黄土高原人类活动与生物多样性的演变及关联性

为了科学地分析黄土高原人类活动与生物多样性的关系,对黄土高原生物多样性保护与生态环境质量改善提供科学依据。基于2000年、2010年、2018年土地利用遥感数据,借助人类活动强度模型测度研究区人类活动强度的时空分异特征,并结合多源遥感数据采用生境质量、物种多样性以及景观格局指数构建综合生物多样性指数,综合运用相关性分析和双变量空间自相关模型,探究了黄土高原人类活动与生物多样性的空间关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年,黄土高原人类活动强度整体呈减弱趋势,空间上以太原—西安轴线为界,轴线以西的区域人类活动强度偏低,以东的区域人类活动强度偏高;(2)2000—2018年黄土高原地区的综合生物多样性指数基本保持稳定,无剧烈变化; 生物多样性具有明显空间异质性,呈现出西北高、东部低的空间格局;(3)2000—2018年,黄土高原人类活动与生物多样性在空间上呈现显著负相关,二者之间有着显著的空间集聚效应,说明人类活动对黄土高原地区的生物多样性产生较大的负面影响。综上,整个黄土高原生物多样性基本保持稳定,但受人类活动强度影响仍然较大。     

左家自然保护区坡地土壤动物物种-多度分布格局研究

要根据对吉林省左家自然保护区坡地不同坡位土壤动物的调查，以物种多度为指标，运用对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型和分割线段模型综合研究了各坡位大型土壤动物群落和中小型土壤动物群落的物种-多度分布格局。结果表明，对数级数分布模型和对数正态分布模型能较好地拟合土壤动物群落物种-多度分布，形成富集种少，稀有种多的格局。但该区土壤动物物种-多度分布不符合分割线段模型。整体上来说，物种与多度呈正相关关系，对数级数分布模型是最优物种-多度模式。     

Variation in wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae) distribution and abundance in response to the size and shape of woodland fragments

The wolf spider (Lycosidae) community of open paddocks and five different configurations of woodland habitat in the wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia, was sampled by nocturnal spotlighting. A total of 16 species was detected amongst the 2769 individuals that were sufficiently mature to allow identification, and 80% of these individuals were accounted for by just three species. There were no significant differences in the spider community among any of the woodland configurations, but the community of all five configurations differed significantly from that of open paddocks. However, only three species differed significantly in abundance between paddocks and the woodland configurations. Two species, Venator spenceri and Sp. C appeared to be less common in paddocks than in the woodland habitats, while Sp. A was more abundant in the paddocks. The percentage cover of thistles, medium grass and high grass, as well as the total abundance of Callitris glaucophylla were the habitat variables that best explained variation in the wolf spider community between woodland sites. Of these, thistle cover had the strongest correlation suggesting that disturbance, rather than cover per se, might be an important determinant of wolf spider communities. This study indicates that habitat fragmentation, at the spatial scale associated with current agricultural practices, may not be presenting a threat to generalist ground predators such as wolf spiders.     

Modelling habitat suitability of the swamp antechinus (Antechinus minimus maritimus) in the coastal heathlands of southern Victoria, Australia

In recent years, predictive habitat distribution models, derived by combining multivariate statistical analyses with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, have been recognised for their utility in conservation planning. The size and spatial arrangement of suitable habitat can influence the long-term persistence of some faunal species. In southwestern Victoria, Australia, populations of the rare swamp antechinus (Antechinus minimus maritimus) are threatened by further fragmentation of suitable habitat. In the current study, a spatially explicit habitat suitability model was developed for A. minimus that incorporated a measure of vegetation structure. Models were generated using logistic regression with species presence or absence as the dependent variable and landscape variables, extracted from both GIS data layers and multi-spectral digital imagery, as the predictors. The most parsimonious model, based on the Akaike Information Criterion, was spatially extrapolated in the GIS. Probability of species presence was used as an index of habitat suitability. A negative association between A. minimus presence and both elevation and habitat complexity was evidenced, suggesting a preference for relatively low altitudes and a vegetation structure of low vertical complexity. The predictive performance of the selected model was shown to be high (91%), indicating a good fit of the model to the data. The proportion of the study area predicted as suitable habitat for A. minimus (Probability of occurrence ?0.5) was 11.7%. Habitat suitability maps not only provide baseline information about the spatial arrangement of potentially suitable habitat for a species, but they also help to refine the search for other populations, making them an important conservation tool.     

Development and evaluation of predictive habitat models to assist the conservation planning of a threatened lucanid beetle, Hoplogonus simsoni, in north-east Tasmania

The use of predictive habitat distribution models by land managers in the conservation management of threatened species is increasing. Few models, however, are subsequently field-checked and evaluated. This study evaluates the statistical strength and usefulness for conservation purposes of three predictive habitat models developed for a threatened stag beetle, Hoplogonus simsoni, found in the wet eucalypt forests and mixed/rainforests of north-east Tasmania. The relationship between various environmental variables for which spatial (GIS) information was available and the density, frequency of occurrence and presence/absence of the species was investigated using generalised linear modelling. Models developed were coupled with the GIS data to develop maps of predicted occurrence within the species’ range, grouped into categories of habitat quality. The models found that altitude, aspect, slope, distance to nearest stream and overstorey tree height were significantly associated with the occurrence of the species. Evaluation of the statistical strength of the models with independent data of species’ occurrence collected at 95 sites found that the density model performed poorly with little correlation between predicted and observed densities of the species. The frequency of occurrence model, however, showed a moderate ability to predict both species’ abundance and presence/absence. The presence/absence model had a similar discriminatory ability in predicting presence or absence of H. simsoni, but also showed some potential as an indirect predictor of species’ abundance. Assuming a correlation between relative abundance and habitat quality, the frequency of occurrence predictive model appeared to be the better and more direct discriminator of high quality habitat relative to the other models. The value of species’ habitat models and the need to evaluate their utility in the development of conservation strategies are discussed.     

赣州市生境质量和景观格局间时空非平稳性关联

在城市化的高速推进造成景观破碎、威胁生境质量的大背景下,赣州市较好地实现了经济发展与生态保护并行。为探明赣州市景观格局对生境质量的驱动机理,回答“怎样的景观格局有利于生态保护”这一问题,该研究以赣州市为研究区,对其2000—2020年的生境质量进行空间测度并分析其时空跃迁动态特征;分析其景观格局演变特征,并基于时空地理加权回归模型（geographically and temporally weighted regression,GTWR）探明二者关联机制。结果表明：赣州市生境质量呈现“四周高,中部低”的空间分布特征,2000—2020年整体均处于较高水平,呈现积极协同进步的空间动态特征;赣州市景观格局维持在较稳定状态,人造地表扩张优先占用非林非水地类,且与水域增量存在空间伴随;生境质量与景观格局间关联呈现显著的时空非平稳性特征;散布与并列指数（interspersion juxtaposition index ,IJI）显示人造地表、林地和水域交错分布可能降低人造地表对生境质量的负向影响。该研究以提升生境质量为目标,探明了10 km×10 km格网尺度下赣州市各景观格局指数的最优驱动阈值区间,人造地表总面积占比全域应控制在0.68%之内,最大斑块占林地总面积比不宜低于9.8%,且林地总面积占比全域应控制在7.8%之内,斑块IJI指数应大于20%,草地和水域斑块IJI指数应控制在60%内以及超出13%。研究结果可为对国土空间规划和其他区域的生态管理决策提供参考。     

Predictors of fine-scale spatial variation in soil mite and microbe community composition differ between biotic groups and habitats

Soils support highly diverse communities, but due to the great spatial complexity at very fine scales and small size of soil organisms, our knowledge of what structures belowground communities remains limited. We used a spatially nested sampling regime (distances between samples of 0.06–122 m) to develop an understanding of the relationship between soil mite and microbial community composition and properties of vegetation and underlying soil within two habitats: birch woodland and heather moorland. We found that variation in community composition of all four biotic groups investigated (Oribatida, Mesostigmata, fungi and bacteria – thus representing multiple trophic levels) was related to variation in soil properties and vegetation, but also space. These three factors (i.e. vegetation, soil properties and space) accounted for 17–36% of the variation in community composition of the biotic groups. The remaining, rather large, proportion of unexplained variation in community composition (64–87%) is likely to represent either random variation or variation related to unmeasured variables that are not spatially auto-correlated. Soil properties generally explained more variance in belowground communities than could vegetation composition. This should not be interpreted as evidence that soil properties exert a greater influence on belowground communities than vegetation composition per se, as the vegetation composition within a habitat is likely to vary at a larger spatial scale than the soil properties we measured. Vegetation composition had stronger explanatory power in the birch woodland and was more strongly related to fungal community composition than that of any other biotic group, particularly in heather moorland. This relationship may reflect the strong association between plants and their fungal symbionts and pathogens. We conclude that both vegetation composition and variation in soil properties influence belowground communities. However, the relative importance of these two factors depends on both habitat and the type of organism being studied.     

Mapping community change in modified landscapes

Habitat loss is not randomly distributed across modified landscapes, yet spatial patterns of habitat cover are not routinely combined with biodiversity data when assessing or predicting the biodiversity impacts of land use change. Here, we convert point observations of more than 28,000 beetles from 851 species into a continuous biodiversity surface representing the similarity of ecological communities relative to that of pristine forest, effectively integrating on-the-ground biodiversity data with remotely sensed land cover data to predict the magnitude of community change in a modified landscape. We generated biodiversity surfaces for both present-day and pre-human landscapes to map spatial patterns of change in a diverse ecological community to calculate the combined biodiversity impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation that accounts for the exact spatial pattern of deforestation. Our spatially-explicit, landscape-scale index of community change shows how the fine-scale configuration of habitat loss sums across a landscape to determine changes in biodiversity at a larger spatial scale. After accounting for naturally occurring within-forest heterogeneity, we estimate that the conversion of 43% of forest to grassland in a 1300 km² landscape in New Zealand resulted in a 47% change to the beetle community.     

崀山丹霞地貌区天然常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性研究

 采用样方法采集数据,以重要值为测度指标,以丰富度指数D2、Simpsom指数D1、Shannon-Wiener指数H′、Sheldon均匀度指数JSW和Pielou均匀度指数E为测度指数,研究了崀山丹霞地貌14个天然常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性。结果表明:1)在相似生境中,随着群落演替至亚顶极阶段,物种多样性的变化趋势是增加的,顶极群落中,生境变优,灌、草层物种多样性的变化趋势为增加,而乔木层无明显变化规律;2)群落物种多样性随海拔的变化,除一般常见的变化模式外,还出现一种双峰曲线模式;3)H′较D1,E较JSW具有较高的敏感度。D1与H′在描述群落乔、灌、草,H′与E、D1与E、JSW与E在描述乔木,JSW与E在描述草本之间物种生物多样性上有相似的作用。表明:丹霞地貌中海拔、生境和演替影响植物群落物种多样性,H′、D1JSW与E能单独表达丹霞地貌群落物种多样性。     

Species richness in Mediterranean agroecosystems: Spatial and temporal analysis for biodiversity conservation

We used dung beetles as an indicator group to identify the most important habitats for biodiversity conservation in a Mediterranean traditional agroecosystem. The relationships between traditional grazing and farming activities and biodiversity were analysed by comparing species richness and temporal turnover across three different habitat types, defined according to vegetation structure and human land use. In this study, both spatial (landscape, among-habitats) and temporal (intra-annual, seasonal) analyses were contemplated at mesoscale.The measurement and use of temporal beta diversity (i.e. an index of temporal species turnover) in conservation biology showed that it is a simple method to characterize and compare different habitat species-assemblages, particularly when time seems to be a significant factor in explaining biodiversity features.Our results showed open mosaic areas as the richest and most temporally heterogeneous habitats. We suggest the maintenance of traditional human activities carried out in these areas, since they have been a significant diversification agent, to avoid the loss of the high Mediterranean biological diversity.     

区域景观中生境特异性对昆虫多样性的影响——以西双版纳为例

生境特异性(habitat-specific)在维持生物多样性上发挥着重要作用。本研究旨在了解在区域景观中,不同类型生境对不同类群昆虫多样性的贡献及群落结构差异,从大尺度上探讨昆虫多样性分布格局和维持机制。于2019年8—9月,在西双版纳地区利用样线调查法,调查了保护区、次生林、人工林和农田4种生境中蝴蝶、蝽和甲虫的物种数、特有物种数,分析了昆虫群落的生境特异性指数、群落结构相似性及物种丰富度与生态因子的关系。共采集昆虫2588头,其中蝴蝶94种(744头),蝽197种(1094头),甲虫129种(750头),保护区的昆虫物种数和特有物种数均高于其余类型生境。保护区昆虫群落的生境特异性指数实测值高于期望值,而其余类型生境昆虫群落的生境特异性指数实测值均低于期望值;不同类型生境间,3个类群的昆虫群落汇总的生境特异性指数不存在显著差异(F_(3,57)=2.054),甲虫生境特异性指数差异显著(F_(3,55)=3.478),蝴蝶(F_(3,38)=1.504)和蝽类(F_(3,53)=1.153)生境特异性指数差异不显著。群落结构相似性分析显示,保护区和农田的3个类群昆虫群落汇总的群落结构差异显著;次生林和人工林的蝴蝶群落结构差异显著,保护区和次生林的蝽类群落结构差异显著,甲虫昆虫群落结构差异不显著。本研究还发现,只有生境类型对昆虫群落的物种丰富度产生的影响极显著(P0.01),而其他生态因子的影响不显著。在大尺度区域景观中,保护区对昆虫群落的多样性影响最大,生境类型与昆虫群落的物种丰富度密切相关,保护较好的天然林是维持区域昆虫群落分布格局和多样性的重要机制。     

Response of soil microflora to changes in nematode abundance — evidence for large scale effects in grassland soil+

The effect of increasing nematode abundance on microbial biomass and activity in a temperate grassland soil was investigated in a microcosm experiment. The experiment lasted for 33 days. The natural nematode diversity, as well as relevant aspects of the spatial heterogeneity of the soil microhabitat in a 80 m² sampling area were maintained in the microcosms. No correlation was found between nematode abundance and microbial biomass (CFE) or ergosterol content (as a measure of active fungal biomass). However, a doubling of nematode abundance reduced CO₂ production by 11 % and increased bacterial substrate utilization (BIOLOG) by 18 %. A possible explanation is that fungal activity was strongly reduced at higher nematode density, overcompensating the simultaneous increase in bacterial activity. The results show that the nematode community in a grassland soil is capable of causing a considerable shift in soil microbial activities towards an increased bacterial metabolism, overriding the spatial heterogeneity of the soil habitat and the taxonomic diversity of the community itself, and thereby producing functional effects relevant at spatial scales that far exceed the activity domains of the organisms involved.     

华北地区植被NDVI与不同气候指标的相关分析

对1982-2006年华北地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)与不同气候指标(年平均气温、年降水量、干燥度指数、生物热量指数和生物干湿度指数)的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,1982-2006年华北地区植被NDVI总体呈现上升趋势,其中农田和灌丛的植被NDVI上升趋势最明显;1982-2006年华北地区年平均气温和生物热量指数呈显著增加趋势,年降水量、干燥度指数和生物干湿度指数呈减少趋势;整体上华北地区植被NDVI年变化与当年的干燥度指数呈极显著负相关,与上一年的年平均气温呈显著正相关关系,其中草地植被NDVI与年均气温、年降水量呈现显著正相关,与干燥度指数呈极显著负相关,农田和灌丛植被NDVI与年均气温显著正相关。此外,华北地区植被NDVI与不同气候指标的相关性存在明显的空间差异。     

基于生态承载力的国土空间开发布局方法研究

为揭示城市生态承载力空间特征,探讨国土空间开发格局优化方法,该文以湖北省鄂州市为例,构建"资源环境承载力-生态弹性力-社会经济协调力"生态承载力综合评价模型,采用状态空间法在市域范围进行生态承载力综合评价,利用三维魔方法设计生态承载力综合评价与国土空间开发格局的关联模型,结合生态承载力的空间分异特征与评价单元主体功能分区结果进行国土空间开发布局分析。结果表明:1)生态承载力综合评价指数最大值为0.233 8,位于梁子镇,最小值为0.050 9,位于临江乡。受到资源环境本底和社会经济投入条件影响,研究区生态承载力较高地区主要分布在西南沿湖一带,北部相对较低,总体呈现南高北低的空间分异格局。2)国土空间格局划为城市经济核心区、城市经济拓展区、农业生产区、生态功能涵养区四大功能区域和一类禁止开发区域,能够较好地反映生态承载力综合指数的空间分异特征。结果能够为国土空间开发格局优化理论与实践提供科学依据和实证基础。     

水土流失治理效益与生态农业发展的耦合协调性分析

构建生态、经济、社会和谐共赢关系是实现黄土高原区域可持续发展的必由之路。该文利用陕甘宁三省16个地级市2007-2014年的面板数据,基于耦合协调度模型分析了水土流失治理效益与生态农业发展水平的耦合协调态势,采用双变量空间自相关模型分析了两系统耦合协调度的空间集聚性。结果表明:研究区域水土流失治理效益和生态农业发展水平的耦合度较高,协调度偏低,耦合协调发展趋势滞缓,呈"低水平均衡"状态;空间集聚性整体逐步加强,但两级分化严重,"高—高"集聚区与"低—低"集聚区中间缺乏必要的"辐射枢纽",亟待培养新的集聚极点。因此,维持耦合发展势头,增强对外辐射;加强试点研究,突破协调发展瓶颈;培养新的集聚极点,缓解空间集聚两级分化是未来黄土高原区促进水土流失治理与生态农业协同发展的主要方向。     

不同干扰方式对东北山地沼泽土壤肥力的影响

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。     

Beyond occurrence: Body condition and stress hormone as integrative indicators of habitat availability and fragmentation in the common toad

Availability and fragmentation of habitat are today identified as key determinants of population maintenance. Disentangling their relative effects is of crucial importance to adequately manage landscapes. However, the classical use of occurrence or abundance data as proxy to assess the responses of populations could be insufficient to detect less drastic impacts than short-term population extinction. We evaluated the effects of both habitat availability and fragmentation at three spatial scales on both the occurrence and two “physiological state” indicators (body condition and level of stress hormone) reflecting the physical state of common toads (Bufo bufo). Our study showed that occurrence was negatively affected only by habitat availability at the largest spatial scale whereas the both physiological state indicators studied at the population scale are significantly altered by both habitat availability and fragmentation at the finest spatial scale. Results obtained with occurrence and physiological state approaches substantially diverge, which highlights the need to also investigate proximal processes to deeply understand how populations are threatened by landscape modifications. The use of physiological state indicators, particularly of body condition, powerful and easy to obtain, could be particularly relevant to detect early warnings of population decline allowing a management before extinction. Only a complete investigation of the potential impacts of landscape on the different population processes could offer a realistic picture of the requirements of populations to avoid drastic alterations.     

三峡库区30 a间土地利用景观特征的粒度效应

该研究是为了测度景观指数在时空上随粒度变化的特征;总结相同景观在不同粒度下的景观特征差异。利用不同的粒度大小,将景观类型图进行了栅格化,并选取景观指数,在类型与整体景观的水平上,进行了景观指数的粒度效应测度。并采用相关性分析的方法,分析了各景观指数与粒度相关性的差异。研究表明：粒度效应能有力地论证三峡库区近30 a景观格局变化的特征;不同的景观指数随粒度也表现出不同的敏感程度,较敏感的是斑块密度、有效网格大小、正归化形状指数、聚合指数。同一类型景观在不同的景观指数测度上表现不同的变化规律,随粒度变化较为敏感的是耕地（坡度＜25°）、林地、草地和城镇建设用地;多数指数呈现出随粒度变化的拐点,尤其在尺度400 m;整体水平上,斑块密度和景观形状指数受粒度变化的影响较大;同一指标与粒度的相关性在类型水平和时间跨度上大多呈现出较高的一致性。此次研究很好反映了景观格局指数在不同空间分辨率（粒度）上的变化规律。     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替前期群落异质性研究

采用典型相关分析方法,对陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替前期8块样地进行了群落间异质性和群落异质性分析。结果表明,群落间异质性大于群落异质性,且群落间异质性与环境因素差异多数为正相关,说明环境对撂荒演替前期群落组成与结构起到了一定的塑造作用。典型相关分析进一步表明,群落间异质性主要是群落组成异质性,有49.6%是由环境差异引起的。土壤全氮、磷和钾含量与群落间组成异质性有较强的正相关关系,说明氮、磷和钾肥对撂荒演替中群落组成有较大的影响。因此在草地植被恢复与重建工作中应注意肥料施用,特别是氮肥的施用。