核心合集数据库中发文的主要国家(地区)与机构、主要发文期刊、主要研究学者、重要文献和研究热点及其变化趋势等进行了计量分析。结果表明:(1)污染场地的研究涉及多个国家之间相互合作,发文机构中中国科学院、橡树岭国家实验室、滑铁卢大学、中国科学院大学与亥姆霍兹环境研究中心在该研究领域合作广泛。中国于近五年发文量超过美国,成为该领域发文最多的国家。(2)污染场地研究的主要发文期刊有Science of the Total Environment、Chemosphere、Environmental ScienceTechnology、Environmental Science and Pollution Research等,Naidu Ravi、Huang Guohe、Megharaj Mallavarapu等是该领域发文较多的研究学者。污染场地前十(TOP10)的重要文献中,生物修复相关内容中占据了较高比例。(3)关键词聚类网络主要可分为污染场地生物毒理研究、土壤重金属及修复技术、污染物环境行为及水体修复、有机污染物生物修复等4类。(4)文献计量的结果分析表明土壤与地下水均为污染场地有害物质重要承载体,污染场地中土壤和地下水具有一体性,如果忽视了对地下水中污染的修复,则可能会导致场地的二次污染。重金属与多环芳烃是污染场地重点关注的污染物,我国目前重金属污染防治工作依然不容乐观,需要进一步加强和落实相应工作。寻求高效绿色的修复技术仍是解决污染场地问题的一个重点,提升微生物修复技术在有机污染场地修复中的应用价值,具有重要意义。     

Characterization and Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Following an Oil Spill into a Coastal Environment of South Texas, U.S.A.

Petroleum hydrocarbons were characterized at eleven sites withinthe sediments of a coastal stream in south Texas, U.S.A. following a medium sized crude oil spill. Bank and open-water(deep) sediments were collected at each site. Hydrocarbonstargeted for analysis included 22 aliphatic hydrocarbons (C-11to C-34) and 16 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Sedimentconcentrations were measured at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and12 months post-spill. Higher hydrocarbon concentrations were observed for a longerduration within the deep sediments than bank sediments. Initialhydrocarbon constituents in impacted sediments matched the crudeoil fingerprint accurately with the exception of the lighter-endhydrocarbons. The lighter-end aliphatic hydrocarbons areaffected immediately by evaporation and dissolution processesduring the spill event and were found below the detection levelsat most of the sites. Total hydrocarbon concentrations insediments within each hydrocarbon group returned to backgroundlevels by the end of the study period. Observed decreases inhigh molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)concentrations exceeded known environmental degradation rateswhich suggests the influence of a sediment transport process. Overall, the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons within this type ofenvironment were likely related to both degradation and sedimenttransport processes. By the end of the study period, most individual PAH constituent concentrations were below thresholdconcentrations thought to produce toxic effects in marine andestuarine organisms. PAH constituents concentrations remainingabove threshold concentrations included benz(a)anthracene,chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene.     

Availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aging soils

Purpose  

The soil contamination by hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), poses great threats to human health and ecological security and attracts worldwide concerns. The total HOC concentrations overestimate its available fraction to the soil biota. Increased understanding of the availabilities of PAHs in soil environment will have considerable benefits for their risk assessment and be very instructive to food safety and remediation strategies in contaminated sites. However, the availability of PAHs in aging soils and particularly the correlations of the availabilities with their forms in soils have yet to be elucidated. In this work, the availabilities of PAHs in aging soils were evaluated using a sequential mild extraction technique.     

Bioremediation in Field Box Plots of a Soil Contaminated with Wood-Preservatives: A Comparison of Treatment Conditions using Toxicity Testing as a Monitoring Technique

A soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorophenols was bioremediated in field box plots. Three different bioremediation treatments (tillage and irrigation alone (box plot 2) or in addition to amendment with nitrogen and phosphorus (box plots 3 and 4) and additional organic amendment composed ofagricultural crop residues (box plot 4)) were comparedusing chemical analysis for target contaminants andsix toxicity tests (seed germination, earthwormsurvival, SOS Chromotest, Toxi-Chromotest, solid-phaseMicrotox® andred blood cell (RBC) haemolysisassay). Degradation was enhanced, and toxicity wasgenerally the most reduced, in box plots 3 and 4. Although chemical analysis indicated that the twoamendment protocols were equally effective, soiltoxicity was generally the most reduced in box plot 4. The earthworm survival and seed germination assayswere the most reliable and relevant toxicity tests. Difficulties arising with the other tests includedinsensitivity to changes in soil contaminant levels,inconsistency and interference by soil particles andother soil constituents. Because of the lack ofagreement between toxicity tests, these resultssupport the use of a battery of toxicity tests inconjunction with chemical analysis, when assessing theefficacy of bioremediation.     

南京有机污染风险区农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况研究

采集南京地区不同有机污染风险区农田表层土壤,用超快速液相色谱仪检测样品中15种EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量。结果表明,被检农田土壤多环芳烃总量分布于306.0~1251.3μg kg~(-1)之间,均值682.0μg kg~(-1),四环以上高环多环芳烃占较大比例(80%)。根据欧洲土壤质量标准,所检土壤样本已达污染水平。不同风险污染区农田土壤PAHs的含量由高至低为:钢铁工业区、有机垃圾处理区、化工工业区及炼油工业区。钢铁工业区附近主要的污染物为荧蒽、芘、屈和苯并[a]蒽,分别占到污染物总量的16%、13%、10%和10%。采用荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)与茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘+苯并[g,h,i]苝)比值对各地污染物来源进行分析,结果发现调查区域的PAHs污染物以燃烧源为主,生物质燃料为主要污染物,部分地区同时有石油燃烧污染。     

Interactive effects of Cd and PAHs on contaminants removal from co-contaminated soil planted with hyperaccumulator plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum alfredii</Emphasis>

Purpose  

Soil contamination by multiple organic and inorganic contaminants is common but its remediation by hyperaccumulator plants is rarely reported. The growth of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii and removal of contaminants from Cd and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) co-contaminated soil were reported in this study.     

大范围土壤监测方案的一般问题: 综述

Numerous scientific challenges arise when designing a soil monitoring network (SMN), especially when assessing large areas and several properties that are driven by numerous controlling factors of various origins and scales. Different broad approaches to the establishment of SMNs are distinguished. It is essential to establish an adequate sampling protocol that can be applied rigorously at each sampling location and time. We make recommendations regarding the within-site sampling of soil. Different statistical methods should be associated with the different types of sampling design. We review new statistical methods that account for different sources of uncertainty. Except for those parameters for which a consensus exists, the question of testing method harmonisation remains a very difficult issue. The establishment of benchmark sites devoted to harmonisation and inter-calibration is advocated as a technical solution. However, to our present knowledge, no study has addressed crucial scientific issues such as how many calibration sites are necessary and how to locate them.     

PAHs and Petroleum Markers in the Atmospheric Environment of Alexandria City,Egypt

To evaluate the chemical fingerprint of hydrocarbons in airborneorganic matter in the arid environment of Alexandria City, Egypt,the compositions of aliphatic and aromatic compounds were determined in suspended particulate material collected from a street undergoing heavy traffic in central Alexandria and in bulkdeposition samples collected from a site representing an area increasingly influenced by human and industrial activities. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of individual compounds were based on gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. More than 100 organic compounds are quantified in each sample, including n-alkanes, isoprenoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), sulfur-bearing heterocyclics, steranes/diasteranes, terpanes and aromatic steroids. The use of hydrocarbon profilesand ratios for identifying sources and processes is discussed.The molecular distribution of alkanes revealed that the mainsource of these compounds is from petroleum contamination withtrace input of vascular plant wax. The PAH profiles, especiallythe relative abundance of alkyl-PAHs and sulfur-containing heterocyclics, showed that PAHs are chiefly derived from trafficsources. The results further indicated that diesel vehicles aremore important PAH sources than gasoline vehicles. In addition,the source fingerprint of fossil fuel biomarkers such as steranes, terpanes and aromatic steroids agreed well with thefingerprint of unburned lubricating oil, which are probably contributed to vehicle exhaust emissions.     

Chronic toxicity of unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) of hydrocarbons in marine sediments

Background, Aim and Scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) of hydrocarbons, containing many thousands of compounds which cannot be resolved by conventional gas chromatography (GC), are common contaminants of sediments but little is known of their potential to affect sediment-dwelling organisms. Evidence exists for reduced health status in mussels, arising from aqueous exposure to aromatic UCM components acting through a narcotic mode of action. However, UCM contaminants in sediments may not be sufficiently bioavailable to elicit toxic effects. The aim of our study was therefore to measure the sublethal effects of chronic exposure to model UCM-dominated oils at environmentally realistic concentrations and compare this to effects produced by a UCM containing weathered crude oil. A further aim was to determine which, if any, fractions of the oils were responsible for any observed toxicity. Materials and Methods  Whole oils were spiked into estuarine sediment to give nominal concentrations of 500 μg g⁻¹ dry weight. Juveniles of the estuarine amphipod Corophium volutator were exposed to the contaminated sediment for 35 days and their survival, growth rate and reproductive success quantified. Using an effect-directed fractionation approach, the oils were fractionated into aliphatic and two aromatic fractions by open column chromatography and their toxicity assessed by further chronic exposures using juvenile C. volutator. Results  The growth rates of amphipods were reduced following exposure to the oils although this was only statistically significant for the weathered oil; reproductive success was reduced by all oil exposures. Sediment spiked with UCM fractions also caused reduced growth and reproduction but no particular fraction was found to be responsible for the observed toxicity. Survivorship was not affected by any oil or fraction. Discussion  The study showed that chronic exposure to sediments contaminated by UCM-dominated oils could have population level effects on amphipods. The observed effects could not be explained by hydrocarbons resolved by conventional GC and effects were similar for both UCM-dominated and weathered oils. All of the fractions appeared to contribute to the observed effects; this is in contrast to previous research which had shown that an aliphatic UCM did not cause adverse effects in mussels. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate population-level effects arising from exposure to sediments contaminated by realistic environmental concentrations of UCM hydrocarbons. The results are consistent with many compounds, at very low individual concentrations, contributing towards the overall observed toxicity. Recommendations  Risk assessments of contaminated sediments should take into account the contribution towards the potential for toxic effects from UCM hydrocarbons. Studies into sediment contamination should report both aliphatic and aromatic UCM concentrations to aid risk assessments. ESS-Submission Editor: Henner Hollert (hollert@uni-heidelberg.de) This paper has been developed from a presentation at SETAC Europe 16^th Annual Meeting 2006 held at the The Hague, The Netherlands.     

Effect of the initial soil water saturation on the behaviour of a mixed LNAPL and heavy metal contaminated glaciofluvial deposit

Soil contamination by mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals is common in urban and industrial localities. Interactions between these contaminants have an impact on the mobility and the management of contamination. We have characterized the modifications to the transport of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) in soil induced by residual light non‐aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) for two conditions of trapping. Experiments on the elution of tracers and heavy metals in columns of soil were performed with a glaciofluvial material as the soil. Tracer experiments were modelled with the mobile–immobile (MIM) system of partial differential equations. The experiments were designed to compare water flow and metal transport in LNAPL‐contaminated soil with a control set. Residual LNAPL was trapped in water‐saturated and dry soil to ensure preferential wettability of soil surfaces, namely either water‐wet or LNAPL‐wet. In water‐wet soil columns, LNAPL decreased water flow by two orders of magnitude and increased the fraction of immobile water. Solute residence times (SRTs) suggested that heavy metals resided mainly in mobile water where the reaction time was sufficient to reach steady‐state retention. The SRTs also indicated that a fraction of the heavy metal flux diffused to the immobile water where its retention was limited by diffusion. Retention of heavy metals was significantly greater than in the control columns. In LNAPL‐wet soil columns, the obstruction of small pores and surface coating by residual LNAPL significantly decreased the attenuation capacity of the soil by decreasing the diffusion of heavy metals to immobile water and surface sites. Evidently, the individual behaviour of heavy metals can be significantly modified by non‐miscible organic contaminants. These modifications can have important implications for risk evaluation, contamination management and in situ remediation of soil that is contaminated by mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals.