模拟气候变暖对不同纬度带麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜种群动态的影响

为明确气候变暖对不同纬度带麦田麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi种群动态的影响,在高纬度的河北省廊坊市(39°30′N,116°36′E)和相对低纬度的河南省原阳县(34°55′N,114°15′E)开展红外线辐射增温试验,调查廊坊市(+2.00℃)和原阳县(+1.18℃)2个试验点的增温处理小区和对照小区麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的种群动态,并计算其盛期发生比值。结果表明,增温使廊坊市试验点的麦长管蚜始见期、峰期分别提前21、7 d,使原阳县试验点的麦长管蚜始见期、峰期分别提前14、14 d;而禾谷缢管蚜的始见期和峰期仅在原阳县试验点提前31 d和7 d。增温使廊坊市试验点的麦长管蚜盛期蚜量、峰期蚜量分别显著增加了139.21%和77.83%,禾谷缢管蚜盛期蚜量和峰期蚜量分别显著增加了157.31%和130.16%;增温使原阳县试验点的麦长管蚜盛期蚜量、峰期蚜量分别显著增加了149.62%和176.52%,禾谷缢管蚜/麦长管蚜的盛期蚜量比值显著降低了43.21%。表明增温有利于高纬度地区(廊坊市)麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜种群增长,而在低纬度地区(原阳县)仅有利于麦长管蚜种群增长。     

两种麦蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性测定

用浸叶法测定了麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对 7种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明 ,麦长管蚜对 7种杀虫剂的分布均匀度呈以下规律 :辛硫磷 <毒死蜱 <吡虫啉 <抗蚜威 <啶虫脒 <氧乐果 <甲基对硫磷 ;LC₅₀按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,辛硫磷 ,毒死蜱 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,吡虫啉 ,氧乐果。禾谷缢管蚜对 6种杀虫剂敏感性分布均匀度呈以下规律 :吡虫啉 <毒死蜱 <啶虫脒 <抗蚜威 <甲基对硫磷 <氧乐果 ;LC₅₀按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,毒死蜱 ,吡虫啉 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,氧乐果。麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对 7种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为 :啶虫脒 <甲基对硫磷 <抗蚜威 <毒死蜱 <氧乐果 <吡虫啉。     

小麦灌浆期抗禾谷缢管蚜的生化机制

对禾谷缢管蚜不同小麦抗性品种灌浆期麦穗的几种化学物质和含水量测定表明,抗蚜性与氮素－氨基酸、锌和植物总酚的含量有关。主成分分析表明,高含量氮素－氨基酸、锌和植物总酚对降低该蚜虫的繁殖率最有利,高含量锌可以提高若蚜的死亡率,提高这些物质含量对小麦品种的抗蚜性具有重要的作用。进一步分析氮素中的17种氨基酸表明,高含量异亮氨酸和酪氨酸有助于小麦的抗蚜性。     

博落回提取物对3种麦蚜的生物活性

采用浸渍法测定了博落回提取物（MCE）对不同龄期麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦二叉蚜的生物活性。结果显示,博落回提取物对不同龄期3种麦蚜均有一定杀虫活性,对麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦二叉蚜4龄有翅若蚜48 h致死中浓度LC50?分别为8.185 1、5.313 5、2.682 4 g/L,有翅成蚜48 h LC50?分别为8.575 0、6.614 7、0.590 4 g/L,毒力大小均为：麦二叉蚜＞禾谷缢管蚜＞麦长管蚜,麦二叉蚜对博落回提取物最敏感。研究结果为进一步开展博落回对麦蚜活性组分的分离纯化奠定了基础。     

小麦禾谷缢管蚜发生为害与生态环境研究

八十年代以来,我区麦蚜频繁成灾,减产2—3成的麦田较为普遍,研究证明:成灾的主要原因是优势种群已由麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabr.)转变为禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi(L.)。田间调查弄清了禾谷缢管蚜在不同海拔高度的早、中、晚播麦田的不同生育阶段,以及在植株各部位的分布。穗期禾谷缢管蚜发生轻重与3月中旬平均温度呈正相关,与3月下旬雨量呈负相关。由此建立了预测禾谷缢管蚜发生程度的多元回归方程式: Y=0.792 0.205X_1-0.015X_2用这个预测式回测8年田间实测值与预测值极近。     

杀虫剂对2种麦蚜的敏感性和选择性测定

用浸叶法测定了麦长管蚜和黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂的敏感性和选择性。结果表明 ,麦长管蚜对几种杀虫剂的敏感性呈以下规律 :辛硫磷<毒死蜱<吡虫啉<抗蚜威<啶虫咪<氧化乐果<甲基对硫磷 ;致死中浓度 (LC50)按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,辛硫磷 ,毒死蜱 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,吡虫啉 ,氧化乐果。黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂敏感性呈以下规律 :吡虫啉<毒死蜱<啶虫脒<抗蚜威<甲基对硫磷<氧化乐果 ,致死中浓度 (LC50)按以下次序增大 :啶虫脒 ,毒死蜱 ,吡虫啉 ,抗蚜威 ,甲基对硫磷 ,氧化乐果。麦长管蚜和黍缢管蚜对几种杀虫剂的选择性依次为 :啶虫咪<甲基对硫磷<抗蚜威<毒死蜱<氧化乐果<吡虫啉     

河南许昌麦蚜近年重发原因分析及应采取的防治对策

麦蚜俗称腻虫、油汗.在河南许昌为害小麦的蚜虫主要有麦二叉蚜、麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜.在干旱坡岭地以麦二叉蚜为害较重:平原灌溉区以麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜为主,尤其在小麦穗期麦长管蚜猖獗发生.许昌市位于河南中部,是河南省小麦主产区,常年小麦种植面积20万hm2左右.近年来,麦蚜在本市发生程度呈加重趋势.     

麦长管蚜自然种群生命表研究初报

1986—1987年,用分代隔离观测等方法克服世代重叠和有翅蚜迁飞的干扰,研究了麦长管蚜自然种群特定年龄生命表,共获得9个世代的数据。分析结果表明,影响麦长管蚜自然种群波动的主要因素是天气条件和天敌;低龄若蚜主要受风雨影响,一次大风雨可使其密度下降30—80％,高龄若蚜和成蚜则受天敌和风雨共同作用;捕食性天敌对4种麦蚜间无选择性,而蚜茧蜂对禾谷缢管蚜和麦无网蚜控制作用很小。因此,麦长管蚜种群还受其它种麦蚜密度影响。     

七种与小麦近缘的野生植物对禾谷缢管蚜抗性的生化机制

研究了7种与小麦近缘的多年生野生植物长穗偃麦草Elytrigia elongata、费尔干偃麦草E. ferganensis、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、华山新麦草Psathyrostachys huanshanica、竖立鹅观草Roegneria japonensis、鹅观草R. kamoji和R. tsukushiensis对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi抗性的生化机制.禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率(rm)与叶片游离脯氨酸和蛋氨酸含量呈极显著和显著正相关,其逐步回归方程为:rm=-0.0198 0.1930X脯氨酸** 0.3350X蛋氨酸* ;总酚含量与禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率无显著相关关系;丁布含量与内禀自然增长率呈极显著的负相关(r=-0.941**,p<0.01).低含量的游离脯氨酸﹑蛋氨酸及高含量的丁布是小麦近缘多年生野生物种抗蚜的重要生化因子.     

七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜控制作用的模拟研究

应用二次回归旋转组合设计方法研究了七星瓢虫成虫、幼虫与两种麦蚜共存系统中瓢虫对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的捕食量模型。结果表明七星瓢虫对两种麦蚜的捕食量随着瓢虫密度的增加而减少．随着该种麦蚜密度的增加而增加．且七星瓢虫无选择性。七星瓢虫不同个体间的干扰作用对其捕食麦长管蚜数量有显著影响,两种麦蚜数交互作用对七星瓢虫捕食禾谷缢管蚜数量影响显著。该模型可用来预测田间蚜虫的变化．指导麦田蚜虫防治。     

茉莉酸诱导小麦幼苗对麦蚜取食行为的影响

茉莉酸可诱导小麦品种郑州891的防御反应，使麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)的取食行为发生明显改变。尽管此两种蚜虫在正常的小麦相干株上取食的EPG各波型参数出现的次数及历时变化较大，但经茉莉酸诱导后，都再现了NP波次数和历时显著增加、E1与E2波历时明显缩短、首次出现E1波时间显著延长以及口针在细胞间穿刺频率明显升高等变化。这说明茉莉酸诱导后，郑州891的取食适合度降低，其机理与茉莉酸诱导产生挥发性的蚜虫取食拒避剂及诱导维管液营养成份的改变有关。试验还证实；麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的嗅觉和味觉感受器在其对寄主植物适合度的鉴别中共同起作用；植物适合度不能仅由1－2个EPG波形参数作为指示因子，要视具体情况全面分析，才能得出可靠的结论。     

异色瓢虫显明变种对荻草谷网蚜和禾谷缢管蚜捕食选择性研究

在实验室条件下,在特定空间内,测定异色瓢虫显明变种对两种蚜虫荻草谷网蚜和禾谷缢管蚜不同密度值下的捕食量。结果表明,荻草谷网蚜和禾谷缢管蚜种群数量同步增加时,EG-S值和EI值变化是从1到∞,EI值是在0到+1范围内依次增加,表明异色瓢虫显明变种喜好捕食荻草谷网蚜明显高于禾谷缢管蚜;荻草谷网蚜数量不变,禾谷缢管蚜数量增加时,EG-S值和EI值是从+1到0,EI值从-1到0范围内依次减少,表明异色瓢虫显明变种明显喜好捕食禾谷缢管蚜;禾谷缢管蚜数量不变,荻草谷网蚜数量增加时,EG-S值和EI值变化从+1到∞,EI值在0到+1范围内依次增加,表明异色瓢虫显明变种明显喜好捕食荻草谷网蚜。捕食量结果同选择指数。     

Analyzing and Modeling Temporal Disease Progress of Barley yellow dwarf virus Serotypes in Barley Fields

ABSTRACT Population dynamics of Padi avenae (PAV), Macrosiphum avenae (MAV), and Rhopalosiphum padi (RPV) virus serotypes of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and of their main aphid vectors were studied in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) fields for three successive years in western France. An epidemiological model of the spread of viruses in the field was developed based on vector populations as forcing variables and the population dynamics of each virus serotype. This model accurately simulated the kinetics of the epidemic for PAV serotypes, which are the most common ones. For RPV and to some extent for MAV, the results were less satisfactory. The occurrence and spread of PAV and MAV serotypes in the field was clearly and easily related to that of their main vector species. Conversely, the spread of RPV serotypes showed no consistent relationships with the dynamics of their vectors. Incidence of PAV in 1989 to 1990 and 1990 to 1991 showed a bimodal distribution, with maximums in fall (December) and spring (May) that were linked to fall infestations by R. padi and spring infestations by three (R. padi, Sitobion avenae, and Metopolophium dirhodum) or two (S. avenae and M. dirhodum) aphid species. In 1991 to 1992, the PAV infection curve was monomodal and mainly due to a primary spread of the virus by very large populations of alate R. padi. MAV incidence was low in fall and winter and reached a maximum in spring 1990 and 1991 related to the occurrence of S. avenae and M. dirhodum. RPV incidence was low every year, despite the abundance of its vector, R. padi. Mixed infections were more frequent than expected by chance and were assumed to be partly related to heterologous encapsidation. The occurrence of each serotype is discussed in relation to the time of crop infection and possible damage.     

棉花主要抗虫次生物质与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系

系统研究了不同供试棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平,并在室内采用香草醛法和高效液相色谱法分别测定了缩合单宁、黄酮类化合物和萜烯类化合物的含量,以明确棉花主要抗虫次生物质与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系.结果表明,不同棉花品种(系)在不同生长期及不同组织中次生代谢物质含量存在一定差异;苗期顶叶中缩合单宁、总萜烯类化合物和总杀实夜蛾素含量与棉花对绿盲蝽抗性存在显著正相关性,蕾期顶叶和棉蕾中芸香苷含量与棉花对绿盲蝽抗性具有显著正相关性,铃期棉铃中槲皮素、异槲皮苷含量与棉花对绿盲蝽抗性呈现显著负相关性.田间缩合单宁、芸香苷、总萜烯类化合物和总杀实夜蛾素含量高的棉花品种(系)可以在一定程度上减轻或抑制绿盲蝽的危害,而另外两种黄酮类物质槲皮素和异槲皮苷则有利于绿盲蝽的发生危害.     

小麦叶片营养物质与抗麦长管蚜的相关性分析

为了阐明小麦叶片营养物质与小麦抗蚜性之间的关系,观察了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)在不同小麦品种上的选择趋性,测定其相对日均体重增长率,并采用Branford法和高效液相色谱技术分别测定了不同品种小麦叶片总蛋白、韧皮部中游离氨基酸以及可溶性糖的含量。结果表明,麦长管蚜显著趋向于铭贤169、西农889与西农1376;在铭贤169、西农889和西农1376上的成蚜相对日均体重增长率显著大于中四-有芒、小偃22;西农889叶片的总蛋白含量最高,为2 822.04μg/mL,小偃22叶片韧皮部的可溶性糖含量最高,铭贤169和西农889叶片韧皮部的游离氨基酸总含量相对较高,分别为1 424.3、1 301.1 nmol·L~(-1)·g~(-1)DW;各游离氨基酸在相对抗蚜品种中四-有芒和小偃22中的绝对含量与其抗蚜性无相关性。研究表明,中四-有芒、小偃22对麦长管蚜具有较强的抗性,植物营养在小麦抗蚜性中起到一定作用。     

Xenobiotic metabolism of plant secondary compounds in the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Plant secondary compounds have been documented to be deleterious to insects and other herbivores in diverse ways. In this study, the effect of catechol (phenolics), gramine (alkaloid) and L-ornithine-HCI (non-protein amino acid) on the activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, was evaluated. Phase I enzymes investigated in this study included carboxylesterase (CarE), and oxidoreductase, whereas Phase II enzymes were represented by glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, CarE and GST activities in S. avenae were positively correlated with the concentration of plant secondary compounds in artificial diets. Oxidoreductase activity, however, displayed a different profile. Specifically, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in S. avenae were positively correlated with concentrations of dietary catechol and gramine, respectively, whereas catalase (CAT) activity was significantly suppressed by the higher concentration of catechol, gramine and L-ornithine-HCl. These combined results suggest that CarE and GST in S. avenae are key enzymes to breakdown a broad spectrum of plant secondary compounds, whereas oxidoreductase, including PPO and POD, degrades specific groups of plant secondary compounds.     

麦蚜与天敌相互关系研究及麦蚜防治指标初报

试验结果表明:小麦产量损失率与麦长管蚜、七星瓢虫幼虫关系极显著,与禾缢管蚜关系显著。经对田间麦蚜防治指标初步试验探讨,揭示了在麦蚜、天敌共存的农田系统内,由于天敌捕食控制作用,原来仅以麦蚜为害单因素所制定的防治指标可有较大幅度的放宽。     

cis-Jasmone treatment induces resistance in wheat plants against the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

cis-Jasmone is a plant volatile known to have roles as an insect semiochemical and in inducing plant defence. It was evaluated in laboratory and field trials for control of cereal aphids. In an olfactometer bioassay cis-jasmone was repellent to alatae of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Moreover, wheat, Triticum aestivum (L), seedlings sprayed with formulated cis-jasmone 24 h previously were less susceptible to attack by S. avenae than control plants. In field simulator studies, significantly fewer alate S. avenae settled on cis-jasmone-treated plants over a 24-h period. In addition, the intrinsic rate of population increase, r(m), of S. avenae apterae was reduced on cis-jasmone treated seedlings. In a series of small-plot experiments conducted over four years, cis-jasmone applications reduced cereal aphid populations infesting wheat in the field.